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PUBLI%] PRIOR TO ANY REPRODUC;N1 /ORAGE 9 A RETRIEVAL SY/EM1 OR TRANSMIS.N 9 ANY =M OR BY ANY M1NS ELECTRONIC1 ME*ANICAL1 PHOTOCOPY+1 RECORD+1 OR O!RWISE1 UN.S ": NOT$ ON SPECIFIC PAGES4 ,= 9=MA;N REG>D+ P]MIS.N1 3TACT ! PUBLI%] AT ! FOLL[+ ADDRESS3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #DJBJF "<#HJJ"> #BBC-#AHCI WWW4APH4ORG 9FO@AAPH4ORG ,9 KEEP+ ) \R PHILOSOPHY TO PROVIDE A3ESS TO 9=MA;N = P :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL PROVIDES A3ESSIBLE V].NS ( ? BOOK = L>GE PR9T & BRL R1D]S4 P#A ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+S TO ,/UD5TS ,) ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;TS3 ,H[ TO ,T1*1 ,N ,:AT TO ,T1* ,CATALOG ,NUMB]3 #H-#GEIGH-#JJ ,REF];E ,CITA;N3 ,MC,C>?Y1 ;,T4 "<#BJAF">4 .7,T1*+ /REET CROSS+ TO /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS3 ,H[ TO T1*1 N :AT TO T1*4.' ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL4 ,PROJECT ,/AFF #A-#E ,TESSA ,MC,C>?Y1 ,AU?OR ,T]RIE "<,M>Y ;,T4"> ,T]LAU1 ,PROJECT ,L1D] ,LAURA ,ZI]]1 ,PROJECT ,ASSI/ANT ,MONICA ,VAUT ,DESIGN_/" ,PRODUC;N ,MANAG] ,LAURA ,GRE5WELL1 ,GRAPHIC ,DESIGN] #A ,AC"KL$G;TS #F ,TESSA ,MC,C>?Y WD L TO ?ANK ,M>K ,WOL]Y1 ,DANIEL ,A%M1D1 ,ROB]T ,WALL ,EM]SON1 & ,JOHN ,RIES] = FO/]+ & 5C\RAG+ H] 9T]E/ 9 ? TOPIC4 ,? =AY 9TO /REET CROSS+ WD N H BE5 POSSIBLE )\T ! RES\RCES & SUPPORT ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 "PICUL>LY ,T]RIE ,T]LAU4 ,= ^! 3TRIBU;NS1 ,TESSA IS GRATE;L4 ,ADDI;NALLY1 ,TESSA WD L TO ?ANK H] HUSB&1 ,M>CUS1 = 8 PATI;E & H] SON1 ,PH91 = MOTIVAT+ H] TO TRY TO MAKE ! _W A BIT BETT] E "D4 ,,APH WD L TO ?ANK ! FOLL[+ C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S :O PROVID$ /ELL> REVIEWS ( ? BOOK4 ,WE US$ _! DETAIL$ FE$BACK TO MAKE NUM]\S REVI.NS T 5H.ED ! RELEV.E ( ? MAT]IAL TO ! "D-TO-"D "W ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S3 ,JANET ,B>L[1 ,,COMS1 ,M,$ ,KEV9 ,HOLL+]1 ,,COMS1 ,M,$ ,SUSAN ,LANG5DONK1 ,,,COMS1 TVI1 MA,' ,CRAIG ,PHILLIPS1 ,,COMS1 ,,TVI1 A#F ,,MSE,'D ,REBE3A ,R5%AW1 ,,COMS1 ,PH,D #C ,3T5TS #G ,PROJECT ,/AFF """""""""""""""""""""" #E ,AC"KL$G;TS """"""""""""""""""""""""" #F ,AB ,? ,MANUAL """"""""""""""""""""" #AJ ,*APT] ,"O - ,SKILLS & ,P$AGOGY3 ,:AT ,IS ! ,DI6];E8 """""""""""" #AE ,FACTORS TO 3SID] :5 PLANN+ E6ICI5T 9/RUC;N 9 ,/REET ,CROSS+ #AG ,DEVELOP;TAL LEVEL ( ! /UD5T """"" #AG ,DURA;N ( 9/RUC;N """""""""""""""" #AG ,DOSAGE OR FREQU5CY ( 9/RUC;N """" #AI ,MA9T5.E """"""""""""""""""""""""" #BJ ,G5]ALIZA;N """""""""""""""""""""" #BA ,MOTIVAT+ ! /UD5T """""""""""""""" #BB ,FACTORS TO 3SID] :5 SELECT+ A P$AGOGY """""""""""""""""""""""" #BC ,DET]M9+ ! TYPE ( SKILL OR 3T5T TO 2 TAUN+ /YLES """"" #BE ,*OOS+ ! "R T1*+ TOOLS """"""""""" #BG ,:AT IS P$AGOGY8 """"""""""""""""""" #BH ,VIGNETTE3 ,3SID]+ P$AGOGY :5 PLANN+ """"""""""""""""""""""""" #CJ A#G ,3CLU.N """""""""""""""""""""""""""" #CG --------------------------------------#H ,*APT] ,TWO - ,:5 TO ,2G9 ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+ """"""""""""""""" #CI ,VIGNETTE3 ,*OOS+ AGE & DEVELOP;TALLY APPROPRIATE SKILLS #DF ,*APT] ,?REE - ,DEVELOP+ A 8,GAME ,PLAN0 = ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+ "" #DI ,DEVELOP+ A SEQU;E ( SKILLS """""""" #DI ,E/ABLI%+ A BASEL9E """""""""""""" #EA ,ONGO+ ASSESS;T """""""""""""""""" #EE ,SEQU5C+ = MA9T5.E """"""""""""""" #EH ,SEQU;E ( 5VIRON;TS """""""""""""""" #FJ ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ ASSESS;T TO E/ABLI% A SEQU;E ( SKILLS """""" #FB ,*APT] ,F\R - ,PLANN+ ,H[ TO ,T1*1 ,N ,:AT TO ,T1* """""""""" #FG ,SKILLS-BAS$ /RATEGIES """"""""""""" #FI ,MODEL+ """""""""""""""""""""""""" #GJ ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ MODEL+ """"""""""""" #GG ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N """""""""""""""""" #GI ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ DIRECT 9/RUC;N """"" #HA #E A#H ,GUID$ PRACTICE & COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE """"""""""""""""""""""" #HE ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ GUID$ PRACTICE """"" #HH ,V]BAL REHE>SAL & REHE>SAL /RATEGIES """""""""""""""""""""" #HI --------------------------------------#I ,PIAGETIAN & ,3/RUCTIVI/ /RATEGIES #IJ ,T1*+ "? PROBLEM SOLV+ """"""""""" #IA ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y """""""""""""""" #IB ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ ,3/RUCTIVI/ /RATEGIES """""""""""""""""""""" #ID ,2HAVIORAL /RATEGIES """"""""""""""" #IH ,RE9=CE;T """"""""""""""""""""""" #AJJ ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ RE9=CE;T """""""""" #AJG ,=W>D & BACKW>D *A9+ """""""""""" #AJI ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E """""""""""""""" #AAC ,ADDI;NAL 9/RUC;NAL 3SID]A;NS """"" #AAG ,"O-ON-"O V]SUS SMALL GR\P 9/RUC;N """"""""""""""""""""""" #AAH ,VIGNETTE3 ,"O-ON-"O V]SUS SMALL GR\P 9/RUC;N """""""""""""""""" #AAI ,T1*+ \TSIDE ! OPTIMAL 5VIRON;T #ABE A#I ,3CLU.N - ,MAK+ ! ,BE/ ,DECI.NS = ,YR ,/UD5T """""""""""""""""" #ACA ,REF];ES """""""""""""""""""""""""" #ACE ,APP5DIX ,A3 ,ADDI;NAL ,RES\RCES "" #ADE #G ,AB ,? ,MANUAL #AJ ,? MANUAL EXI/S 2C ( MY PAS.N = T1*+ /REET CROSS+S Z E6ECTIVELY Z POSSIBLE & 2C ( MY DOCTORAL ADVISOR'S PAS.N = & EXP]TISE 9 P$AGOGY4 ,GIV5 MY PAS.N = T1*+ /REET CROSS+ & MY APPRECIA;N ( ! IMPORT.E ( SELECT+ AN E6ECTIVE P$AGOGY = ! SKILL 2+ TAU* ON P$AGOGY & ACQUISI;N ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS BY /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS4 ,Z ,I SE>*$ LIT]ATURE ON P$AGOGY & T1*+ /REET CROSS+S1 ,I 4COV]$ A SUB/ANTIAL AM.T ( RESE>* ON H[ TO T1* *N )\T 4ABILITIES TO CROSS A /REET & A SMALL] AM.T ( RESE>* ON H[ TO T1* 9DIVIDUALS ) AUTISM & DEVELOP;TAL 4ABILITIES TO D S4 ,MY REVIEW ( ? LIT]ATURE SU7E/$ T A SUB/ANTIAL POR;N ( ? P$AGOGICAL RESE>* MIE BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ TO CROSS ! /REET4 ,! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> A#AJ LIT]ATURE PROVIDES EXCEP;NAL COV]AGE ( TE*NIQUES & SKILLS T /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS M/ MA/] 9 ORD] TO CROSS /REETS4 ,H["E1 MY ?OR\< SE>* ( ! LIT]ATURE LOCAT$ NO /UDIES T FOCUS$ ON E6ECTIVE P$AGOGIES = T1*+ ^! SKILLS4 ,9 ORD] TO 2G9 ADDRESS+ ? RESE>* GAP1 ,I DEVELOP$ A 4S]TA;N -------------------------------------#AA T COMP>$ ! E6ECTS ( S"EAL P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES ON ! ACQUISI;N ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS BY /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS4 ,AF F9D+ NO RESE>* ON E6ECTIVE P$AGOGIES = T1*+ /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS TO CROSS ! /REET1 ,I 2GAN TO REFLECT ON ! ,MA/]'S ,DEGREE PROGRAM ,I _H COMPLET$ 9 ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y4 ,I R1LIZ$ T ! PROGRAM FOCUS$ ON ! SKILLS TO T1* & H[ TO P]=M ! SKILLS1 B DID N FOCUS ON H[ TO T1* ! SKILLS4 ,2F />T+ MY DOCTORAL PROGRAM1 ,I _H "W$ Z A C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ "<,,COMS"> AT A S*OOL = ! BL4 ,9 ? POSI;N1 ,I SP5T MO/ ( MY LESSON-PLANN+ "T FOCUS+ ON #I ! SKILLS TO T1* & ! SETT+S TO USE A#AA :5 T1*+ ^? SKILLS4 ,I COLLECT$ DATA ON /UD5T PROGRESS1 B ? DATA 0 N V M1N+;L TO ME 9 T]MS ( DIAGNO/IC T1*+4 ,I PRIM>ILY RELI$ ON MY 8GUT0 :5 MAK+ DECI.NS AB :E!R TO MOVE TO A NEW SKILL OR TO 3T9UE "W+ ON ! SKILL AT H&4 ,H["E1 AF COMPLET+ MY 4S]TA;N RESE>*1 ,I R1LIZ$ T IF ,I _H "KN M AB P$AGOGY & DIAGNO/IC T1*+1 ,I CD H BE5 M E6ECTIVE & E6ICI5T4 ,I 2GAN TO WOND] H[ _M O!R ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> SPECIALI/S 7 9 ! SAME POSI;N Z ,I _H BE5 ) REG>D TO P$AGOGY4 ,7 "! O!R ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S :O 7 "W+ H>D TO GIVE _! /UD5TS ! BE/ POSSIBLE 9/RUC;N1 B :O DID N "K 5 AB P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES8 -------------------------------------#AB ,AT ? PO9T ,I T1M$ UP ) ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL TO 3DUCT A NA;NAL SURVEY ( C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S TO 4COV] :AT P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES !Y 7 US+1 ": !Y _H LE>N$ ^? /RATEGIES1 & H[ _M ( !M 7 L ,I _H BE5,-FOCUS$ ON SKILLS & SETT+S TO ! EXCLU.N ( P$AGOGY4 ,:5 ASK$ TO LI/ P$AGOGICAL A#AB /RATEGIES T !Y US$ :5 T1*+ /REET CROSS+1 #EJ.0 "<#AB ( #BD RESPOND5TS"> LI/$ NO P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES OR LI/$ /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS R ?AN /RATEGIES TO T1* ^? SKILLS4 ,AL? ^! RESULTS D N NECESS>ILY REPRES5T ! L>G] POPULA;N ( ,,COMS 2C ONLY #BD "PICIPANTS COMPLET$ ! "T 3SUM+ SURVEY1 ^! RESULTS1 COMB9$ ) 9=MA;N F P]SONAL 3V]SA;NS ) APPROXIMATELY #HJ ,,COMS DUR+ ! PA/ #F YE>S SU7E/ T _M ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S H RCVD LL1 IF ANY1 TRA9+ RELAT$ TO P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES4 ,? MANUAL PROVIDES 9=MA;N AB T1*+ V>I\S COMPON5TS ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS AT APPROPRIATE AGES_/DEVELOP;TAL LEVELS2 SEQU5C+ SKILLS & 5VIRON;TS2 & US+ APPROPRIATE P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES TO 5H.E E6ECTIVE;S ( /REET-CROSS+ 9/RUC;N4 ,? MANUAL ADDRESSES ! FOLL[+ TOPICS3 ,*APT] ,"O1 ,SKILLS & ,P$AGOGY3 ,:AT ,IS ! ,DI6];E8 REVIEWS FACTORS TO 3SID] :5 #AA PLANN+ E6ICI5T 9/RUC;N & SELECT+ A #AC P$AGOGY & CL>IFIES ! M1N+ ( P$AGOGY4 ,*APT] ,TWO1 ,:5 TO ,2G9 ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+1 PRES5TS AGE RANGES AT : /UD5TS )\T VISUAL IMPAIR;TS DEVELOP COMPON5TS ( /REET-CROSS+ AW>E;S & SKILLS & 4CUSSES ! APPLICABIL;Y ( ^! F9D+S TO ,O@&,M 9/RUC;N ( /UD5TS :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$4 ,*APT] ,?REE1 ,DEVELOP+ A 8,GAME ,PLAN0 = ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+1 ADDRESSES /RATEGIES = CR1T+ A SEQU;E ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS & = SEQU5C+ 5VIRON;TS 9 : TO T1* ^! SKILLS4 ,*APT] ,F\R1 ,PLANN+ ,H[ TO ,T1*1 ,N ,:AT TO ,T1*1 SUMM>IZES PROMIS+ P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES & 4CUSSES _! APPLICABIL;Y TO T1*+ /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS TO /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS4 ,X IS MY HOPE T ? MANUAL W HELP ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S 5H.E ! E6ECTIVE;S ( _! T1*+ ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS BY DEEP5+ _! "U/&+ ( SEQU5C+ SKILLS & SELECT+ E6ECTIVE P$AGOGIES = A GIV5 /UD5T AT A GIV5 AGE_/DEVELOP;TAL LEVEL LE>N+ A GIV5 /REET-CROSS+ SKILL AT A GIV5 "T & A#AC PLACE4 ,TESSA ,MC,C>?Y1 ,FEBRU>Y #BJAF #AC ,*APT] ,"O #AD-#AE ,SKILLS & ,P$AGOGY3 ,:AT ,IS ! ,DI6];E8 ,:5 AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> SPECIALI/ ?9KS AB T1*+ /REET CROSS+1 %E MIE ESS5TIAL 3SID]A;NS4 ,A /UD5T :O _C ID5TIFY A TRA6IC PATT]N OR H[ TRA6IC IS 3TROLL$ W H A GRT D1L ( DI6ICULTY CROSS+ ! /REET REG>D.S ( :E!R OR N T /UD5T IS VISUALLY IMPAIR$ OR BL4 ,! ,O@&,M LIT]ATURE ID5TIFIES & DESCRIBES SKILLS T /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS M/ LE>N 9 ORD] TO CROSS /REETS SAFELY1 & MO/ ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S H A ?OR\< "U/&+ ( ^! /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS4 ,H["E1 V FEW RES\RCES H BE5 DEVELOP$ TO HELP ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S FOCUS ON ! UTIL;Y ( V>I\S P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES = T1*+ /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS4 ,2C "S T1*+ ME?ODS H BE5 %[N TO PRODUCE GRT] LE>N+ RESULTS ?AN O!RS "U SPECIFIC CIRCUM/.ES1 A#AE AN ELABORA;N ( PROMIS+ P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES & _! IMPACT ON /UD5T LE>N+ 2COMES CRUCIAL4 -------------------------------------#AF ,ONCE ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ HAS DET]M9$ ! LEVEL ( SKILL AT : 9/RUC;N %D 2G91 X IS IMPORTANT = H] TO DECIDE ON A BROAD \TL9E ( ^? SKILLS TO ADDRESS & ! ORD] 9 : TO T1* !M4 ,%E M/ DET]M9E ^? SKILLS T W 2 REF9$ D[N TO ! SPECIFICS = EA* LESSON Z 9/RUC;N PROGRESSES4 ,H["E1 X IS AL IMPORTANT = ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ TO 3SID] H[ %E W T1* EA* SKILL4 ,! 