,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS ,T1*]'S ,GUIDE ,CATALOG NUMB] #A-#JCACA-#JJ ,A3ESSIBLE ,,HTML & ,,BRF V].NS ( ? GUIDEBOOK >E AVAILABLE AT WWW4APH4ORG_/MANUALS_/ ,COPY"R ^C#BJAG BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ALL "RS RES]V$4 ,PR9T$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA ,? PUBLICA;N IS PROTECT$ BY ,COPY"R & P]MIS.N %D 2 OBTA9$ F ! PUBLI%] PRIOR TO ANY REPRODUC;N1 /ORAGE 9 A RETRIEVAL SY/EM1 OR TRANSMIS.N 9 ANY =M OR BY ANY M1NS ELECTRONIC1 ME*ANICAL1 PHOTOCOPY+1 RECORD+1 OR O!RWISE4 ,= 9=MA;N REG>D+ P]MIS.N1 3TACT ! PUBLI%] AT ! FOLL[+ ADDRESS3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AVE4 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #DJBJF #A #HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI WWW4APH4ORG OR 9FO@AAPH4ORG ,REF];E CITA;N3 ,OTTO1 ;,F4 @& ,H(FMANN1 ;,R4 "<#BJAG">4 .7,E>? SCI;E TACTILE GRAPHICS3 ,T1*]'S GUIDE4.' ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL4 ,AC"KL$GE;TS ^1,FR$ ^1,OTTO1 ,AU?OR & ,PROJECT ,COL1D] ^1,ROSANNE ^1,H(FMANN1 ,PROJECT ,COL1D] ^1,FRANK ^1,HAYD51 ,DIRECTOR ( ,TE*NICAL @& ,MANUFACTUR+ ,RESE>* ^1,&REW ^1,M\LTON1 ,MANAG] ( ,TE*NICAL @& ,MANUFACTUR+ ,RESE>* ^1,ROD ^1,DIXON1 ,MANUFACTUR+ ,SPECIALI/ ^1,KA!R9E ^1,CORCORAN1 ,MODEL @& ,PATT]N ,MAK] ^1,RA*EL ^1,:ITE1 ,RESE>* ,ASSI/ANT ^7,AN?ONY ;,D4 ,J"OS^'1 ,>T ,DESIGN_/" ,PRODUC;N ,MANAG] ^1,LAURA ^1,GRE5WELL1 ,GRAPHIC ,DESIGN] ,! PROJECT L1D]S ?ANK ! FOLL[+ T1*]S = _! "T1 ATT5;N1 & CR1TIVE COM;TS 9 EVALUAT+ ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS3 ,NANCY ,>NOLD1 ,S&RA ,CRAIG1 ,ELIZABE? ,EAGAN1 ,H1!R ,JOHNSON1 ,JEFF ,KILLEBREW1 ,TIM ,LOCKWOOD1 ,B>B>A ,M9KL]1 ,RAFEELA ,NALIM1 ,AM&A ,RAMIREZ1 & ,PAMELA ,ROB]TS4 ,LI/ ( ,DIAGRAMS #A ,! ,ROCK ,CYCLE #B ,ID5TIFY+ ,ROCK ,TYPES #C ,TYPICAL ,SOIL ,PR(ILE " #D ,FACTORS ,A6ECT+ ,POROS;Y 9 ,SOIL #E ,E>?'S ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE " #F ,3VEC;N ,CURR5TS 9 ,E>?'S ,MANTLE #G ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT #H ,FOSSIL ,EVID;E = ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT #I ,FOSSILS #AJ ,RADIOACTIVE ,DECAY #C #AA ,GEOLOGIC ,"T ,SCALE #AB ,ISL& " #AC ,ISL& " #AD ,VALLEY ,GLACI]S #AE ,E6ECTS ( ,3T95TAL ,GLACI]S #AF ,%IELD ,VOLCANO #AG ,C9D] ,C"O ,VOLCANO #AH ,COMPOSITE ,VOLCANO #AI ,=MA;N ( A ,CALD]A #BJ ,BA?OLI?1 ,DIKES1 & ,SILLS #BA ,FAULT ,TYPES #BB ,FOLD$ ,LAY]S @& ,ANGUL> ,UNCON=M;Y #BC ,DIV]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES #BD ,3V]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES #BE ,TECTONIC ,PLATE ,B.D>IES #BF ,VOLCANOES1 ,E>?QUAKES1 ,HOT ,SPOTS #BG ,WAT] ,CYCLE #BH ,GR.DWAT] ,F1TURES " #BI ,R$UC+ ,SOIL ,]O.N 9 ,F>M+ #CJ ,C>BON ,CYCLE #CA ,! ,GRE5H\SE ,E6ECT #CB ,C,O;5#B & ,TEMP]ATURE ,*ANGE ,S9CE #AIFJ #CC ,W1!R ,FRONTS #CD ,ISO!RMS #CE ,ISOB>S #CF ,ATMOSP"HS ( ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS #CG ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE ( ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS #CH ,COMPOSI;N ( ,GAS ,GIANTS #CI ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM #DJ ,/RUCTURE ( A ,COMET ,9TRODUC;N ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS >E RAIS$-RELIEF DRAW+S DEPICT+ PROCESSES1 3CEPTS1 & /RUCTURES TYPICALLY COV]$ 9 MIDDLE & HI< S*OOL ,E>? ,SCI;E C\RSES4 ,? COLLEC;N S]VES Z A REF];E VOLUME T IS 9T5D$ TO SUPPLE;T1 N REPLACE1 ! GRAPHICS 9 A /UD5T'S CLASSROOM TEXTBOOK4 ,^! GRAPHICS MAY (F] /UD5TS A DI6]5T LOOK & FEEL F _! ADAPT$ TEXTBOOK GRAPHICS4 ,! EMPHASIS 9 ? SET IS ON TACTUAL R1DABIL;Y R ?AN ADH];E TO A "PICUL> PR9T$ IMAGE4 ,2C ^! GRAPHICS >E N ID5TICAL TO ANY IMAGE F.D 9 A "PICUL> SCI;E TEXT1 !Y MAY N 3TA9 ! SAME F1TURES Z A GIV5 TEXTBOOK GRAPHIC4 ,?US1 ^! #E A3ESSIBLE GRAPHICS & ! /UD5T'S TEXTBOOK .1TGR MAKE A GD COMB9A;N4 ,L9ES & ,TEXTURES ,! DRAW+S 9 ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS 9CLUDE _M TYPES ( L9ES & TEXTURES1 Z WELL Z SURFACES ( DI6]5T HEIE US$ = C]TA9 NOTA;NS )9 A GRAPHIC OR1 9 "S CASES1 PLAC$ AT ! TOP & BOTTOM ( ! GRAPHIC TO 9DICATE T ! 5TIRE %EET IS ,NEME? LABEL$4 ,T1*+ ,SU7ES;NS ,ALL ( ! DRAW+S 9 ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS DEPICT 3CEPTS1 SY/EMS1 OR T]MS T >E COMMON TO ANY BASIC C\RSE 9 ,E>? ,SCI;E4 ,9/RUC;NAL H9TS >E GIV5 = _M ( ! TACTILE DRAW+S 9 ! SET4 ,!Y FOCUS ON H[ Y MIE BL & :AT ^! /UD5TS MIN+ M1N+;L = /UD5TS :O >E N US+ ! /&>D PR9T$ IMAGES4 ^7,X IS R>E TO F9D A TACTILE PICTURE T /&S ON XS [N = ! BL R1D] TO "U/& )\T 3TEXT F ! TEXTBOOK OR EXPLANA;N F ! T1*]4^' ,EV5 ! BE/ CRAFT$ TACTILE GRAPHIC _C OV]COME ! FACT T .7P]CVG "? T\*.' IS DI6]5T F .7P]CVG ) SIE 9/ANTLY APP>5T ) SIE USUALLY LESS APP>5T "? T\*4 ,^! GRAPHICS MAY HELP ILLU/RATE 3CEPTS 9 SCI;E J #G Z PR9T PICTURES D1 B !Y ALW DEP5D ON ! V]BAL DESCRIP;N OR PHYSICAL DEMON/RA;N T Y PROVIDE TO MAKE !M E6ECTIVE4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! GRAPHICS DON'T T1* SCI;E 3CEPTS,-Y D6 ,3SID] ! RANGE ( PICTURES F.D 9 SCI;E BOOKS4 ,!Y PRES5T FRONT1 SIDE1 OV]H1D1 & 9T]IOR VIEWS1 PICTURES ( ?+S R1L & 3CEPTUAL1 ON A SCALE F ! MICROSCOPIC TO ! COSMIC4 ,) SI RADIA;N 9 ! ATMOSP"H Z IF WE 7 LOOK+ AT ! ,E>? F J ABV ! SURFACE10 OR 8,? IS H[ ! M9]ALS 9 ROCKS LOOK MAGNIFI$ ?\S&S ( "TS "U A MICROSCOPE40 ,^! DI6]5T K9DS ( VIEWS REQUIRE EXPLANA;N & .1DEMON/RA;N1 2C1 Z /AT$ 2F1 X TAKES "T & PRACTICE TO TRANSLATE ! _M WAYS ?+S C APPE> TO ! S5SE ( SI1 B X IS ALW ADVISABLE TO *ECK ON /UD5TS' "U/&+ ( ! IMAGES & (F] M 3TEXT Z NE$$4 ,PR9T GRAPHICS1 & ^? 9 ? SET1 %[ ?+S F DI6]5T P]SPECTIVES4 ,= 9/.E1 WE C LOOK D[N ON ! L& F ABV1 Z IF HOV]+ OV] X1 OR WE C LOOK AT ! CROSS SEC;N ( A VOLCANO F GR.D LEVEL1 SEE+ X SLIC$ OP5 F TOP TO BOTTOM4 ,) EXPOSURE1 DEMON/RA;N1 & PRACTICE1 WE GA9 ! ABIL;Y TO 9T]PRET & 3NECT ^! IMAGES TO 3CEPTS WE >E FAMILI> )4 ,IF /UD5TS LACK S* EXPOSURE & PRACTICE1 !Y W NE$ "S CR1TIVE ASSI/.E F Y TO MAKE ^! IMAGES 8R1L40 ,_M ( ! DIAGRAMS 9 ? SET 3TA9 >R[S1 : S]VE DI6]5T PURPOSES1 DEP5D+ ON ! 