,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS
             ,T1*]'S ,GUIDE

,CATALOG NUMB] #A-#JCACA-#JJ

,A3ESSIBLE ,,HTML & ,,BRF V].NS ( ?
GUIDEBOOK >E AVAILABLE AT
WWW4APH4ORG_/MANUALS_/

,COPY"R ^C#BJAG BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+
,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ALL "RS RES]V$4

,PR9T$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA
,? PUBLICA;N IS PROTECT$ BY ,COPY"R &
  P]MIS.N %D 2 OBTA9$ F ! PUBLI%] PRIOR
  TO ANY REPRODUC;N1 /ORAGE 9 A
  RETRIEVAL SY/EM1 OR TRANSMIS.N 9 ANY
  =M OR BY ANY M1NS ELECTRONIC1
  ME*ANICAL1 PHOTOCOPY+1 RECORD+1 OR
  O!RWISE4 ,= 9=MA;N REG>D+ P]MIS.N1
  3TACT ! PUBLI%] AT ! FOLL[+ ADDRESS3

,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL
#AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AVE4
,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #DJBJF               #A
#HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI
WWW4APH4ORG OR 9FO@AAPH4ORG

  ,REF];E CITA;N3

,OTTO1 ;,F4 @& ,H(FMANN1 ;,R4 "<#BJAG">4
  .7,E>? SCI;E TACTILE GRAPHICS3 ,T1*]'S
  GUIDE4.' ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY3 ,AM]ICAN
  ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL4

              ,AC"KL$GE;TS

^1,FR$ ^1,OTTO1 ,AU?OR & ,PROJECT
  ,COL1D]
^1,ROSANNE ^1,H(FMANN1 ,PROJECT ,COL1D]
^1,FRANK ^1,HAYD51 ,DIRECTOR ( ,TE*NICAL
  @& ,MANUFACTUR+ ,RESE>*
^1,&REW ^1,M\LTON1 ,MANAG] ( ,TE*NICAL
  @& ,MANUFACTUR+ ,RESE>*
^1,ROD ^1,DIXON1 ,MANUFACTUR+ ,SPECIALI/
^1,KA!R9E ^1,CORCORAN1 ,MODEL @& ,PATT]N
  ,MAK]
^1,RA*EL ^1,:ITE1 ,RESE>* ,ASSI/ANT
^7,AN?ONY ;,D4 ,J"OS^'1 ,>T ,DESIGN_/"
  ,PRODUC;N ,MANAG]
^1,LAURA ^1,GRE5WELL1 ,GRAPHIC ,DESIGN]

  ,! PROJECT L1D]S ?ANK ! FOLL[+ T1*]S =
_! "T1 ATT5;N1 & CR1TIVE COM;TS 9
EVALUAT+ ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS3

,NANCY ,>NOLD1 ,S&RA ,CRAIG1 ,ELIZABE?
  ,EAGAN1 ,H1!R ,JOHNSON1 ,JEFF
  ,KILLEBREW1 ,TIM ,LOCKWOOD1 ,B>B>A
  ,M9KL]1 ,RAFEELA ,NALIM1 ,AM&A
  ,RAMIREZ1 & ,PAMELA ,ROB]TS4

            ,LI/ ( ,DIAGRAMS

#A ,! ,ROCK ,CYCLE
#B ,ID5TIFY+ ,ROCK ,TYPES
#C ,TYPICAL ,SOIL ,PR(ILE "<CUTAWAY">
#D ,FACTORS ,A6ECT+ ,POROS;Y 9 ,SOIL
#E ,E>?'S ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE "<CUTAWAY
  VIEWS">
#F ,3VEC;N ,CURR5TS 9 ,E>?'S ,MANTLE
#G ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT
#H ,FOSSIL ,EVID;E = ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT
#I ,FOSSILS
#AJ ,RADIOACTIVE ,DECAY               #C
#AA ,GEOLOGIC ,"T ,SCALE
#AB ,ISL& "<L&=M MAP">
#AC ,ISL& "<TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP">
#AD ,VALLEY ,GLACI]S
#AE ,E6ECTS ( ,3T95TAL ,GLACI]S
#AF ,%IELD ,VOLCANO
#AG ,C9D] ,C"O ,VOLCANO
#AH ,COMPOSITE ,VOLCANO
#AI ,=MA;N ( A ,CALD]A
#BJ ,BA?OLI?1 ,DIKES1 & ,SILLS
#BA ,FAULT ,TYPES
#BB ,FOLD$ ,LAY]S @& ,ANGUL> ,UNCON=M;Y
#BC ,DIV]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES
#BD ,3V]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES
#BE ,TECTONIC ,PLATE ,B.D>IES
#BF ,VOLCANOES1 ,E>?QUAKES1 ,HOT ,SPOTS
#BG ,WAT] ,CYCLE
#BH ,GR.DWAT] ,F1TURES "<CUTAWAY">
#BI ,R$UC+ ,SOIL ,]O.N 9 ,F>M+
#CJ ,C>BON ,CYCLE
#CA ,! ,GRE5H\SE ,E6ECT
#CB ,C,O;5#B & ,TEMP]ATURE ,*ANGE ,S9CE
  #AIFJ
#CC ,W1!R ,FRONTS
#CD ,ISO!RMS
#CE ,ISOB>S
#CF ,ATMOSP"HS ( ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS
#CG ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE ( ,T]RE/RIAL
  ,PLANETS
#CH ,COMPOSI;N ( ,GAS ,GIANTS
#CI ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM
#DJ ,/RUCTURE ( A ,COMET

               ,9TRODUC;N

  ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS >E
RAIS$-RELIEF DRAW+S DEPICT+ PROCESSES1
3CEPTS1 & /RUCTURES TYPICALLY COV]$ 9
MIDDLE & HI< S*OOL ,E>? ,SCI;E C\RSES4
,? COLLEC;N S]VES Z A REF];E VOLUME T IS
9T5D$ TO SUPPLE;T1 N REPLACE1 ! GRAPHICS
9 A /UD5T'S CLASSROOM TEXTBOOK4
  ,^! GRAPHICS MAY (F] /UD5TS A DI6]5T
LOOK & FEEL F _! ADAPT$ TEXTBOOK
GRAPHICS4 ,! EMPHASIS 9 ? SET IS ON
TACTUAL R1DABIL;Y R ?AN ADH];E TO A
"PICUL> PR9T$ IMAGE4 ,2C ^! GRAPHICS >E
N ID5TICAL TO ANY IMAGE F.D 9 A "PICUL>
SCI;E TEXT1 !Y MAY N 3TA9 ! SAME F1TURES
Z A GIV5 TEXTBOOK GRAPHIC4 ,?US1 ^!   #E
A3ESSIBLE GRAPHICS & ! /UD5T'S TEXTBOOK
.1TGR MAKE A GD COMB9A;N4