3SID]A;N ( H[ EA* SKILL W 2 TAU* TO DET]M9E : T1*+ /RATEGY W "W BE/ = EA* SPECIFIC SKILL4 ,? *APT] F/ SUMM>IZES FACTORS T IMPACT PLANN+ E6ICI5T 9/RUC;N2 SECOND1 NOTES FACTORS TO 3SID] :5 SELECT+ A #AE P$AGOGY2 & ?IRD1 DEF9ES P$AGOGY 9 A#AF BO? !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL T]MS4 ,*APT]S ,TWO1 ,?REE1 & ,F\R ( ? MANUAL ELABORATE ? MAT]IAL Z X APPLIES TO T1*+ /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS4 -------------------------------------#AG ,FACTORS TO 3SID] :5 PLANN+ E6ICI5T 9/RUC;N 9 ,/REET ,CROSS+ ,:5 SELECT+ SKILLS TO T1*1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ M/ 3SID] ! DEVELOP;TAL LEVEL ( ! /UD5T1 ! DURA;N ( 9/RUC;N1 ! DOSAGE ( 9/RUC;N1 ! MA9T5.E & G5]ALIZA;N ( SKILLS1 & MOTIVAT+ ! /UD5T4 ,*APT] ,TWO DESCRIBES RESE>* ON AGE-APPROPRIATE;S ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS = /UD5TS ) NORMAL VI.N1 & ,*APT] ,?REE REVIEWS RESE>* ON ! O!R F\R FACTORS4 ,! IMPORT.E ( EA* ( ^! FACTORS IS SUMM>IZ$ ON ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,DEVELOP;TAL LEVEL ( ! /UD5T ,RESE>* 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,TWO SU7E/S APPROXIMATE AGE-RANGES AT : V>I\S /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS >E LE>N$ BY A#AG /UD5TS )\T VISUAL IMPAIR;TS4 ,9 G5]AL1 /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS & ) NO ADDI;NAL 4ABILITIES %D 2 TAUN !M4 ,DURA;N ( 9/RUC;N ,ANO!R ASPECT ( 9/RUC;N T ! ORI5TA;N -------------------------------------#AH & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ M/ 3SID] IS ! OPTIMAL DURA;N ( 9/RUC;N = EA* SKILL4 ,DURA;N REF]S TO ! L5G? ( "T T ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ W SP5D ON EA* LESSON4 ,:5 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ 3SID]S ! OPTIMAL AM.T ( "T = ! /UD5T TO LE>N ! TASK AT H&1 %E IS 3SID]+ DURA;N4 ,"S SKILLS >E TAX+ & TIR+ & >E BE/ TAU$ OR #AG /RESS$ 2C ! RESULTS ( AN 9CORRECT A#AH DECI.N CD 2 DANG]\S4 ,O!R SKILLS REQUIRE "T = ! /UD5T TO PROBLEM SOLVE & PRACTICE4 ,IF A /UD5T VE]S (F ! SIDEWALK 9TO A P>K+ LOT1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ MI* SKILLS TO F9D A WAY BACK TO ! 9T5D$ R\TE4 ,LESSONS S* Z ^! %D N 2 RU%$4 ,Z L;G Z ! /UD5T'S FRU/RA;N LEVEL /AYS L[1 GIV+ ! /UD5T "T TO PROBLEM SOLVE C BUILD SELF-3FID;E :5 ! RESULT IS SU3ESS;L4 ,S* SKILLS NE$ TO 2 TAUE 5GAG$ & FOCUS$4 ,/UD5TS NE$ UN9T]RUPT$ "T ON A TASK :5 9 A S5SITIVE P]IOD ( 3C5TRA;N "<,EISSL]1 #BJJI">4 ,DOSAGE OR FREQU5CY ( 9/RUC;N ,ANO!R ASPECT ( 9/RUC;N TO 3SID] IS ! DOSAGE ( 9/RUC;N1 OR ! FREQU5CY ) : ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ W "W A#AI ON ! SKILL 2+ TAU*]S :O /UDY ! ACQUISI;N ( R1D+ SKILLS1 :E!R !Y "W ) *N :O R1D BRL OR *N :O R1D PR9T1 AGREE T DAILY 9/RUC;N IS ESS5TIAL :5 *N >E LE>N+ TO R1D "<,KO5IG1 #BJJJ">4 ,H["E1 N ALL SKILLS REQUIRE DAILY 9/RUC;N4 ,9 FACT1 MO/ ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S >E N ABLE TO PROVIDE DAILY 9/RUC;N TO ! MAJOR;Y ( _! /UD5TS4 ,= MO/ SKILLS1 DAILY 9/RUC;N IS PROBABLY N NEC4 ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S %D 3SID] H[ FREQU5TLY ! /UD5T C H&LE LESSONS ON ! SKILL 2+ TAUN+ TO ID5TIFY & /OP AT CURBS :5 WALK+ AL;G ! SIDEWALK1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD N NECESS>ILY NE$ TO "W ) ! /UD5T E "D = ! /UD5T TO MAKE PROGRESS4 ,FAMILY MEMB]S :O WALK ! /UD5T TO S*OOL OR TAKE A