3TEXT4 ,"S >R[S 9DICATE ! TRANSI;N F "O /AGE 9 A CYCLE TO ANO!R1 :ILE O!RS %[ ! ACTUAL MO;N ( "O SUB/.E 9TO OR AWAY F #I ANO!R4 .7,/UD5TS MAY NE$ SPECIFIC TRA9+ 9 R1D+ & 9T]PRET+ >R[S.'1 DEP5D+ ON _! PREVI\S EXP]I;E ) >R[S 9 TACTILE DIAGRAMS4 ,KEEP 9 M9D T :5 Y USE ^! TACTILE GRAPHICS1 Y >E N ONLY T1*+ /UD5TS ,E>? ,SCI;E1 Y >E HELP+ !M TO USE & 9T]PRET TACTILE PICTURES 9 G5]AL4 ,Z Y BUILD UP /UD5TS' COMPET;E & COM=T 9 R1D+ GRAPHICS1 Y OP5 UP LE>N+ POSSIBILITIES = !M & PREP>E !M = FUR!R ACADEMIC SU3ESS4 ,AL;G ! WAY1 Y W 9TRODUCE _M 3CEPTS &1 ) LUCK1 /IMULATE /UD5TS TO 2 ACTIVE & /RATEGIC ?9K]S "4 ,NOTES ON ! ,DIAGRAMS ,! FOLL[+ >E BRIEF NOTES ON ! TACTILE GRAPHICS 9 ? SET1 GIV+ "S 3SID]A;NS T MAY 2 HELP;L 9 YR T1*+4 #A ,! ,ROCK ,CYCLE ,! >R[S 9 ! DIAGRAM 9DICATE TRANSI;NS F "O /ATE TO ANO!R OV] V L;G P]IODS ( "T4 ,TWO K9DS ( >R[S >E DRAWN TO HELP SIMPLIFY ! CLUTT]4 ,! ?ICK] " >R[ L9ES 9DICATE ! /&>D CYCLE F "O /ATE "? EA* ( ! O!R /ATES2 ! LIR[ L9ES 9DICATE T ROCKS MAY *ANGE /ATES BY SKIPP+ OV] 9T]M$IATE /ATES "U C]TA9 3DI;NS4 #B ,ID5TIFY+ ,ROCK ,TYPES ,^! DRAW+S ( MAGNIFI$ SAMPLES ILLU/RATE1 9 A G5]AL WAY1 ! %APES & >RANGE;TS ( M9]AL "PICLES 9 ! ?REE TYPES ( ROCKS4 ,S$I;T>Y ROCK TYPICALLY HAS M R.D$ M9]AL GRA9S2 IGNE\S ROCK (T5 HAS %>P]1 ANGUL> "PICLES2 & METAMORPHIC ROCK F1TURES COMPRESS$1 %EET L =MS4 "<,/UD5TS %D AL "U/& T "! IS A GRT D1L ( V>IA;N )9 ! TYPES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! SIZE & D5S;Y ( ! GRA9S4"> #C ,TYPICAL ,SOIL ,PR(ILE " ,? IMAGE %[S A CROSS SEC;N ( A TYPE ( SOIL ) SUB/ANTIAL ,A1 ;,B1 & ;,C HORIZONS4 ,( C\RSE1 ! RELATIVE DEP?S & COMPON5TS ( ^! HORIZONS V>Y GRTLY #AA 9 DI6]5T REGIONS4 #D ,FACTORS ,A6ECT+ ,POROS;Y 9 ,SOIL ,! UPP] "P ( ! DIAGRAM %[S H[ DI6];ES 9 ! %APES ( ! F9E "PICLES COMPOS+ SOIL A6ECT ! SIZE ( ! PORES CR1T$ 2T ! "PICLES4 ,! TACTUAL DI6];ES 9 ! TWO ILLU/RA;NS >E SUBTLE1 B FOCUS+ ON ! SPACES 2T "PICLES %[S ! PORES TO 2 L>G] :5 "PICLES >E M R.D$4 ,? C 2 DEMON/RAT$ EASILY BY COMP>+ A COLLEC;N ( ANGUL> BLOCKS TO A COLLEC;N ( BALLS & NOT+ ! CORRESPOND+ SPACES 2T ITEMS 9 EA*4 #E ,E>?'S ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE " ,! CUTAWAY VIEWS 9 ? DIAGRAM GIVE SEP>ATE COLOR & TACTILE TR1T;T TO ! ,E>?'S CORE1 MANTLE1 & CRU/1 5D+ ) A VIEW ( OC1NIC & 3T95TAL CRU/4 ,! RELATIVE DIM5.NS ( ! CORE1 MANTLE & CRU/ >E A3URATE 9 ! F/ ?REE VIEWS4 ,9 ! L[] "R IMAGE1 NOTE ! RELATIVE ?ICK;SES ( ! 3T95TAL CRU/ & OC1NIC CRU/4 ,? 3CEPT IS IMPORTANT = "U/&+ PLATE TECTONICS4 #F ,3VEC;N ,CURR5TS 9 ,E>?'S ,MANTLE ,! IMAGE ( ,E>?'S 9T]NAL /RUCTURE %D 2 /UDI$ 2F ? IMAGE1 9 ORD] TO 9TRODUCE ! 3CEPTS ( ! CORE1 MANTLE1 & CRU/4 ,! >R[S 9 ? IMAGE D TWO ?+S3 ,!Y ILLU/RATE ! CIRCULA;N ( RELATIVELY COOL] & HOTT] FLUID MAT]IAL 9 ! ,E>?'S MANTLE1 & !Y %[ ! DIREC;N ( =CES : >E EX]T$ ON ! TECTONIC PLATES ABV1 DRIV+ !M TGR OR A"P4 ,AN >R[ AL 9DICATES H[ AN UPWELL+ 2T DIV]G+ PLATES C PRODUCE AN OC1NIC RIDGE4 ,/UD5TS NE$ TO "U/& T S* A RIDGE1 IF VIEW$ F ABV1 CD EXT5D A GRT 4T.E AL;G ! DIV]G+ PLATE B.D>IES4 ,Y C DEMON/RATE ^! DI6]5T VIEWS BY CR1S+ A PIECE ( PAP] 9TO A T5T %APE4 ,ASK /UD5TS TO EXAM9E J ! $GE ( ! FOLD$ PAP] F/1 : REPRES5TS ! CUTAWAY VIEW ( ! OC1N RIDGE4 ,!N ASK !M TO EXAM9E ! L5G? ( ! FOLD F ABV1 : SIMULATES ! OV]H1D VIEW4 #AC #G ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT ,/UD5TS C GRASP ! MA9 IDEA ( ! !ORY ( 3T95TAL