    ,L9ES & ,TEXTURES
  ,! DRAW+S 9 ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE
,GRAPHICS 9CLUDE _M TYPES ( L9ES &
TEXTURES1 Z WELL Z SURFACES ( DI6]5T
HEI<TS4 ,:ILE X MI<T SEEM PREF]ABLE TO
GIVE C]TA9 L9E TYPES & TEXTURES ! SAME
M1N+ "?\T ! SET1 ! LIMIT$ SELEC;N (
R1DABLE TEXTURES & ! COMPLEX;Y ( !
GRAPHICS COMB9E TO MAKE ? GOAL
IMPRACTICAL4 ,Z A RESULT1 L9ES &
TEXTURES %D 2 9T]PRET$ )9 ! 3TEXT ( EA*
DIAGRAM4 ,? & O!R ASPECTS ( ! TACTILE
IMAGES REQUIRE A C]TA9 AM.T ( EXP]I;E &
9T]PRETA;N SKILL ON ! "P ( ! R1D]4

    ,BRL ,LABELS
  ,! BRL LABEL+ ON ! TACTILE GRAPHICS 9
? SET IS 9 ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL2 ,NEME?
,CODE IS US$ ": APPROPRIATE4 ,! 2G9 & 5D
,NEME? 9DICATORS >E US$ = C]TA9 NOTA;NS
)9 A GRAPHIC OR1 9 "S CASES1 PLAC$ AT !
TOP & BOTTOM ( ! GRAPHIC TO 9DICATE T !
5TIRE %EET IS ,NEME? LABEL$4

            ,T1*+ ,SU7ES;NS

  ,ALL ( ! DRAW+S 9 ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE
,GRAPHICS DEPICT 3CEPTS1 SY/EMS1 OR T]MS
T >E COMMON TO ANY BASIC C\RSE 9 ,E>?
,SCI;E4
  ,9/RUC;NAL H9TS >E GIV5 = _M ( !
TACTILE DRAW+S 9 ! SET4 ,!Y FOCUS ON H[
Y MI<T PRES5T ! 3CEPTS TO /UD5TS :O >E
BL & :AT ^! /UD5TS MI<T F9D MO/ *ALL5G+
AB ^! DRAW+S OR 3CEPTS4 ,! GOAL ( !
SU7ES;NS IS TO HELP Y Z Y TRY TO MAKE
SCI;E LE>N+ M1N+;L = /UD5TS :O >E N US+
! /&>D PR9T$ IMAGES4
  ^7,X IS R>E TO F9D A TACTILE PICTURE T
/&S ON XS [N = ! BL R1D] TO "U/& )\T
3TEXT F ! TEXTBOOK OR EXPLANA;N F !
T1*]4^' ,EV5 ! BE/ CRAFT$ TACTILE
GRAPHIC _C OV]COME ! FACT T .7P]CVG "?
T\*.' IS DI6]5T F .7P]CVG ) SI<T.'1 &
?+S T >E 9/ANTLY APP>5T ) SI<T >E
USUALLY LESS APP>5T "? T\*4 ,^! GRAPHICS
MAY HELP ILLU/RATE 3CEPTS 9 SCI;E J   #G
Z PR9T PICTURES D1 B !Y ALW DEP5D ON !
V]BAL DESCRIP;N OR PHYSICAL DEMON/RA;N T
Y PROVIDE TO MAKE !M E6ECTIVE4 ,9 O!R
^WS1 ! GRAPHICS DON'T T1* SCI;E
3CEPTS,-Y D6
  ,3SID] ! RANGE ( PICTURES F.D 9 SCI;E
BOOKS4 ,!Y PRES5T FRONT1 SIDE1 OV]H1D1 &
9T]IOR VIEWS1 PICTURES ( ?+S R1L &
3CEPTUAL1 ON A SCALE F ! MICROSCOPIC TO
! COSMIC4 ,) SI<T1 "O C LOOK AT A
PICTURE & 9/ANTLY RECOGNIZE !
.1P]SPECTIVE.',-! ESS;E ( .1H[ ! 9=MA;N
IS PRES5T$,-&1 )9 ? 3TEXT1 QKLY FOCUS ON
DETAILS ( .1:AT IS 2+ 3VEY$4 ,US+ T\*1 ?
IMM GRASP ( ! .1:OLE ( ! PICTURE IS N
AVAILABLE4 ,! :OLE M/ 2 PIEC$ TGR ) "T &
EXPLORA;N4
  ,Z A T1*]1 Y C HELP /UD5TS R1D A
TACTILE GRAPHIC BY EXPLA9+ .1H[ !
GRAPHIC IS PRES5T$ & .1:AT X %[S1 =
EXAMPLE3 8,? %[S ! MOVE;T ( SOL> RADIA;N
9 ! ATMOSP"H Z IF WE 7 LOOK+ AT ! ,E>? F
J ABV ! SURFACE10 OR 8,? IS H[ ! M9]ALS
9 ROCKS LOOK MAGNIFI$ ?\S&S ( "TS "U A
MICROSCOPE40 ,^! DI6]5T K9DS ( VIEWS
REQUIRE EXPLANA;N & .1DEMON/RA;N1 2C1 Z
/AT$ 2F1 X TAKES "T & PRACTICE TO
TRANSLATE ! _M WAYS ?+S C APPE> TO !
S5SE ( SI<T 9TO A M1N+;L TACTUAL
EXP]I;E4 ,9 "S CASES ! TITLES ( ! IMAGES
9DICATE ! P]SPECTIVE "<E4G41 .1CUTAWAY
.1VIEW">1 B X IS ALW ADVISABLE TO *ECK
ON /UD5TS' "U/&+ ( ! IMAGES & (F] M
3TEXT Z NE$$4
  ,PR9T GRAPHICS1 & ^? 9 ? SET1 %[ ?+S F
DI6]5T P]SPECTIVES4 ,= 9/.E1 WE C LOOK
D[N ON ! L& F ABV1 Z IF HOV]+ OV] X1 OR
WE C LOOK AT ! CROSS SEC;N ( A VOLCANO F
GR.D LEVEL1 SEE+ X SLIC$ OP5 F TOP TO
BOTTOM4 ,) EXPOSURE1 DEMON/RA;N1 &
PRACTICE1 WE GA9 ! ABIL;Y TO 9T]PRET &
3NECT ^! IMAGES TO 3CEPTS WE >E FAMILI>
)4 ,IF /UD5TS LACK S* EXPOSURE &
PRACTICE1 !Y W NE$ "S CR1TIVE ASSI/.E F
Y TO MAKE ^! IMAGES 8R1L40
  ,_M ( ! DIAGRAMS 9 ? SET 3TA9 >R[S1 :
S]VE DI6]5T PURPOSES1 DEP5D+ ON ! 3TEXT4
,"S >R[S 9DICATE ! TRANSI;N F "O /AGE 9
A CYCLE TO ANO!R1 :ILE O!RS %[ ! ACTUAL
MO;N ( "O SUB/.E 9TO OR AWAY F        #I
ANO!R4 .7,/UD5TS MAY NE$ SPECIFIC TRA9+
9 R1D+ & 9T]PRET+ >R[S.'1 DEP5D+ ON _!
PREVI\S EXP]I;E ) >R[S 9 TACTILE
DIAGRAMS4
  ,KEEP 9 M9D T :5 Y USE ^! TACTILE
GRAPHICS1 Y >E N ONLY T1*+ /UD5TS ,E>?
,SCI;E1 Y >E HELP+ !M TO USE & 9T]PRET
TACTILE PICTURES 9 G5]AL4 ,Z Y BUILD UP
/UD5TS' COMPET;E & COM=T 9 R1D+
GRAPHICS1 Y OP5 UP LE>N+ POSSIBILITIES =
!M & PREP>E !M = FUR!R ACADEMIC SU3ESS4
,AL;G ! WAY1 Y W 9TRODUCE _M 3CEPTS &1 )
LUCK1 /IMULATE /UD5TS TO 2 ACTIVE &
/RATEGIC ?9K]S "<T IS1 SCI5TI/S">4