WALK >.D ! NEI 9TO ! FUTURE4 ,"O E6ECTIVE MA9T5.E /RATEGY IS PROMPT+4 ,PROMPT+ 9VOLVES GIV+ A /UD5T PRAISE = SU3ESS;L P]=M.E ( A SKILL OR A BRIEF CORREC;N = AN ]ROR 9 SKILL P]=M.E4 ,Z L;G Z PROMPT+ IS APPROPRIATELY FAD$ & ! /UD5T DOES N 2COME DEP5D5T ON PROMPTS1 ? /RATEGY L1DS ! /UD5T TO OV]-LE>N ! SKILL "<,MAURICE1 ,GRE51 @& ,LUCE1 #AIIF">4 ,! PROMPT+ /RATEGIES T >E A "P ( GRADUAT$ GUID.E >E 4CUSS$ LAT] 9 ? *APT]4 ,ANO!R E6ECTIVE MA9T5.E /RATEGY IS TO P]IODICALLY OBS]VE A /UD5T'S A#BJ P]=M.E ( A SKILL T %E _H P]=M$ PR(ICI5TLY DUR+ 9=MAL 9/RUC;N4 ,:5 NEC1 PROMPTS OR O!R /RATEGIES C 2 US$ TO HELP ! /UD5T MA9TA9 ! DESIR$ LEVEL ( SKILL P]=M.E4 -------------------------------------#BA ,:5 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS PLANN+ H[ TO 9/RUCT S T MA9T5.E ( SKILLS OR 3CEPTS IS 9CR1S$1 %E M/ 3SID] H[ M* MA9T5.E IS REQUIR$4 ,:5 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ T1*ES HI<-RISK SKILLS1 S* Z /REET CROSS+1 ! MA9T5.E REQUIR$ IS PROBABLY #AJJ.04 ,) L[] RISK SKILLS1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MIE;S & "K ": TO LOOK = 9=MA;N IF :AT 0 TAUN$ 9 "O A#BA SC5>IO & APPLY X TO ANO!R SC5>IO4 ,SIMIL> TO MA9T5.E1 "! >E C]TA9 P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES T C 2 EMPLOY$ TO 9CR1SE A /UD5T'S ABIL;Y TO G5]ALIZE4 ,PROVID+ MULTIPLE EXAMPLES ( H[ & :5 A SKILL C 2 US$ IS A /RATEGY T IS (T5 EMPLOY$ TO PROMOTE G5]ALIZA;N4 ,= 9/.E1 :5 T1*+ A /UD5T H[ TO ALIGN TO AN 9T]SEC;N = A CROSS+ US+ AUDITORY CUES1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD N 3DUCT ALL 9/RUC;N AT "O 9T]SEC;N2 B 9/1D ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD H ! /UD5T PRACTICE ? SKILL AT _M DI6]5T 9T]SEC;NS ) DI6]5T LEVELS ( TRA6IC & LAY\TS4 -------------------------------------#BB ,(T5 ! /UD5T IS BETT] ABLE TO G5]ALIZE K GA9$ 9 "O SITUA;N TO ANO!R SITUA;N :5 ! /UD5T HAS BE5 ALL[$ TO LE>N "? PROBLEM SOLV+ R ?AN SIMPLY MIMICK+ ! AC;NS OR ACTIVITIES ( "S"O ELSE4 ,? PROCESS C TAKE L;G] 9ITIALLY1 B X MAY 2 M E6ICI5T 9 ! L;G RUN 2C ! SKILLS 2+ TAUIO4 ,PLANN+ = G5]ALIZA;N IS AL M E6ECTIVE 2C X IS (T5 IMPOSSIBLE A#BB TO ADDRESS E SITUA;N A /UD5T W FACE4 ,= HI<-RISK ACTIVITIES1 S* Z /REET CROSS+S1 T1*+ ! /UD5T TO APPLY ! K T %E HAS OBTA9$ 9 "O SC5>IO TO ANO!R SC5>IO FO/]S ! DEVELOP;T ( ! SKILLS TO 5SURE SAFE & E6ICI5T TRAVEL4 ,MOTIVAT+ ! /UD5T ,AN E6ECTIVE ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ 3SID]S H[ TO MOTIVATE ! /UD5T4 ,! /UD5T'S MOTIVA;N TO D WELL MAY 2 BAS$ ON MA/]Y OR P]=M.E4 ,:5 A /UD5T'S MOTIVA;N TO LE>N IS MA/]Y BAS$1 ! /UD5T IS MOTIVAT$ BY ! FEEL+ ( A3OMPLI%;T T COMES ) R1*+ A LEVEL ( PR(ICI5CY ON A NEW SKILL4 ,/UD5TS :O >E MA/]Y-BAS$ LE>N]S T5D TO 2 M 9T]NALLY MOTIVAT$4 ,:5 A /UD5T'S MOTIVA;N TO LE>N IS P]=M.E BAS$1 ! /UD5T IS MOTIVAT$ BY A REW>D T IS GIV5 = A JOB WELL D"O S* Z A GD GRADE OR A PRIZE4 ,/UD5TS :O >E P]=M.E-BAS$ -------------------------------------#BC LE>N]S T5D TO 2 M EXT]NALLY MOTIVAT$4 ,EXT]NAL MOTIVA;N IS N NECESS>ILY #BC A BAD ?+1 B X M1NS T ! /UD5T MAY A#BC 2 LESS LIKELY TO PRACTICE TO EXCEL 9 SKILLS IF ! EXT]NAL RE9=CE;T IS N PRES5T4 ,FACTORS TO 3SID] :5 SELECT+ A P$AGOGY ,P$AGOGY IS ! SCI5TIFIC /UDY ( H[ TO T1*4 ,X IS A FIELD ( /UDY T SY/EMATICALLY ANALYZES H[ TO DELIV] 9=MA;N 9 ! BE/ POSSIBLE WAY4 8,! BE/ POSSIBLE WAY0 TO DELIV] 9=MA;N1 H["E1 MAY DI6] BAS$ ON ?REE V>IABLES3 ! TYPE ( TASK T W 2 TAUN+ /YLE1 & ! RES\RCES T >E AVAILABLE TO T1* ! SKILL4 ,EA* ( ^! FACTORS IS 4CUSS$ "H4 ,DET]M9+ ! TYPE ( SKILL OR 3T5T TO 2 TAUE 2HAVIORAL4 ,H[ DOES ! /UD5T F9D ! CURB8 ,H[ DOES ! /UD5T L9E UP AT ! CURB8 ,H[ DOES ! /UD5T WALK )\T VE]+8 ,H[ DOES ! /UD5T WALK QKLY8 ,DOES ! /UD5T NE$ TO D ANY?