DRIFT BY COMP>+ ! CLUMP$-UP 3FIGURA;N ( L& MASSES 9 ! F/ IMAGE ) ! SPR1D-\ >RANGE;T 9 ! LA/1 EV5 IF !Y >E N "PICUL>LY FLU5T ) R1D+ _W MAPS4 ,! M EXP]I;E /UD5TS H _H1 H["E1 ! M !Y MAY PICK UP ON DETAILS 3C]N+ ! PA?S TAK5 BY DI6]5T L& MASSES & _! *ANGES 9 %APE4 ,PRACTICE 9 R1D+ _W MAPS ) A SIMIL> ELLIPTICAL PROJEC;N WD 2 ESPECIALLY HELP;L4 ,TACTILE PO9T SYMBOLS >E PLAC$ ON ?REE ( ! L& >1S Z AN AID TO TRACK+ _! MOVE;TS & *ANGES F "O IMAGE TO ! NEXT4 #H ,FOSSIL ,EVID;E = ,3T95TAL ,DRIFT ,? ILLU/RA;N RELATES TO ! PREVI\S "O & AG %[S A L;G-AGO GR\P+ ( L& MASSES4 ,X MAY 2 HELP;L TO H /UD5TS REF] BACK TO ! PREVI\S ILLU/RA;N TO SEE ! PRES5T-"D 3FIGURA;N AF EXAM9+ ? IMAGE4 ,F/1 /UD5TS %D 2 AW>E T N ALL ! PRES5T-"D 3T95TS >E %[N 9 ? GRAPHIC4 ,HELP /UD5TS TO ID5TIFY ! PRES5T-"D 3T95TS BY _! LABELS & %APES1 NOT+ T L;G AGO !Y 7 ORI5T$ DI6]5TLY ?AN !Y >E TD4 ,!N HELP /UD5TS TRACK ! 9DIVIDUAL >1S ( TEXTURE OR COLOR CROSS+ F "O L& MASS TO ANO!R4 ,! L9E ( R1SON+ = /UD5TS IS !N TO 9F] H[ ! PRES;E ( C]TA9 FOSSIL CLUES 9 DI6]5T 3T95TS SUPPORTS ! !ORY ( 3T95TAL DRIFT4 #I ,FOSSILS ,! FOSSILS ( ! SPECIES REF]R$ TO 9 ,DIAGRAM #H >E %[N "H1 GIV+ AN IDEA ( ! V>Y+ SKELETAL /RUCTURES ( ! EXT9CT ANIMALS & ( ! WAY 9 : FOSSILIZ$ PLANT =MS TYPICALLY APPE>4 ,TWO 9V]TEBRATE SPECIES FREQU5TLY F.D 9 FOSSIL REMA9S1 ! TRILOBITE & ! BRA*IOPOD1 >E AL %[N4 ,AL? X IS TEMPT+ TO ID5TIFY ! V]TEBRATE ANIMALS Z D9OSAURS1 ? IS N ! CASE4 ,= ! MO/ "P1 ^! CR1TURES PR$AT$ ! D9OSAURS & LACK$ SPECIFIC SKELETAL F1TURES T "*IZ$ ! D9OSAURS4 ,ALL ! ORGANISMS %[N >E EXT9CT EXCEPT BRA*IOPODS1 : / LIVE TD4 #AE #AJ ,RADIOACTIVE ,DECAY ,? *>T ILLU/RATES ! DECAY ( RADIOACTIVE P>5T MAT]IAL 9 ROCKS 9TO 9]T DAU5T MAT]IAL IS R$UC$ BY HALF4 #AA ,GEOLOGIC ,"T ,SCALE ,? PRES5TA;N ( ,E>?'S GEOLOGIC "T SCALE GIVES /UD5TS A TACTUAL & K9ES!TIC EXPOSURE TO ! 3CEPT4 ,2G9N+ AT ! C5T] ( ! DIAGRAM1 LABEL$ #D1EJJ1 & TRACK+ ! DA%$ L9E 9 A SPIRAL >.D ! PAGE GIVES /UD5TS A PHYSICAL EXP]I;E ( ! DURA;N ( ,PRECAMBRIAN "T1 A L;G P]IOD DUR+ : ! FOSSIL RECORD REFLECTS ! RELATIVELY L[ ABUND.E ( SIMPL] ORGANISMS T EXI/$ !N4 ,! ,CAMBRIAN ,EXPLO.N IS REPRES5T$ AT ! PO9T ": ! DA%$ L9E *ANGES TO SOLID2 ? M>KS ! 2G9N+ ( ! ,CAMBRIAN ,P]IOD "<#EDB MILLION YE>S AGO">4 ,AT ? PO9T & 2Y1 ! FOSSIL RECORD IS FULL ( _M DI6]5T K9DS ( L>GE & SMALL COMPLEX ORGANISMS1 M* GRT] 9 ABUND.E ?AN 9 ! EONS T PREC$E X4 ,IMPORTANT EV5TS 9 ! EVOLU;N ( ORGANISMS >E NOT$ ) DATES AL;G ! SPIRAL4 ,= EASE ( R1D+1 ! GEOLOGIC ]AS & P]IODS >E OMITT$1 B 3SID] ASK+ YR /UD5TS TO ID5TIFY & LABEL ^! POSI;NS ON ! SPIRAL AF !Y H 2COME FAMILI> ) ! 9=MA;N GIV54 #AB ,ISL& " #AC ,ISL& " ,! ISL& MODEL IS PRES5T$ Z A TOOL = /UD5TS TO LE>N "S BASIC T]MS RELAT$ TO L&=MS4 ,Y MAY USE ? MODEL TO ILLU/RATE ^! "<& POSSIBLY O!R"> F1TURES3 ,ISL& BAY OR COVE M.TA9S VALLEY PLAT1U BAS9 LAKE RIV] & TRIBUT>Y M\? %OREL9E B1* #AG DELTA ,! PO9TS LABEL$ ,A & ;,B ON ! L&=M MAP S]VE Z REF];E PO9TS = USE ) ! TOPOGRAPHICAL OR TOPO MAP1 Z D ! GRAY 3T\R L9ES4 ,:ILE EXAM9+ ! TOPO MAP1 /UD5TS MAY REF] BACK TO ! L&=M MAP TO CORRELATE ! AB/RACT 9=MA;N ON ! TOPO MAP ) A TANGIBLE MODEL4 ,! TOPO MAP DIAGRAM 9TRODUCES S"EAL *ALL5G+ 3CEPTS4 ,F/1 /UD5TS %D LE>N T ! 