         ,NOTES ON ! ,DIAGRAMS

  ,! FOLL[+ >E BRIEF NOTES ON ! TACTILE
GRAPHICS 9 ? SET1 GIV+ "S 3SID]A;NS T
MAY 2 HELP;L 9 YR T1*+4

    #A ,! ,ROCK ,CYCLE
  ,! >R[S 9 ! DIAGRAM 9DICATE TRANSI;NS
F "O /ATE TO ANO!R OV] V L;G P]IODS (
"T4 ,TWO K9DS ( >R[S >E DRAWN TO HELP
SIMPLIFY ! CLUTT]4 ,! ?ICK] "<H1VI]">
>R[ L9ES 9DICATE ! /&>D CYCLE F "O /ATE
"? EA* ( ! O!R /ATES2 ! LI<T] >R[ L9ES
9DICATE T ROCKS MAY *ANGE /ATES BY
SKIPP+ OV] 9T]M$IATE /ATES "U C]TA9
3DI;NS4

    #B ,ID5TIFY+ ,ROCK ,TYPES
  ,^! DRAW+S ( MAGNIFI$ SAMPLES
ILLU/RATE1 9 A G5]AL WAY1 ! %APES &
>RANGE;TS ( M9]AL "PICLES 9 ! ?REE TYPES
( ROCKS4 ,S$I;T>Y ROCK TYPICALLY HAS M
R.D$ M9]AL GRA9S2 IGNE\S ROCK (T5 HAS
%>P]1 ANGUL> "PICLES2 & METAMORPHIC ROCK
F1TURES COMPRESS$1 %EET L =MS4 "<,/UD5TS
%D AL "U/& T "! IS A GRT D1L ( V>IA;N )9
! TYPES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! SIZE & D5S;Y ( !
GRA9S4">

    #C ,TYPICAL ,SOIL ,PR(ILE
    "<CUTAWAY">
  ,? IMAGE %[S A CROSS SEC;N ( A TYPE (
SOIL ) SUB/ANTIAL ,A1 ;,B1 & ;,C
HORIZONS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! RELATIVE DEP?S &
COMPON5TS ( ^! HORIZONS V>Y GRTLY    #AA
9 DI6]5T REGIONS4

    #D ,FACTORS ,A6ECT+ ,POROS;Y 9 ,SOIL
  ,! UPP] "P ( ! DIAGRAM %[S H[ DI6];ES
9 ! %APES ( ! F9E "PICLES COMPOS+ SOIL
A6ECT ! SIZE ( ! PORES CR1T$ 2T !
"PICLES4 ,! TACTUAL DI6];ES 9 ! TWO
ILLU/RA;NS >E SUBTLE1 B FOCUS+ ON !
SPACES 2T "PICLES %[S ! PORES TO 2 L>G]
:5 "PICLES >E M R.D$4 ,? C 2 DEMON/RAT$
EASILY BY COMP>+ A COLLEC;N ( ANGUL>
BLOCKS TO A COLLEC;N ( BALLS & NOT+ !
CORRESPOND+ SPACES 2T ITEMS 9 EA*4

    #E ,E>?'S ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE
    "<CUTAWAY VIEWS">
  ,! CUTAWAY VIEWS 9 ? DIAGRAM GIVE
SEP>ATE COLOR & TACTILE TR1T;T TO !
,E>?'S CORE1 MANTLE1 & CRU/1 5D+ ) A
VIEW ( OC1NIC & 3T95TAL CRU/4 ,!
RELATIVE DIM5.NS ( ! CORE1 MANTLE & CRU/
>E A3URATE 9 ! F/ ?REE VIEWS4
  ,9 ! L[] "R IMAGE1 NOTE ! RELATIVE
?ICK;SES ( ! 3T95TAL CRU/ & OC1NIC CRU/4
,? 3CEPT IS IMPORTANT = "U/&+ PLATE
TECTONICS4

    #F ,3VEC;N ,CURR5TS 9 ,E>?'S ,MANTLE
  ,! IMAGE ( ,E>?'S 9T]NAL /RUCTURE %D 2
/UDI$ 2F ? IMAGE1 9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE !
3CEPTS ( ! CORE1 MANTLE1 & CRU/4 ,! >R[S
9 ? IMAGE D TWO ?+S3 ,!Y ILLU/RATE !
CIRCULA;N ( RELATIVELY COOL] & HOTT]
FLUID MAT]IAL 9 ! ,E>?'S MANTLE1 & !Y %[
! DIREC;N ( =CES : >E EX]T$ ON !
TECTONIC PLATES ABV1 DRIV+ !M TGR OR
A"P4
  ,AN >R[ AL 9DICATES H[ AN UPWELL+ 2T
DIV]G+ PLATES C PRODUCE AN OC1NIC RIDGE4
,/UD5TS NE$ TO "U/& T S* A RIDGE1 IF
VIEW$ F ABV1 CD EXT5D A GRT 4T.E AL;G !
DIV]G+ PLATE B.D>IES4
  ,Y C DEMON/RATE ^! DI6]5T VIEWS BY
CR1S+ A PIECE ( PAP] 9TO A T5T %APE4
,ASK /UD5TS TO EXAM9E J ! $GE ( ! FOLD$
PAP] F/1 : REPRES5TS ! CUTAWAY VIEW ( !
OC1N RIDGE4 ,!N ASK !M TO EXAM9E ! L5G?
( ! FOLD F ABV1 : SIMULATES ! OV]H1D
VIEW4
                                     #AC
    #G ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT
  ,/UD5TS C GRASP ! MA9 IDEA ( ! !ORY (
3T95TAL DRIFT BY COMP>+ ! CLUMP$-UP
3FIGURA;N ( L& MASSES 9 ! F/ IMAGE ) !
SPR1D-\ >RANGE;T 9 ! LA/1 EV5 IF !Y >E N
"PICUL>LY FLU5T ) R1D+ _W MAPS4 ,! M
EXP]I;E /UD5TS H _H1 H["E1 ! M !Y MAY
PICK UP ON DETAILS 3C]N+ ! PA?S TAK5 BY
DI6]5T L& MASSES & _! *ANGES 9 %APE4
,PRACTICE 9 R1D+ _W MAPS ) A SIMIL>
ELLIPTICAL PROJEC;N WD 2 ESPECIALLY
HELP;L4
  ,TACTILE PO9T SYMBOLS >E PLAC$ ON ?REE
( ! L& >1S Z AN AID TO TRACK+ _! MOVE;TS
& *ANGES F "O IMAGE TO ! NEXT4