+ 2F /EPP+ \ ( ! /REET8 ,! APPROA*ES TO T1*+ 2HAVIORS & 3CEPTUAL SKILLS >E NECESS>ILY V DI6]5T4 ,TO T1* 3CEPTS1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ MIN & REMEMB] ON ! BASIS ( 9=MA;N PROCESS+ !ORY4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MI4 ,2HAVIORISM 9VOLVES F/ ANALYZ+ 2HAVIORS TO 2 TAUD OR ATT5;N"> = CORRECT AC;NS OR )HOLD+ RE9=CE;T = 9CORRECT AC;NS4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MIE ALL[$ 9DEP5D;E TO "W AT _! [N PACE1 & ! /UD5T'S 9T]E/S GUIDE ! PA? ( 9/RUC;N4 ,NUM]\S RES\RCES EXI/ TO HELP ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ CR1TE A COMPREH5SIVE LI/ ( /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS TO T1* H] /UD5TS1 & "S RES\RCES EXI/ TO CR1TE A COMPREH5SIVE LI/ ( A#BE /REET-CROSS+ 3CEPTS "4 ,? MANUAL (F]S ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ A V>IETY ( P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES TO USE :5 T1*+ ^! /REET-CROSS+ 3CEPTS & 2HAVIORS4 ,DET]M9+ /UD5TS' LE>N+ /YLES ,/UD5TS H A PRES5TA;N /YLE" T IS MO/ M1N+;L TO !M4 ,! LIT]ATURE T 4CUSSES LE>N+ /YLES "N+ ORI5TA;NS1 & LE>N+ MODELS"> IS BROAD & FULL ( 4S5T+ PO9TS ( VIEW4 ,= 9/.E1 "S EXP]TS SUPPORT ! NO;N ( FIX$ TRAITS & ABILITIES "<,RID+ @& ,RAYN]1 #BJAC2 ,S*MECK1 #BJAC">4 ,? !ORY ( LE>N+ /YLES SUPPORTS ! NO;N T EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAS A PREF]R$ ME?OD ( RCVG 9=MA;N4 ,A PR(ES.NAL C ADM9I/] A VALID & RELIABLE TOOL1 S* Z ! ,COGNITIVE ,/YLE ,9DEX "<,,CSI"> "<,ALL9SON @& ,HAYES1 #BJAB">1 TO DET]M9E ! /YLE ( 9/RUC;N T W 2 MO/ E6ICI5T = EA* LE>N]4 #BG ,O!R EXP]TS ?9K T ! PROCESS BY : #BF AN 9DIVIDUAL LE>NS BE/ IS M FLUID "<,C(FIELD1 ,MOSELEY1 ,HALL1 @& ,E3LE/"O1 #BJJD2 ,KOZHEVNIKOV1 ,EVANS1 @& ,KOSSLYN1 #BJAD">4 ,^? :O SUPPORT A M FLUID PROCESS ( LE>N+ 5C\RAGE /UD5TS TO DEVELOP ! ABIL;Y TO LE>N "U A V>IETY ( 3DI;NS & ) A V>IETY ( P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES4 ,BO? ( ^! PHILOSOPHIES C 2 US$ :5 T1*+ /UD5TS TO CROSS /REETS4 ,"PN]+ ) ! S*OOL PSY*OLOGI/ & US+ A TOOL S* Z ! ,,CSI MIN MO/ QKLY4 ,? 9=MA;N MAY 2 V USE;L :5 T1*+ /RESS;L ASPECTS ( /REET CROSS+1 S* Z HAV+ ! /UD5T ACTUALLY CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY = ! F/ "T4 ,:5 T1*+ LESS /RESS;L ASPECTS ( /REET CROSS+1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ MAY WI% TO TRY TO EXP& H] /UD5TS' ABIL;Y TO LE>N 9 A V>IETY ( WAYS4 ,! KEY IS TO ?9K AB ! COGNITIVE LOAD1 OR ! AM.T ( M5TAL TAXA;N1 T IS 2+ REQUIR$ ( ! /UD5T4 ,ASK+ ! /UD5T TO LE>N OR P]=M /RESS;L & DI6ICULT TASKS PRES5T$ 9 A NONPREF]R$ LE>N+ /YLE MIN+ M* M DI6ICULT4 ,? MAY L1D TO FRU/RA;N & EV5 RELUCT.E TO 3T9UE TO TRY TO LE>N ! SKILL OR 3CEPT4 -------------------------------------#BG ,*OOS+ ! "R T1*+ TOOLS ,A ?IRD V>IABLE TO 3SID] IS ! RES\RCES T >E AVAILABLE TO T1* A SKILL OR 3CEPT4 ,! TOOLS US$ TO T1* C MAKE A DI6];E4 ,"S"TS ! BE/ LE>N+ TOOL MIE NO O!R TOOLS T WD "W Z WELL1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ WD NE$ TO MAKE ! CASE TO AN ADM9I/RATOR T ! EXP5SIVE ITEM IS NE$$4 ,:5 "W+ ) /UD5TS :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$1 A3ESSIBIL;Y IS ALW A MAJOR 3SID]A;N4 ,/UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS M/ H ! SAME A3ESS TO 9=MA;N Z _! TYPICALLY SIN+4 ,/UD5TS :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ (T5 5GAGE 9 V]BALISMS2 !Y MAY TALK A GD GAME :5 !Y R1LLY "U/& M* LESS ?AN _! V]BAL -------------------------------------#BH RESPONSES 9DICATE4 ,:5 *OOS+ $UCA;NAL TOOLS1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ M/ MAKE SURE T /UD5TS >E R1LLY LE>N+ F ! TOOLS R ?AN SIMPLY LE>N+ H[ TO TALK AB ! TOOLS4 ,:AT IS P$AGOGY8 ,P$AGOGY IS ! SCI;E & PRACTICE ( DET]M9+ ! BE/ T1*+ /RATEGY = ! "PICUL> /UD5T1 SKILL1 & SITUA;N4 ,:5 T1*+ ANY"O1 X IS IMPORTANT TO 2G9 BY =MALLY OR 9=MALLY ASSESS+ T P]SON'S K & SKILL LEVEL4 ,AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y A#BH SPECIALI/ NE$S TO 2G9 BY DET]M9+ :AT H] /UD5TS ALR "K S T %E DOES N WA/E "T T1*+ SKILLS T H] /UD5TS H ALR MA/]$4 ,AT ! SAME "T1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WANTS TO MAKE SURE %E "KS EXACTLY ": ! /UD5TS' CURR5T K 5DS S T NEW 9/RUC;N DOES N 2G9 ) SKILLS T >E TOO ADV.ED1 L1V+ /UD5TS 3FUS$ & ) GAPS 9 K4 ,LEV ,VYGOTSKY1 "O ( ! "FS ( P$AGOGY1 REF]R$ TO ? 