3T\R L9ES REPRES5T PLACES ( SIMIL> ELEVA;N1 & T !Y ALW 5CLOSE AN >EA4 ,EA* NEW 3T\R L9E SIGNALS A *ANGE 9 ELEVA;N ( "S REGUL> AM.T "<9 ? CASE1 #BEJ FT"> F A NEID1 X SIGNIFIES A HILL1 & :5 L9ES B5D 9W>D1 X SIGNIFIES A VALLEY4 ,! SMALL TICK M>KS 9SIDE ! BLUE-COLOR$ >EA ON ! TOPO MAP SYMBOLIZE A DEPRES.N OR BAS94 ,REF]R+ BACK TO ! L&=M MODEL1 /UD5TS MAY TRY TO 9F] :AT IS REPRES5T$ :5 3T\RS >E CLOSE TGR " & :5 !Y >E F>!R A"P "4 ,TO "U/& ! PR(ILE DIAGRAM 2L ! 3T\R MAP1 /UD5TS M/ IMAG9E SLIC+ ! L&=M OP5 AL;G A L9E RUNN+ 2T PO9TS ,A & ;,B4 ,X MAY HELP !M TO FIX A /R+ OR RU2] B& 2T ,A & ;,B ON BO? ! L&=M MODEL & ! TOPO MAP4 ,EA* PLACE ": L9E ,A-;,B 9T]SECTS A 3T\R L9E CORRESPONDS TO AN 5D ( "O 8LAY]0 9 ! PR(ILE DIAGRAM4 ,AT A BASIC LEVEL1 ! PR(ILES %[ H[ "O'S VANTAGE PO9T *ANGES ! VIEW ( ! L&SCAPE4 ,/UD5TS %D IMAG9E /&+ AT ! LEVEL ( ! WAT] & LOOK+ AT ! ISL& F A 4T.E1 ) ,A ON ! LEFT & ;,B ON ! "R4 ,F ? VANTAGE1 "O _C SEE ! :OLE ISL& ! WAY "O CD F ABV2 R1 "O SEES A PR(ILE4 ,= /UD5TS :O >E BL1 TRACK+ AL;G A /R+ F ,A TO ;,B C HELP SIMULATE ? VIEW4 ,! 8VIEW0 OBTA9$ BY TRACK+ F ,A TO ;,B WD 2 "S?+ L ! ,A-;,B PR(ILE VIEW %[N3 ,! GR.D RISES AT A /EEP B EV5 RATE1 !N R1*ES A RELATIVELY WIDE P1K1 & !N SLOPES M GRADUALLY D[N TO ! "R 2F 2COM+ /EEP] T[>D ! %ORE4 ,A DI6]5T IMPRES.N ( ! L& IS =M$ IF ! PR(ILE IS TAK5 2T ;,C & ;,D4 ,VIEW$ F ! SIDE OR TRACK$ F ;,C TO ;,D1 ! L& #AI RISES LESS EV5LY1 =MS A N>R[ P1K T IS /EEPE/ ON ! LEFT SIDE1 & FALLS M* M GRADUALLY ON ! "R ) A WIDE PLAT1U MIDWAY D[N4 ,) PRACTICE1 MAP R1D]S C OBTA9 ALL ? 9=MA;N J F ! TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP BY 9T]PRET+ ! %APE & SPAC+ ( ! 3T\R L9ES4 ,?US A TOPO MAP MAY 2 Z 9=MATIVE Z A M* BULKI] RELIEF MAP OR L& MODEL4 #AD ,VALLEY ,GLACI]S ,S"EAL ( ! L&=M F1TURES F.D ON ! ISL& MODEL MAY AL 2 SE5 ON ? MODEL1 B ) DI6]5T "NS4 ,:5 =M$ BY GLACIAL AC;N1 A M.TA9 P1K IS CALL$ A HORN1 A BAS9 2COMES A CIRQUE1 A RIDGE IS CALL$ AN >^%ETE1 & A VALLEY MAY 2COME A TR\< OR ;,U-%AP$ VALLEY4 ,! UPP] SEC;N ( ! MODEL %[S ! L&SCAPE ) ! MASSES ( GLACIAL ICE1 : %D 2 "U/OOD Z SL[LY & 3/ANTLY MOV+4 ,! L[] SEC;N %[S ! E6ECTS ( ! GLACI] AF X HAS MOV$ OR MELT$ AWAY4 ,TO 2 M A3URATE1 ! L[] IMAGE WD H TO %[ A DEEP1 R.D$ VALLEY C>V$ \ BY ! MA9 TRUNK ( ! GLACI]4 ,! HANG+ VALLEYS P]*$ ABV X WD TYPICALLY H WAT]FALLS PLUNG+ 9TO ! GLACIAL TR\<4 #AE ,E6ECTS ( ,3T95TAL ,GLACI]S ,/UD5TS %D IMAG9E T ! LAY] ( GLACIAL ICE %[N AT ! TOP $GE ONCE COV]$ ! :OLE >EA %[N4 ,! GRAPHIC N[ DEPICTS ! GLACI] RETR1T+1 AF HAV+ CR1T$ OR DEPOSIT$ ! V>I\S F1TURES 9DICAT$4 ,! TEXTUR$ SURFACE ( ! :OLE >EA REPRES5TS GLACIAL TILL1 OR ROCKY DEBRIS DEPOSIT$ BY ! GLACI]4 #AF ,%IELD ,VOLCANO #AG ,C9D] ,C"O ,VOLCANO #AH ,COMPOSITE ,VOLCANO ,! VOLCANO DIAGRAMS 3TA9 SIMIL> F1TURES1 S A"P F _! %APES X MAY REQUIRE "S /UDY TO NOTE _! DI6];ES4 ,A %IELD VOLCANO IS =M$ BY REP1T$ E6USIVE \TP\R+S ( LAVA1 FL[+ F "UGR.D & H>D5+ 9 SU3ESSIVE LAY]S 9TO A L[ DOME4 ,! C9D] C"O 3TA9S A% & C9D]S1 & 2C ( XS EXPLOSIVE =MA;N1 X IS BUILT UP HI<]4 ,! COMPOSITE VOLCANO HAS ELE;TS ( ! #BA O!R TWO1 2+ BO? E6USIVE & EXPLOSIVE1 & XS SU3ESSIVE LAY]S >E COMPOS$ ( LAVA & ROCK4 ,! COMPOSITE VOLCANO DIAGRAM AL %[S A SIDE V5T &1 AL? X IS N LABEL$1 AN ILLU/RA;N ( A SILL4 "<,^! >E %[N & LABEL$ 9 ANO!R DIAGRAM4"> ,NOTE T ! SIZE ( ! VOLCANOES & ! 