    #H ,FOSSIL ,EVID;E = ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT
  ,? ILLU/RA;N RELATES TO ! PREVI\S "O &
AG %[S A L;G-AGO GR\P+ ( L& MASSES4 ,X
MAY 2 HELP;L TO H /UD5TS REF] BACK TO !
PREVI\S ILLU/RA;N TO SEE ! PRES5T-"D
3FIGURA;N AF EXAM9+ ? IMAGE4 ,F/1 /UD5TS
%D 2 AW>E T N ALL ! PRES5T-"D 3T95TS >E
%[N 9 ? GRAPHIC4
  ,HELP /UD5TS TO ID5TIFY ! PRES5T-"D
3T95TS BY _! LABELS & %APES1 NOT+ T L;G
AGO !Y 7 ORI5T$ DI6]5TLY ?AN !Y >E TD4
,!N HELP /UD5TS TRACK ! 9DIVIDUAL >1S (
TEXTURE OR COLOR CROSS+ F "O L& MASS TO
ANO!R4 ,! L9E ( R1SON+ = /UD5TS IS !N TO
9F] H[ ! PRES;E ( C]TA9 FOSSIL CLUES 9
DI6]5T 3T95TS SUPPORTS ! !ORY ( 3T95TAL
DRIFT4

    #I ,FOSSILS
  ,! FOSSILS ( ! SPECIES REF]R$ TO 9
,DIAGRAM #H >E %[N "H1 GIV+ AN IDEA ( !
V>Y+ SKELETAL /RUCTURES ( ! EXT9CT
ANIMALS & ( ! WAY 9 : FOSSILIZ$ PLANT
=MS TYPICALLY APPE>4 ,TWO 9V]TEBRATE
SPECIES FREQU5TLY F.D 9 FOSSIL REMA9S1 !
TRILOBITE & ! BRA*IOPOD1 >E AL %[N4
  ,AL? X IS TEMPT+ TO ID5TIFY !
V]TEBRATE ANIMALS Z D9OSAURS1 ? IS N !
CASE4 ,= ! MO/ "P1 ^! CR1TURES PR$AT$ !
D9OSAURS & LACK$ SPECIFIC SKELETAL
F1TURES T "*IZ$ ! D9OSAURS4
  ,ALL ! ORGANISMS %[N >E EXT9CT EXCEPT
BRA*IOPODS1 : / LIVE TD4
                                     #AE
    #AJ ,RADIOACTIVE ,DECAY
  ,? *>T ILLU/RATES ! DECAY (
RADIOACTIVE P>5T MAT]IAL 9 ROCKS 9TO 9]T
DAU<T] MAT]IAL OV] MULTIPLE HALF-LIVES4
,) EA* HALF-LIFE ! PROPOR;N ( P>5T
MAT]IAL IS R$UC$ BY HALF4

    #AA ,GEOLOGIC ,"T ,SCALE
  ,? PRES5TA;N ( ,E>?'S GEOLOGIC "T
SCALE GIVES /UD5TS A TACTUAL & K9ES!TIC
EXPOSURE TO ! 3CEPT4 ,2G9N+ AT ! C5T] (
! DIAGRAM1 LABEL$ #D1EJJ1 & TRACK+ !
DA%$ L9E 9 A SPIRAL >.D ! PAGE GIVES
/UD5TS A PHYSICAL EXP]I;E ( ! DURA;N (
,PRECAMBRIAN "T1 A L;G P]IOD DUR+ : !
FOSSIL RECORD REFLECTS ! RELATIVELY L[
ABUND.E ( SIMPL] ORGANISMS T EXI/$ !N4
,! ,CAMBRIAN ,EXPLO.N IS REPRES5T$ AT !
PO9T ": ! DA%$ L9E *ANGES TO SOLID2 ?
M>KS ! 2G9N+ ( ! ,CAMBRIAN ,P]IOD "<#EDB
MILLION YE>S AGO">4 ,AT ? PO9T & 2Y1 !
FOSSIL RECORD IS FULL ( _M DI6]5T K9DS (
L>GE & SMALL COMPLEX ORGANISMS1 M* GRT]
9 ABUND.E ?AN 9 ! EONS T PREC$E X4
  ,IMPORTANT EV5TS 9 ! EVOLU;N (
ORGANISMS >E NOT$ ) DATES AL;G ! SPIRAL4
,= EASE ( R1D+1 ! GEOLOGIC ]AS & P]IODS
>E OMITT$1 B 3SID] ASK+ YR /UD5TS TO
ID5TIFY & LABEL ^! POSI;NS ON ! SPIRAL
AF !Y H 2COME FAMILI> ) ! 9=MA;N GIV54

    #AB ,ISL& "<L&=M MAP">
    #AC ,ISL& "<TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP">
  ,! ISL& MODEL IS PRES5T$ Z A TOOL =
/UD5TS TO LE>N "S BASIC T]MS RELAT$ TO
L&=MS4
  ,Y MAY USE ? MODEL TO ILLU/RATE ^! "<&
POSSIBLY O!R"> F1TURES3

,ISL&
BAY OR COVE
M.TA9S
VALLEY
PLAT1U
BAS9
LAKE
RIV] & TRIBUT>Y
M\?
%OREL9E
B1*                                  #AG
DELTA