8SWEET SPOT0 ( LE>N+ Z ! Z"O ( PROXIMAL DEVELOP;T "<,VYGOTSKY1 #AIHG">4 ,ONCE ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ HAS DET]M9$ ! LEVEL ( SKILL AT : 9/RUC;N %D 2G91 %E M/ DECIDE ON A BROAD \TL9E ( ^? SKILLS TO ADDRESS & ! ORD] 9 : TO T1* !M4 ,%E M/ AL DET]M9E ^? SKILLS T W 2 REF9$ D[N TO SPECIFICS = EA* LESSON Z 9/RUC;N PROGRESSES4 ,H["E1 -------------------------------------#BI X IS AL IMPORTANT = ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ TO TAKE "T TO 3SID] H[ %E W T1* EA* SKILL4 ,! 3SID]A;N ( H[ EA* SKILL W 2 TAU* TO DET]M9E : T1*+ /RATEGY W "W BE/ = EA* SPECIFIC SKILL4 ,CLE>LY1 AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ M/ H A DEEP "U/&+ ( SKILLS T NE$ TO 2 TAUN+ WD 2 9COMPLETE4 ,H["E1 ! WAY ^? SKILLS >E TAU3 ,AN ,ORI5TA;N @& ,MOBIL;Y ,CURRICULUM = ,/UD5TS ,) ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;TS.' "<,POGRUND ET ;AL41 #BJAB"> TO KEEP TRACK ( ! SKILLS %E HAS 9TRODUC$ & ! SKILLS EA* /UD5T HAS MA/]$4 .1,,TAPS IS A COMPREH5SIVE ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SKILLS CURRICULUM T 9CLUDES =MS = ONGO+ /UD5T ASSESS;T4 ,%E REF]S FREQU5TLY TO ! .1,,TAPS TOOL = EA* /UD5T & H] P]SONAL DATA COLLEC;N SY/EM ON EA* /UD5T TO HELP H] DET]M9E ! SKILLS T EA* /UD5T IS R1DY TO LE>N4 ,^! TOOLS AL HELP H] DET]M9E :5 %E NE$S TO TAKE A /EP BACK TO *ECK T A /UD5T IS MA9TA9+ A SKILL %E PREVI\SLY TAUT5 /UD5T ) L[ #CC VI.N DUE TO RET9OPA?Y ( A#CA PREMATUR;Y "<,,ROP"> & C]EBRAL PALSY4 ,HE WE>S ANKLE-FOOT OR?OTICS ON BO? LEGS TO HELP 3TROL ! MO;N ( ! ANKLE4 ,EV5 ) ! OR?OTICS1 WALK+ TAKES A GRT D1L ( EF=T = ,MALCOLM4 ,HE TIRES QKLY4 ,DESPITE ! FATIGUE ,MALCOLM FACES :5 WALK+1 HE IS ALW R1DY TO G6 ,EV5 :5 ,MALCOLM IS SICK & N FEEL+ #AJJ.01 HE IS ALW UP = AN ADV5TURE4 ,AC TO ,MALCOLM'S ONGO+ ASSESS;T1 HE IS R1DY TO />T TRAVEL+ 9 ! RESID5TIAL >EA T SURR.DS 8 S*OOL4 ,MS4 ,WALK] REVIEWS ,MALCOLM'S FUNC;NAL VI.N ASSESS;T Z A REM9D] ( :AT H] /UD5T C & _C SEE4 ,? W H AN IMPORTANT BE>+ ON :AT SKILLS %E NE$S TO T1*4 ,MALCOLM ISN'T R1DY TO />T CROSS+ /REETS BY HMF4 ,H["E1 :5 !Y COME TO 9T]SEC;NS1 %E DOES WANT TO />T TALK+ "? ! DECI.N-MAK+ PROCESS AB :5 X'S SAFE TO CROSS4 ,? WAY HE C GET GUID$ PRACTICE ) ! PROCESS ( MAK+ DECI.NS AB :5 -------------------------------------#CB TO CROSS ! /REET4 ,PLANT+ ! SE$ ( ^! ID1S N[ W 2 V HELP;L :5 ,MALCOLM A#CB IS R1DY TO />T LE>N+ AB 9DEP5D5T /REET CROSS+S4 ,M* ( ? 9=MA;N W 2 G5]ALIZABLE TO O!R /REET-CROSS+ SITUA;NS4 ,X IS EASY TO MOTIVATE ,MALCOLM TO "PICIPATE 9 ,O@&,M ACTIVITIES4 ,ACTUALLY1 ) ,MALCOLM'S ATTITUDE T[>D LE>N+1 X IS EASY TO MOTIVATE HM TO D MO/ ACTIVITIES4 ,MS4 ,WALK] WANTS ? F/ LESSON TO 2 EXCIT+ = ,MALCOLM4 ,AF TALK+ ) ! T1*] ( /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS "<,,TVI"> LA/ WEEK1 %E "KS T ,MALCOLM HAS BE5 "W+ ON A LR TO 8 ,GR&"M US+ 8 ,ZOOM,TEXT^R S(TW>E4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ?9KS ,MALCOLM WD LOVE X IF ! GOAL ( _! LESSON 0 TO WALK TO ! MAILBOX TO S5D ! LR4 ,%E %D N NE$ ANY MAT]IALS O!R ?AN ! LR1 AN ADDRESS$ 5VELOPE1 & A /AMP = ? "PICUL> LESSON4 ,^? >E EASY MAT]IALS TO COLLECT4 ,! R\TE TO ! MAILBOX WD ALL[ = TWO ASSI/$ CROSS+S4 ,X IS AL A V %ORT R\TE1 S X %D N TIRE ,MALCOLM TOO M*4 ,MS4 ,WALK] "KS %E NE$S TO KEEP ! LESSON %ORT S ,MALCOLM DOESN'T 2COME TOO TIR$4 #CE ,S9CE ? NEW SKILL IS A L;G-T]M #CC GOAL1 "! ISN'T A /R;G NE$ = E LESSON ) ,MALCOLM TO FOCUS ON DECI.N MAK+ DUR+ GUID$ /REET CROSS+S4 ,%E C 9T]MITT5TLY PRES5T OPPORTUNITIES TO "W ON ? SKILL ONCE A WEEK = ! NEXT FEW MON?S ( 9/RUC;N4 ,"? 9=MAL & =MAL TE/+1 T1*]S AT ! S*OOL H F.D T ,MALCOLM LE>NS WELL ) A K9ES!TIC APPROA*4 ,GO+ "? ! MO;NS ( A GUID$ /REET CROSS+ %D 2 A GRT WAY = HM TO />T LE>N+ ^! SKILLS4 ,! PREC$+ VIGNETTE DEMON/RATES ! APPLICA;N ( ! 