4T.E 2T ! MAGMA *AMB] & SURFACE 9 ^! IMAGES >E N DRAWN TO SCALE4 ,F1TURES H BE5 COMPRESS$ OR EXA7]AT$ TO BETT] ILLU/RATE ^! ELE;TS4 #AI ,=MA;N ( A ,CALD]A ,! F/ ?REE /AGES 9 ? PROCESS DIAGRAM %[ ! E6ECTS ( ! MAGMA *AMB] GR[+ "UGR.D3 F/1 ! CRU/ BULG+ UPW>D OV] ! MAGMA *AMB]2 SECOND1 ! CRU/ BR1K+ A"P F ! PRESSURE2 & ?IRD1 ! RESULT+ FISSURES FILL+ ) MAGMA1 : FUR!R BR1KS ! CRU/ & V5TS GAS & LAVA4 ,9 ! LA/ /AGE1 ! MAGMA *AMB] : PREVI\SLY _H BE5 GR[+ IS DEPLET$1 & )\T ! UPW>D SUPPORT ! MAGMA PROVID$1 ! CRU/ ABV S9KS 9TO ! *AMB]4 ,! RESULT IS A BAS9 AT ! TOP ( ! VOLCANO ": ONCE ! GR.D 0 RAIS$ HI<4 #BJ ,BA?OLI?1 ,DIKES1 & ,SILLS ,:5 ! VOLCANIC ACTIV;Y 9 AN >EA C1SES1 ! PREVI\SLY FLUID MAGMA C H>D54 ,EXCAVAT+ ! >EA C REV1L L>GE H>D5$ MASSES1 OR BA?OLI?S1 Z WELL Z DIKES "D COLUMNS ( H>D5$ LAVA GO+ .1"? HORIZONTAL LAY]S ( ROCKS"> & SILLS "D5$ LAVA .1AL;G OR .12T LAY]S ( ROCK">4 ,! IMAGE AL %[S AN \TP\R+ ( H>D5$ LAVA AT ! SURFACE1 CALL$ A FL[4 #BA ,FAULT ,TYPES ,! F/ IMAGE 9TRODUCES ! T]MS .1HANG+ .1WALL1 .1FOOTWALL1 & .1FAULT .1PLANE4 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ! FAULT PLANE IS N AN OBJECT B A FRACTURE 2T ROCK LAY]S T RUNS AT AN ANGLE TO ! SURFACE4 ,X MAY 2 HELP;L TO MODEL ? 3CEPT US+ TWO /ACKS ( PAP] OR BOOKS TO REPRES5T ! ROCK LAY]S ON EI SIDE ( ! FAULT1 !N RELAT+ YR MODEL TO ! CROSS-SEC;NAL VIEW GIV5 9 ! TACTILE IMAGE4 ,X MAY AL HELP TO ?9K ( A HANG+ WALL Z HAV+ A L$GE T "O CD HANG ON1 & A FOOTWALL Z LOOK+ "S?+ L A FOOT4 ,! BOLD >R[S REPRES5T =CES "W+ #BC TO MOVE ! ROCK MASSES A"P OR TGR4 ,! ?9N] >R[S %[ ! DIREC;N ( MOVE;T4 ,! LA/ IMAGE SWIT*ES TO AN OV]H1D VIEW TO %[ TWO >1S SLID+ PA/ EA* O!R ) NO *ANGE ( ELEVA;N 2T !M4 ,! MAT*+ $GES ( ! COLOR$ 8BAS90 9 EA* >EA %[ T ! TWO >1S 7 PREVI\SLY ALIGN$4 #BB ,FOLD$ ,LAY]S @& ,ANGUL> ,UNCON=M;Y ,GEOLOGIC FOLDS >E (T5 COMP>$ TO ! FOLDS =M$ 9 A RUG T HAS SLID ON ! FLOOR & BE5 PU%$ UP AG/ A WALL4 ,! E6ECT IS A S]IES ( WR9KLES 9 A PREVI\SLY FLAT SURFACE4 ,! UPP] IMAGE %[S H[ ^! FOLDS >E CLASSIFI$ DEP5D+ ON :E!R !Y >E RIS+ " OR DIPP+ "4 ,! "R SIDE ( ! IMAGE AL %[S T RIS+ & DIPP+ FOLDS ( ROCK D N ALW CORRESPOND ) P1KS & VALLEYS ON ! SURFACE1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,]O.N1 DEPOSI;N1 & O!R =CES C ALT] ! SURFACE 9 WAYS T DI6] F ! PATT]N ( FOLDS 2L4 ,! ANGUL> UNCON=M;Y IMAGE %[S T ]O.N & DEPOSI;N ( NEW ROCK MAY O3UR ON TOP ( OLD] FOLD$ LAY]S4 ,! E6ECT IS T "S LAY]S " APPE> 9T]RUPT$ & O!RS 5D ABRUPTLY "4 ,IF /UD5TS />T AT ! SURFACE ON ! LEFT SIDE & MOVE A F+] /RAIIES #BD ,3V]G5T ,PLATE ,B.D>IES ,! ILLU/RA;N ( 3VEC;N CURR5TS "<,IMAGE #F"> %[S H[ MOVE;TS ( MAGMA 9 ! ,E>?'S MANTLE MAY PU% ! OV]LY+ CRU/ TGR OR A"P4 ,:]"E TECTONIC PLATES >E SPR1D+ A"P1 MAGMA C FL[ FREELY UPW>D 2T !M1 L1D+ TO ! =MA;N ( OC1NIC RIDGES OR RIFT VALLEY F1TURES4 ,:5 PLATES >E 3V]G+1 "O ( ! PLATES W TYPICALLY 2 =C$ D[NW>D "U ! O!R4 ,SUBDUC;N IS ILLU/RAT$ 9 EA* ( ! ?REE 3V]G5T PLATE IMAGES4 ,! ?IRD IMAGE AL ILLU/RATES ! FOLD+ ( M.TA9S RESULT+ F ! UPLIFT Z "O >EA ( 3T95TAL CRU/ COLLIDES ) ANO!R4 #BE #BE ,TECTONIC ,PLATE ,B.D>IES ,AL? ! \TL9ES ( ! TECTONIC PLATES >E ! MO/ TACTUALLY PROM95T F1TURES ( ? IMAGE1 /UD5TS W PROBABLY H M SU3ESS 9T]PRET+ X IF !Y FOCUS F/ ON ! L[1 SOLID SURFACES ( ! L& MASSES4 ,HELP /UD5TS TO RECOGNIZE T ! MAP IS A /&>D RECTANGUL> PROJEC;N ( ! _W & TO USE PRIOR K TO ID5TIFY ! 3T95TS4 ,AF /UD5TS H 2COME ORI5T$ 9 ? WAY1 ! PLATE \TL9ES W 2 PLAC$ 9 A M1N+;L 3TEXT4 #BF ,VOLCANOES1 ,E>?QUAKES1 ,HOT ,SPOTS ,? MAP HAS A SIMIL> PRES5TA;N TO ! ,TECTONIC ,PLATE ,B.D>IES "<,IMAGE #BE">4 ,ONCE /UD5TS H ID5TIFI$ ! L& MASSES1 !Y %D 2 ABLE TO COMP>E ! TWO IMAGES & =M ID1S AB ! RELA;N%IP 2T PLATE B.D>IES & VOLCANIC_/SEISMIC ACTIV;Y4 #BG ,WAT] ,CYCLE ,ONLY ! .1PROCESSES 9VOLV$ 9 ! WAT] CYCLE >E LABEL$ 9 ? DIAGRAM4 ,Z ! PICTORIAL ELE;TS ( EA* /AGE >E N LABEL$1 (F] /UD5TS HELP 9 RECOGNIZ+ ! IMAGES ( TREES1 CL\DS1 M.TA9S1 & S ON4 ,NOTE1 TOO1 T ! GR.D IS %[N 9 CUTAWAY VIEW4 #BH ,GR.DWAT] ,F1TURES " ,A TEXTURE IS US$ TO REPRES5T ! WAT]-P]M1BLE >1S ( ROCK "UGR.D1 :ILE ! IMP]M1BLE >1S & B$ROCK >E %[N Z SMOO? & SOLID4 ,! WAT] TABLE1 : IS ! UPP] RANGE ( ! SATURAT$ Z"O1 IS %[N Z A DA%$ L9E4 ,! >TESIAN WELL IS %[N SP\T+ WAT] AT ! TOP4 ,/UD5TS MAY NE$ HELP 9T]PRET+ ? VISUAL 3V5;N1 : IS US$ "H TO 4T+UI% ! >TESIAN WELL "<: SP\TS DUE TO "UGR.D PRESSURE"> F ! ORD9>Y WELL "<: M/ 2 PUMP$ ME*ANICALLY">4 #BI ,R$UC+ ,SOIL ,]O.N 9 ,F>M+ ,^! IMAGES ILLU/RATE WAYS TO 3TROL ! E6ECTS ( WAT] & W9D ON SOIL ]O.N4 ,9 EA* "O1 ! GRE51 TEXTUR$ >1S REPRES5T SEC;NS T H BE5 PL[$ & PLANT$ ) CROPS4 ,! TWO IMAGES ON ! LEFT %[ TE*NIQUES US$ ON SLOP+ L& & "!=E H BO? AN OV]H1D & A PR(ILE VIEW4 ,! TACTILE F1TURES >E SUBTLE1 S Y MAY HELP /UD5TS BY #BG PO9T+ \ T T]RAC$ L& HAS BE5 PL[$ TO =M FLAT 8/EPS10 :ILE 3T\R PLANT+ RETA9S ! ORIG9AL SLOPE ( ! L& B MAKES PLANT$ R[S P]P5DICUL> TO ! SLOPE4 ,9 BO? CASES1 F>M]S AVOID CR1T+ R[S T RUN D[NHILL1 : WD SPE$ ! RUN(F ( SOIL4 ,ON ! "R1 ! TOP IMAGE REPRES5TS A PLANT$ FIELD ) TREES OR H$GER[S SURR.D+ X TO R$UCE ! E6ECTS ( W9D ON ! SOIL4 ,AT ! BOTTOM1 ! ILLU/RA;N %[S /RIP CROPP+1 : 9VOLVES ALT]NAT+ R[S ( A DESIR$ CROP ) R[S ( SOIL-HOLD+ OR SOIL-BUILD+ CROPS4 #CJ ,C>BON ,CYCLE ,? IS A SIMPLIFI$ PROCESS DIAGRAM %[+ ! MOVE;T ( DI6]5T =MS ( C>BON "? V>I\S SY/EMS4 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ! IMAGE REPRES5TS ! GR.D 2L " & ! ATMOSP"H ABV4 #CA ,! ,GRE5H\SE ,E6ECT ,L ! ,C>BON ,CYCLE DIAGRAM "<,IMAGE #CJ">1 ? IMAGE %[S ! GR.D "<,E>?"> AT ! BOTTOM & ! ATMOSP"H ABV1 B ) A M* BROAD] VIEW T 9CLUDES ! ,SUN & SPACE \TSIDE ! ATMOSP"H4 ,COM+ \ F ! ,SUN IS A WIDE B& REPRES5T+ A QUANT;Y ( SOL> RADIA;N DIRECT$ T[>D ,E>?4 ,Z X 3TACTS ,E>?'S ATMOSP"H1 "S IS REFLECT$ & "S 5T]S TO 2 ABSORB$ BY ! PLANET'S SURFACE4 ,H1T IS !N EMITT$ F ! SURFACE1 "S ( : 2COMES TRAPP$ 9 ! ATMOSP"H BY GRE5H\SE GASES & "S ( : ESCAPES 9TO SPACE4 ,! N>R[+ ( ! WIDE YELL[ B& 9DICATES ! 