  ,! PO9TS LABEL$ ,A & ;,B ON ! L&=M MAP
S]VE Z REF];E PO9TS = USE ) !
TOPOGRAPHICAL OR TOPO MAP1 Z D ! GRAY
3T\R L9ES4 ,:ILE EXAM9+ ! TOPO MAP1
/UD5TS MAY REF] BACK TO ! L&=M MAP TO
CORRELATE ! AB/RACT 9=MA;N ON ! TOPO MAP
) A TANGIBLE MODEL4
  ,! TOPO MAP DIAGRAM 9TRODUCES S"EAL
*ALL5G+ 3CEPTS4 ,F/1 /UD5TS %D LE>N T !
3T\R L9ES REPRES5T PLACES ( SIMIL>
ELEVA;N1 & T !Y ALW 5CLOSE AN >EA4 ,EA*
NEW 3T\R L9E SIGNALS A *ANGE 9 ELEVA;N (
"S REGUL> AM.T "<9 ? CASE1 #BEJ FT"> F A
NEI<BOR+ L9E4 ,:5 3T\R L9ES B5D \TW>D1 X
SIGNIFIES A HILL1 & :5 L9ES B5D 9W>D1 X
SIGNIFIES A VALLEY4 ,! SMALL TICK M>KS
9SIDE ! BLUE-COLOR$ >EA ON ! TOPO MAP
SYMBOLIZE A DEPRES.N OR BAS94 ,REF]R+
BACK TO ! L&=M MODEL1 /UD5TS MAY TRY TO
9F] :AT IS REPRES5T$ :5 3T\RS >E CLOSE
TGR "<RAPID *ANGE 9 ELEVA;N"> & :5 !Y >E
F>!R A"P "<GRADUAL *ANGE">4
  ,TO "U/& ! PR(ILE DIAGRAM 2L ! 3T\R
MAP1 /UD5TS M/ IMAG9E SLIC+ ! L&=M OP5
AL;G A L9E RUNN+ 2T PO9TS ,A & ;,B4 ,X
MAY HELP !M TO FIX A /R+ OR RU2] B& 2T
,A & ;,B ON BO? ! L&=M MODEL & ! TOPO
MAP4 ,EA* PLACE ": L9E ,A-;,B 9T]SECTS A
3T\R L9E CORRESPONDS TO AN 5D ( "O
8LAY]0 9 ! PR(ILE DIAGRAM4
  ,AT A BASIC LEVEL1 ! PR(ILES %[ H[
"O'S VANTAGE PO9T *ANGES ! VIEW ( !
L&SCAPE4 ,/UD5TS %D IMAG9E /&+ AT !
LEVEL ( ! WAT] & LOOK+ AT ! ISL& F A
4T.E1 ) ,A ON ! LEFT & ;,B ON ! "R4 ,F ?
VANTAGE1 "O _C SEE ! :OLE ISL& ! WAY "O
CD F ABV2 R1 "O SEES A PR(ILE4 ,= /UD5TS
:O >E BL1 TRACK+ AL;G A /R+ F ,A TO ;,B
C HELP SIMULATE ? VIEW4
  ,! 8VIEW0 OBTA9$ BY TRACK+ F ,A TO ;,B
WD 2 "S?+ L ! ,A-;,B PR(ILE VIEW %[N3 ,!
GR.D RISES AT A /EEP B EV5 RATE1 !N
R1*ES A RELATIVELY WIDE P1K1 & !N SLOPES
M GRADUALLY D[N TO ! "R 2F 2COM+ /EEP]
T[>D ! %ORE4
  ,A DI6]5T IMPRES.N ( ! L& IS =M$ IF !
PR(ILE IS TAK5 2T ;,C & ;,D4 ,VIEW$ F !
SIDE OR TRACK$ F ;,C TO ;,D1 ! L&    #AI
RISES LESS EV5LY1 =MS A N>R[ P1K T IS
/EEPE/ ON ! LEFT SIDE1 & FALLS M* M
GRADUALLY ON ! "R ) A WIDE PLAT1U MIDWAY
D[N4
  ,) PRACTICE1 MAP R1D]S C OBTA9 ALL ?
9=MA;N J F ! TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP BY
9T]PRET+ ! %APE & SPAC+ ( ! 3T\R L9ES4
,?US A TOPO MAP MAY 2 Z 9=MATIVE Z A M*
BULKI] RELIEF MAP OR L& MODEL4

    #AD ,VALLEY ,GLACI]S
  ,S"EAL ( ! L&=M F1TURES F.D ON ! ISL&
MODEL MAY AL 2 SE5 ON ? MODEL1 B )
DI6]5T "NS4 ,:5 =M$ BY GLACIAL AC;N1 A
M.TA9 P1K IS CALL$ A HORN1 A BAS9 2COMES
A CIRQUE1 A RIDGE IS CALL$ AN >^%ETE1 &
A VALLEY MAY 2COME A TR\< OR ;,U-%AP$
VALLEY4
  ,! UPP] SEC;N ( ! MODEL %[S ! L&SCAPE
) ! MASSES ( GLACIAL ICE1 : %D 2 "U/OOD
Z SL[LY & 3/ANTLY MOV+4 ,! L[] SEC;N %[S
! E6ECTS ( ! GLACI] AF X HAS MOV$ OR
MELT$ AWAY4 ,TO 2 M A3URATE1 ! L[] IMAGE
WD H TO %[ A DEEP1 R.D$ VALLEY C>V$ \ BY
! MA9 TRUNK ( ! GLACI]4 ,! HANG+ VALLEYS
P]*$ ABV X WD TYPICALLY H WAT]FALLS
PLUNG+ 9TO ! GLACIAL TR\<4

    #AE ,E6ECTS ( ,3T95TAL ,GLACI]S
  ,/UD5TS %D IMAG9E T ! LAY] ( GLACIAL
ICE %[N AT ! TOP $GE ONCE COV]$ ! :OLE
>EA %[N4 ,! GRAPHIC N[ DEPICTS ! GLACI]
RETR1T+1 AF HAV+ CR1T$ OR DEPOSIT$ !
V>I\S F1TURES 9DICAT$4 ,! TEXTUR$
SURFACE ( ! :OLE >EA REPRES5TS GLACIAL
TILL1 OR ROCKY DEBRIS DEPOSIT$ BY !
GLACI]4

    #AF ,%IELD ,VOLCANO
    #AG ,C9D] ,C"O ,VOLCANO
    #AH ,COMPOSITE ,VOLCANO
  ,! VOLCANO DIAGRAMS 3TA9 SIMIL>
F1TURES1 S A"P F _! %APES X MAY REQUIRE
"S /UDY TO NOTE _! DI6];ES4 ,A %IELD
VOLCANO IS =M$ BY REP1T$ E6USIVE \TP\R+S
( LAVA1 FL[+ F "UGR.D & H>D5+ 9
SU3ESSIVE LAY]S 9TO A L[ DOME4 ,! C9D]
C"O 3TA9S A% & C9D]S1 & 2C ( XS
EXPLOSIVE =MA;N1 X IS BUILT UP HI<]4 ,!
COMPOSITE VOLCANO HAS ELE;TS ( !     #BA
O!R TWO1 2+ BO? E6USIVE & EXPLOSIVE1 &
XS SU3ESSIVE LAY]S >E COMPOS$ ( LAVA &
ROCK4 ,! COMPOSITE VOLCANO DIAGRAM AL
%[S A SIDE V5T &1 AL? X IS N LABEL$1 AN
ILLU/RA;N ( A SILL4 "<,^! >E %[N &
LABEL$ 9 ANO!R DIAGRAM4">
  ,NOTE T ! SIZE ( ! VOLCANOES & ! 4T.E
2T ! MAGMA *AMB] & SURFACE 9 ^! IMAGES
>E N DRAWN TO SCALE4 ,F1TURES H BE5
COMPRESS$ OR EXA7]AT$ TO BETT] ILLU/RATE
^! ELE;TS4

    #AI ,=MA;N ( A ,CALD]A
  ,! F/ ?REE /AGES 9 ? PROCESS DIAGRAM
%[ ! E6ECTS ( ! MAGMA *AMB] GR[+ "UGR.D3
F/1 ! CRU/ BULG+ UPW>D OV] ! MAGMA
*AMB]2 SECOND1 ! CRU/ BR1K+ A"P F !
PRESSURE2 & ?IRD1 ! RESULT+ FISSURES
FILL+ ) MAGMA1 : FUR!R BR1KS ! CRU/ &
V5TS GAS & LAVA4 ,9 ! LA/ /AGE1 ! MAGMA
*AMB] : PREVI\SLY _H BE5 GR[+ IS
DEPLET$1 & )\T ! UPW>D SUPPORT ! MAGMA
PROVID$1 ! CRU/ ABV S9KS 9TO ! *AMB]4 ,!
RESULT IS A BAS9 AT ! TOP ( ! VOLCANO ":
ONCE ! GR.D 0 RAIS$ HI<4
    #BJ ,BA?OLI?1 ,DIKES1 & ,SILLS
  ,:5 ! VOLCANIC ACTIV;Y 9 AN >EA C1SES1
! PREVI\SLY FLUID MAGMA C H>D54
,EXCAVAT+ ! >EA C REV1L L>GE H>D5$
MASSES1 OR BA?OLI?S1 Z WELL Z DIKES
"<V]TICAL & UPW>D COLUMNS ( H>D5$ LAVA
GO+ .1"? HORIZONTAL LAY]S ( ROCKS"> &
SILLS "<H>D5$ LAVA .1AL;G OR .12T LAY]S
( ROCK">4 ,! IMAGE AL %[S AN \TP\R+ (
H>D5$ LAVA AT ! SURFACE1 CALL$ A FL[4

    #BA ,FAULT ,TYPES
  ,! F/ IMAGE 9TRODUCES ! T]MS .1HANG+
.1WALL1 .1FOOTWALL1 & .1FAULT .1PLANE4
,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ! FAULT PLANE IS N AN
OBJECT B A FRACTURE 2T ROCK LAY]S T RUNS
AT AN ANGLE TO ! SURFACE4 ,X MAY 2
HELP;L TO MODEL ? 3CEPT US+ TWO /ACKS (
PAP] OR BOOKS TO REPRES5T ! ROCK LAY]S
ON EI SIDE ( ! FAULT1 !N RELAT+ YR MODEL
TO ! CROSS-SEC;NAL VIEW GIV5 9 ! TACTILE
IMAGE4 ,X MAY AL HELP TO ?9K ( A HANG+
WALL Z HAV+ A L$GE T "O CD HANG ON1 & A
FOOTWALL Z LOOK+ "S?+ L A FOOT4
  ,! BOLD >R[S REPRES5T =CES "W+     #BC
TO MOVE ! ROCK MASSES A"P OR TGR4 ,!
?9N] >R[S %[ ! DIREC;N ( MOVE;T4 ,! LA/
IMAGE SWIT*ES TO AN OV]H1D VIEW TO %[
TWO >1S SLID+ PA/ EA* O!R ) NO *ANGE (
ELEVA;N 2T !M4 ,! MAT*+ $GES ( ! COLOR$
8BAS90 9 EA* >EA %[ T ! TWO >1S 7
PREVI\SLY ALIGN$4

    #BB ,FOLD$ ,LAY]S @& ,ANGUL>
    ,UNCON=M;Y
  ,GEOLOGIC FOLDS >E (T5 COMP>$ TO !
FOLDS =M$ 9 A RUG T HAS SLID ON ! FLOOR
& BE5 PU%$ UP AG/ A WALL4 ,! E6ECT IS A
S]IES ( WR9KLES 9 A PREVI\SLY FLAT
SURFACE4 ,! UPP] IMAGE %[S H[ ^! FOLDS
>E CLASSIFI$ DEP5D+ ON :E!R !Y >E RIS+
"<ANTICL9E"> OR DIPP+ "<SYNCL9E">4
  ,! "R SIDE ( ! IMAGE AL %[S T RIS+ &
DIPP+ FOLDS ( ROCK D N ALW CORRESPOND )
P1KS & VALLEYS ON ! SURFACE1
RESPECTIVELY4 ,]O.N1 DEPOSI;N1 & O!R
=CES C ALT] ! SURFACE 9 WAYS T DI6] F !
PATT]N ( FOLDS 2L4
  ,! ANGUL> UNCON=M;Y IMAGE %[S T ]O.N &
DEPOSI;N ( NEW ROCK MAY O3UR ON TOP (
OLD] FOLD$ LAY]S4 ,! E6ECT IS T "S LAY]S
"<S* Z LAY] #D"> APPE> 9T]RUPT$ & O!RS
5D ABRUPTLY "<LAY] #E">4 ,IF /UD5TS />T
AT ! SURFACE ON ! LEFT SIDE & MOVE A F+]
/RAI<T D[N1 Z IF DRILL+ D[N "? ! LAY]S1
!Y W PASS "? A DI6]5T S]IES ( ROCKS ?AN
IF !Y DRILL D[N AT ! C5T] OR AT ! "R
SIDE4