4SIPA;N ( ! ORIG9AL SOL> RADIA;N "? ^! V>I\S PROCESSES4 #CB ,C,O;5#B & ,TEMP]ATURE ,*ANGE ,S9CE #AIFJ ,! ATMOSPH]IC 3C5TRA;N ( C>BON DIOXIDE IS REPRES5T$ "H BY A WIDE BLUE B&4 ,! WID? ( ! B& 9DICATES A RANGE ( VALUES1 Z ! 3C5TRA;N RISES & FALLS REGUL>LY 9 #F-MON? 9T]VALS4 ,:ILE "! IS 3SID]ABLE V>IA;N 9 ! GLOBAL TEMP]ATURE F YE> TO YE> "1 /UD5TS C SEE T ! OV]ALL TR5D IS UPW>D & CORRELATES ) ! TR5D 9 C>BON DIOXIDE LEVELS4 "<,NOTE3 ,? DIAGRAM IS #BI LABEL$ 9 ,NEME? ,CODE4"> #CC ,W1!R ,FRONTS ,? MAP 9TRODUCES ! SYMBOLS US$ ON W1!R MAPS TO %[ FRONTAL SY/EMS4 ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T ^! >E TO 2 SE5 Z MOV+2 T IS1 !Y REPRES5T A DYNAMIC W1!R PATT]N 9 A G5]AL WAY4 #CD ,ISO!RMS ,! NUMB]S ON ? MAP REPRES5T TEMP]ATURES1 & ! DA%$ L9ES >E ISO!RMS1 : 5CLOSE >1S ) TEMP]ATURES )9 A GIV5 RANGE "<9 ? CASE1 E #AJ ^J,F">4 ,? IMAGE (F]S "S OPPORTUNITIES = /UD5TS TO SUPPLY MISS+ 9=MA;N4 ,9 ! F/ CASE1 ! LABEL = "O ( ! ISO!RMS IS MISS+4 ,ASK /UD5TS :AT ! LABEL = T L9E %D 2 "<#DJ ^J,F">4 ,! ISO!RMS H BE5 LEFT (F ( ! L[] "P ( ! MAP TO GIVE /UD5TS AN OPPORTUN;Y TO ADD !M ON _! [N4 ,ASK /UD5TS TO EXAM9E ALL ! TEMP]ATURES %[N & DECIDE IF O!R ISO!RM L9ES >E NE$$4 ,/UD5TS MAY USE WAX$ /R+ OR DRAFT+ TAPE TO MAKE _! [N L9ES TO 5CLOSE >1S ) SIMIL> TEMP]ATURES4 #CE ,ISOB>S ,! L9ES ON ? MAP 5CLOSE >1S ) SIMIL> B>OMETRIC PRESSURES1 GIV5 9 MILLIB>S4 ,ISOB> MAPS MAY 2 V COMPLEX & CR[D$ ) 9=MA;N2 ? "O IS GRTLY SIMPLIFI$ TO 9TRODUCE ! 3CEPT4 ,Z ) 3T\R MAPS1 /UD5TS %D NOTE T :5 L9ES >E CLOS] TGR X SIGNIFIES A M RAPID *ANGE 9 VALUES OV] A SMALL] >EA4 ,9 T]MS ( W1!R1 ? SIGNIFIES EI A HI< OR A L[ PRESSURE >EA =M+4 #CF ,ATMOSP"HS ( ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS #CG ,9T]NAL ,/RUCTURE ( ,T]RE/RIAL ,PLANETS ,! F/ DIAGRAM IS A SET ( CIRCLE GRAPHS COMP>+ ! ATMOSPH]IC COMPOSI;N ( ! F\R 9N]MO/ PLANETS4 ,! SECOND IMAGE GIVES CUTAWAY HALF-CIRCLE VIEWS ( ! 9T]NAL /RUCTURES ( ^! PLANETS1 ) _! RELATIVE SIZES A3URATELY REPRES5T$4 #CA #CH ,COMPOSI;N ( ,GAS ,GIANTS ,AL? ! EXACT PROPOR;NS & COMPON5TS ( ! \T] PLANETS >E SPECULATIVE1 ? IMAGE %[S ! F1TURES ( ! S-CALL$ 8GAS GIANTS0 Z CURR5TLY "U/OOD4 ,! RELATIVE SIZES ( ! PLANETS >E A3URATELY %[N1 & A CIRCLE REPRES5T+ ! SIZE ( ,E>? IS 9CLUD$ = 3TEXT4 #CI ,H]TZSPRUNG-,RUSSELL ,DIAGRAM ,! ;,H-;,R DIAGRAM IS UNUSUAL 9 A NUMB] ( WAYS4 ,AL? X RESEMBLES A COORD9ATE GRAPH1 X IS R1LLY M ( A *>T %[+ />S AT V>I\S /AGES ( _! LIFE CYCLES4 ,NOTE T ! SCALES ON EA* AXIS >E N L9E> " MANN]">4 ,X AL HAS ! UNUSUAL F1TURE ( %[+ ! HI<] VALUES AT ! LEFT ( ! TEMP]ATURE AXIS R ?AN ! "R4 ,! NUMB]S ON ! V]TICAL AXIS REPRES5T LUM9OS;Y RELATIVE TO \R ,SUN4 ,GIV5 T \R ,SUN HAS A LUM9OS;Y ( #A & A TEMP]ATURE ( AB #E1HJJ ,KELV91 /UD5TS C TRY TO ID5TIFY A DOT MAT*+ ^! VALUES1 : REPRES5TS ! ,SUN4 "<,US+ A /RAI "<,NOTE3 ,? DIAGRAM IS LABEL$ 9 ,NEME? ,CODE4"> #DJ ,/RUCTURE ( A ,COMET ,/UD5TS %D "U/& T A COMET ORBITS ! ,SUN 9 AN ELLIPTICAL PA?1 S XS POSI;N RELATIVE TO ! SUNLI RADIA;N OR SOL> W9D"> W ALW 2 9 L9E ) ! ,SUN4 #CC ,NOTES ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY #DJBJF #EJB-#HIE-#BDJE #HJJ-#BBC-#AHCI WWW4APH4ORG 9FO@AAPH4ORG ,E>? ,SCI;E ,TACTILE ,GRAPHICS ,COPY"R ^C #BJAG ,CATALOG ,NUMB] #A-#JCACA-#JJ #CE