    #BC ,DIV]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES
    #BD ,3V]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES
  ,! ILLU/RA;N ( 3VEC;N CURR5TS "<,IMAGE
#F"> %[S H[ MOVE;TS ( MAGMA 9 ! ,E>?'S
MANTLE MAY PU% ! OV]LY+ CRU/ TGR OR A"P4
,:]"E TECTONIC PLATES >E SPR1D+ A"P1
MAGMA C FL[ FREELY UPW>D 2T !M1 L1D+ TO
! =MA;N ( OC1NIC RIDGES OR RIFT VALLEY
F1TURES4
  ,:5 PLATES >E 3V]G+1 "O ( ! PLATES W
TYPICALLY 2 =C$ D[NW>D "U ! O!R4
,SUBDUC;N IS ILLU/RAT$ 9 EA* ( ! ?REE
3V]G5T PLATE IMAGES4 ,! ?IRD IMAGE AL
ILLU/RATES ! FOLD+ ( M.TA9S RESULT+ F !
UPLIFT Z "O >EA ( 3T95TAL CRU/ COLLIDES
) ANO!R4                             #BE
    #BE ,TECTONIC ,PLATE ,B.D>IES
  ,AL? ! \TL9ES ( ! TECTONIC PLATES >E !
MO/ TACTUALLY PROM95T F1TURES ( ? IMAGE1
/UD5TS W PROBABLY H M SU3ESS 9T]PRET+ X
IF !Y FOCUS F/ ON ! L[1 SOLID SURFACES (
! L& MASSES4 ,HELP /UD5TS TO RECOGNIZE T
! MAP IS A /&>D RECTANGUL> PROJEC;N ( !
_W & TO USE PRIOR K TO ID5TIFY ! 3T95TS4
,AF /UD5TS H 2COME ORI5T$ 9 ? WAY1 !
PLATE \TL9ES W 2 PLAC$ 9 A M1N+;L 3TEXT4

    #BF ,VOLCANOES1 ,E>?QUAKES1 ,HOT
    ,SPOTS
  ,? MAP HAS A SIMIL> PRES5TA;N TO !
,TECTONIC ,PLATE ,B.D>IES "<,IMAGE
#BE">4 ,ONCE /UD5TS H ID5TIFI$ ! L&
MASSES1 !Y %D 2 ABLE TO COMP>E ! TWO
IMAGES & =M ID1S AB ! RELA;N%IP 2T PLATE
B.D>IES & VOLCANIC_/SEISMIC ACTIV;Y4

    #BG ,WAT] ,CYCLE
  ,ONLY ! .1PROCESSES 9VOLV$ 9 ! WAT]
CYCLE >E LABEL$ 9 ? DIAGRAM4 ,Z !
PICTORIAL ELE;TS ( EA* /AGE >E N LABEL$1
(F] /UD5TS HELP 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! IMAGES (
TREES1 CL\DS1 M.TA9S1 & S ON4 ,NOTE1
TOO1 T ! GR.D IS %[N 9 CUTAWAY VIEW4

    #BH ,GR.DWAT] ,F1TURES "<CUTAWAY">
  ,A TEXTURE IS US$ TO REPRES5T !
WAT]-P]M1BLE >1S ( ROCK "UGR.D1 :ILE !
IMP]M1BLE >1S & B$ROCK >E %[N Z SMOO? &
SOLID4 ,! WAT] TABLE1 : IS ! UPP] RANGE
( ! SATURAT$ Z"O1 IS %[N Z A DA%$ L9E4
  ,! >TESIAN WELL IS %[N SP\T+ WAT] AT !
TOP4 ,/UD5TS MAY NE$ HELP 9T]PRET+ ?
VISUAL 3V5;N1 : IS US$ "H TO 4T+UI% !
>TESIAN WELL "<: SP\TS DUE TO "UGR.D
PRESSURE"> F ! ORD9>Y WELL "<: M/ 2
PUMP$ ME*ANICALLY">4

    #BI ,R$UC+ ,SOIL ,]O.N 9 ,F>M+
  ,^! IMAGES ILLU/RATE WAYS TO 3TROL !
E6ECTS ( WAT] & W9D ON SOIL ]O.N4 ,9 EA*
"O1 ! GRE51 TEXTUR$ >1S REPRES5T SEC;NS
T H BE5 PL[$ & PLANT$ ) CROPS4
  ,! TWO IMAGES ON ! LEFT %[ TE*NIQUES
US$ ON SLOP+ L& & "!=E H BO? AN OV]H1D &
A PR(ILE VIEW4 ,! TACTILE F1TURES >E
SUBTLE1 S Y MAY HELP /UD5TS BY       #BG
PO9T+ \ T T]RAC$ L& HAS BE5 PL[$ TO =M
FLAT 8/EPS10 :ILE 3T\R PLANT+ RETA9S !
ORIG9AL SLOPE ( ! L& B MAKES PLANT$ R[S
P]P5DICUL> TO ! SLOPE4 ,9 BO? CASES1
F>M]S AVOID CR1T+ R[S T RUN D[NHILL1 :
WD SPE$ ! RUN(F ( SOIL4
  ,ON ! "R1 ! TOP IMAGE REPRES5TS A
PLANT$ FIELD ) TREES OR H$GER[S SURR.D+
X TO R$UCE ! E6ECTS ( W9D ON ! SOIL4 ,AT
! BOTTOM1 ! ILLU/RA;N %[S /RIP CROPP+1 :
9VOLVES ALT]NAT+ R[S ( A DESIR$ CROP )
R[S ( SOIL-HOLD+ OR SOIL-BUILD+ CROPS4

    #CJ ,C>BON ,CYCLE
  ,? IS A SIMPLIFI$ PROCESS DIAGRAM %[+
! MOVE;T ( DI6]5T =MS ( C>BON "? V>I\S
SY/EMS4 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ! IMAGE
REPRES5TS ! GR.D 2L "<CUTAWAY VIEW"> & !
ATMOSP"H ABV4

    #CA ,! ,GRE5H\SE ,E6ECT
  ,L ! ,C>BON ,CYCLE DIAGRAM "<,IMAGE
#CJ">1 ? IMAGE %[S ! GR.D "<,E>?"> AT !
BOTTOM & ! ATMOSP"H ABV1 B ) A M* BROAD]
VIEW T 9CLUDES ! ,SUN & SPACE \TSIDE !
ATMOSP"H4
  ,COM+ \ F ! ,SUN IS A WIDE B&
REPRES5T+ A QUANT;Y ( SOL> RADIA;N
DIRECT$ T[>D ,E>?4 ,Z X 3TACTS ,E>?'S
ATMOSP"H1 "S IS REFLECT$ & "S 5T]S TO 2
ABSORB$ BY ! PLANET'S SURFACE4 ,H1T IS
!N EMITT$ F ! SURFACE1 "S ( : 2COMES
TRAPP$ 9 ! ATMOSP"H BY GRE5H\SE GASES &
"S ( : ESCAPES 9TO SPACE4 ,! N>R[+ ( !
WIDE YELL[ B& 9DICATES ! 4SIPA;N ( !
ORIG9AL SOL> RADIA;N "? ^! V>I\S
PROCESSES4

    #CB ,C,O;5#B & ,TEMP]ATURE ,*ANGE
    ,S9CE #AIFJ
  ,! ATMOSPH]IC 3C5TRA;N ( C>BON DIOXIDE
IS REPRES5T$ "H BY A WIDE BLUE B&4 ,!
WID? ( ! B& 9DICATES A RANGE ( VALUES1 Z
! 3C5TRA;N RISES & FALLS REGUL>LY 9
#F-MON? 9T]VALS4 ,:ILE "! IS 3SID]ABLE
V>IA;N 9 ! GLOBAL TEMP]ATURE F YE> TO
YE> "<Z REPRES5T$ BY ! ?9 R$ L9E">1
/UD5TS C SEE T ! OV]ALL TR5D IS UPW>D &
CORRELATES ) ! TR5D 9 C>BON DIOXIDE
LEVELS4 "<,NOTE3 ,? DIAGRAM IS       #BI
LABEL$ 9 ,NEME? ,CODE4">

    #CC ,W1!R ,FRONTS
  ,? MAP 9TRODUCES ! SYMBOLS US$ ON W1!R
MAPS TO %[ FRONTAL SY/EMS4 ,/UD5TS %D
"U/& T ^! >E TO 2 SE5 Z MOV+2 T IS1 !Y
REPRES5T A DYNAMIC W1!R PATT]N 9 A G5]AL
WAY4

    #CD ,ISO!RMS
  ,! NUMB]S ON ? MAP REPRES5T
TEMP]ATURES1 & ! DA%$ L9ES >E ISO!RMS1 :
5CLOSE >1S ) TEMP]ATURES )9 A GIV5 RANGE
"<9 ? CASE1 E #AJ ^J,F">4
  ,? IMAGE (F]S "S OPPORTUNITIES =
/UD5TS TO SUPPLY MISS+ 9=MA;N4 ,9 ! F/
CASE1 ! LABEL = "O ( ! ISO!RMS IS MISS+4
,ASK /UD5TS :AT ! LABEL = T L9E %D 2
"<#DJ ^J,F">4
  ,! ISO!RMS H BE5 LEFT (F ( ! L[] "P (
! MAP TO GIVE /UD5TS AN OPPORTUN;Y TO
ADD !M ON _! [N4 ,ASK /UD5TS TO EXAM9E
ALL ! TEMP]ATURES %[N & DECIDE IF O!R
ISO!RM L9ES >E NE$$4 ,/UD5TS MAY USE
WAX$ /R+ OR DRAFT+ TAPE TO MAKE _! [N
L9ES TO 5CLOSE >1S ) SIMIL> TEMP]ATURES4

    #CE ,ISOB>S
  ,! L9ES ON ? MAP 5CLOSE >1S ) SIMIL>
B>OMETRIC PRESSURES1 GIV5 9 MILLIB>S4
,ISOB> MAPS MAY 2 V COMPLEX & CR[D$ )
9=MA;N2 ? "O IS GRTLY SIMPLIFI$ TO
9TRODUCE ! 3CEPT4
  ,Z ) 3T\R MAPS1 /UD5TS %D NOTE T :5
L9ES >E CLOS] TGR X SIGNIFIES A M RAPID
*ANGE 9 VALUES OV] A SMALL] >EA4 ,9 T]MS
( W1!R1 ? SIGNIFIES EI A HI< OR A L[
PRESSURE >EA =M+4

    #CF ,ATMOSP"HS ( ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS
    #CG ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE ( ,T]RE/RIAL
    ,PLANETS
  ,! F/ DIAGRAM IS A SET ( CIRCLE GRAPHS
COMP>+ ! ATMOSPH]IC COMPOSI;N ( ! F\R
9N]MO/ PLANETS4
  ,! SECOND IMAGE GIVES CUTAWAY
HALF-CIRCLE VIEWS ( ! 9T]NAL /RUCTURES (
^! PLANETS1 ) _! RELATIVE SIZES
A3URATELY REPRES5T$4
                                     #CA
    #CH ,COMPOSI;N ( ,GAS ,GIANTS
  ,AL? ! EXACT PROPOR;NS & COMPON5TS ( !
\T] PLANETS >E SPECULATIVE1 ? IMAGE %[S
! F1TURES ( ! S-CALL$ 8GAS GIANTS0 Z
CURR5TLY "U/OOD4 ,! RELATIVE SIZES ( !
PLANETS >E A3URATELY %[N1 & A CIRCLE
REPRES5T+ ! SIZE ( ,E>? IS 9CLUD$ =
3TEXT4

    #CI ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM
  ,! ;,H-;,R DIAGRAM IS UNUSUAL 9 A
NUMB] ( WAYS4 ,AL? X RESEMBLES A
COORD9ATE GRAPH1 X IS R1LLY M ( A *>T
%[+ />S AT V>I\S /AGES ( _! LIFE CYCLES4
,NOTE T ! SCALES ON EA* AXIS >E N L9E>
"<! UNITS D N 9CR1SE 9 A REGUL> MANN]">4
,X AL HAS ! UNUSUAL F1TURE ( %[+ ! HI<]
VALUES AT ! LEFT ( ! TEMP]ATURE AXIS R
?AN ! "R4
  ,! NUMB]S ON ! V]TICAL AXIS REPRES5T
LUM9OS;Y RELATIVE TO \R ,SUN4 ,GIV5 T \R
,SUN HAS A LUM9OS;Y ( #A & A TEMP]ATURE
( AB #E1HJJ ,KELV91 /UD5TS C TRY TO
ID5TIFY A DOT MAT*+ ^! VALUES1 :
REPRES5TS ! ,SUN4 "<,US+ A /RAI<T $GE W
2 HELP;L = ? TASK4"> "<,NOTE3 ,? DIAGRAM
IS LABEL$ 9 ,NEME? ,CODE4">

    #DJ ,/RUCTURE ( A ,COMET
  ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T A COMET ORBITS !
,SUN 9 AN ELLIPTICAL PA?1 S XS POSI;N
RELATIVE TO ! SUNLI<T IS ALW *ANG+4
,?US1 :ILE ! DU/ TAIL W ALW TRAIL \ 2H !
COMET Z X MOVES1 ! ION TAIL "<PU%$ \ BY
! SOL> RADIA;N OR SOL> W9D"> W ALW 2 9
L9E ) ! ,SUN4













                                     #CC
                 ,NOTES
























,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4
#AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE
,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY #DJBJF
#EJB-#HIE-#BDJE
#HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI
WWW4APH4ORG
9FO@AAPH4ORG

,E>? ,SCI;E
,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS
,COPY"R ^C #BJAG
,CATALOG ,NUMB] #A-#JCACA-#JJ












                                     #CE