3CEPTS SUMM>IZ$ 9 ? *APT]4 ,TABLE #A & ,TABLE #B >E PROVID$ TO DEMON/RATE H[ ! VIGNETTES 9 ? MANUAL C 2 ANALYZ$ Z AN APPLICA;N ( ! 3CEPTS4 ,SUBSEQU5T VIGNETTES D N 9CLUDE A TABLE DEMON/RAT+ 3CEPT APPLICA;N1 B CR1T+ SIMIL> TABLES W PROVIDE A GD COMPREH5.N *ECK = ! R1D] Z WELL Z ASSI/ ! R1D] TO DEVELOP "QS = 5GAG+ 9 4CUS.N ) ! 9/RUCTORS & COLL1GUES4 ,TABLE #A #CD ,FACTORS TO ,3SID] ,:5 ,PLANN+ ,E6ICI5T ,9/RUC;N 9 ,/REET ,CROSS+ ,DEVELOP;TAL LEVEL ( ! /UD5T ,MALCOLM IS 9 ,K9D]G>T54 ,ADULTS TALK ,K9D]G>T5-AG$ *N ) TYPICAL VI.N "? ! PROCESS ( :5 TO CROSS ! /REET & HOLD *N'S H&S :ILE DO+ S "<,SEE ,*APT] ,TWO">4 ,? ACTIV;Y IS DEVELOP;TALLY APPROPRIATE = ,MALCOLM4 ,DURA;N ( 9/RUC;N ,? SKILL IS TAUE SU6ICI5T4 -------------------------------------#CE ,MA9T5.E ,MA9T5.E ( ! SKILL W 2COME "O ( ! SKILLS ,MS4 ,WALK] P]IODICALLY #CG *ECKS US+ H] ONGO+ ASSESS;T A#CE AF ,MALCOLM HAS MA/]$ SKILL4 ,G5]ALIZA;N ,A DECI.N-MAK+ PROCESS AB ! CORRECT "T TO CROSS ! /REET IS NEC AT ALL CROSS+S4 ,BY FOCUS+ ON ! PROCESS ( MAK+ ! DECI.N AB :5 TO CROSS1 ,MS4 ,WALK] IS T1*+ A SKILL T ,MALCOLM W USE AT ALL 9T]SEC;NS1 N J ! 9T]SEC;NS !Y W 5C.T] ON ? "PICUL> R\TE4 ,MOTIVAT+ ! /UD5T ,SELECT+ A TASK 9 : ,MALCOLM IS 9T]E/$ " IS MOTIVAT+ = ,MALCOLM4 -------------------------------------#CF ,TABLE #B ,FACTORS TO ,3SID] ,:5 ,SELECT+ A ,P$AGOGY ,DET]M9+ ! TYPE ( SKILL OR 3T5T TO 2 TAU TO DET]M9E A#CF ! NEXT SKILLS %E NE$S TO T1*4 ,%E *OOSES TO FOCUS ON ! PROBLEM-SOLV+ ASPECT ( *OOS+ A "T TO CROSS ! /REET4 ,? IS A 3CEPT & W PROBABLY 2 ADDRESS$ BE/ BY US+ A COGNITIVE APPROA*4 ,DET]M9+ ! /UD5T'S LE>N+ /YLES ,MALCOLM IS A K9ES!TIC LE>N]1 S ,MS4 ,WALK] "KS X IS IMPORTANT = ,MALCOLM TO G "? ! MO;NS ( A GUID$ /REET CROSS+4 -------------------------------------#CG ,*OOS+ ! "R T1*+ TOOLS ,MS4 ,WALK] W N NE$ _M MAT]IALS = ? LESSON3 ! LR1 AN 5VELOPE1 A /AMP1 & A R\TE TO ! MAILBOX T 9CLUDES TWO CROSS+S4 ,3CLU.N ,? *APT] PROVID$ A BRIEF SNAP%OT ( E6ECTIVE 9/RUC;NAL ME?ODS T AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ %D 3SID] :5 PLANN+ H[ TO T1* A /UD5T NEW SKILLS4 ,X #CI IS HOP$ T ? OV]VIEW HAS SUMM>IZ$ A#CG A NEW WAY = ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S TO ?9K AB 9/RUC;N RELAT$ TO /REET CROSS+S4 ,^! TOPICS >E COV]$ 9 M DEP? 9 ! 3TEXT ( /RATEGIES TO T1* /UD5TS /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS "?\T ? MANUAL4 ,_M EXAMPLES W DEMON/RATE H[ ^! T1*+ ME?ODS C 5H.E AN ,O@&,M SPECIALI/'S E6ECTIVE;S & /UD5T LE>N+4 ---------------------------------#CH-#CI ,*APT] ,TWO ,:5 TO ,2G9 ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+ ,_M ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> SPECIALI/S MAY WOND] EXACTLY :5 !Y %D />T T1*+ /REET CROSS+4 ,"! IS NO S+LE ANSW] 2C /UD5TS >E 9DIVIDUALS & C H&LE DI6]5T LEVELS ( 9=MA;N AT DI6]5T "TS4 ,? IS "PICUL>LY TRUE ( *N :O H ADDI;NAL 4ABILITIES4 ,H["E1 AN EXAM9A;N ( ! G5]AL /REET-CROSS+ LIT]ATURE PROVIDES "S USE;L 9=MA;N4 ,:5 DEVELOP+ 9/RUC;NAL PROGRAMS = /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS1 ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S (T5 3SID] :5 A#CI EQUIVAL5T B5*M>KS >E MET BY ! /UD5TS' TYPICALLY SI5TS1 GU>DIANS1 & O!R FAMILY MEMB]S (T5 T1* ^! SKILLS4 ,H["E1 "! >E A V>IETY ( /UDIES T EXAM9E =MALIZ$ PROGRAMS = T1*+ /REET CROSS+ TO *N ) TYPICAL VI.N4 ,! RESE>* LIT]ATURE RELAT$ TO T1*+ /REET CROSS+ TO *N )\T ANY 4ABILITIES 9CLUDES /UDIES FOCUS+ ON *N F #C TO #AD YE>S ( AGE4 -------------------------------------#DJ ,! MAJOR;Y ( ^! /UDIES1 H["E1 FOCUS ON T1*+ *N :O >E 2T ! AGES ( #E & #AA "<,LIMB\RG @& ,G]B]1 #AIHA2 ,MILL]1 ,AU/91 @& ,ROHN1 #BJJD2 ,RO!NGATT]1 #AIHD2 ,?OMSON ET ;AL41 #AIIH2 ,?OMSON ET ;AL41 #AIIB2 ,?OMSON @& ,:ELAN1 #AIIG2 ,VAN ,S*AG5 @& ,RO!NGATT]1 #AIIG2 ,Y1TON @& ,BAILEY1 #AIGH2 ,Y1TON @& ,BAILEY1 #AIHC">4 ,RESULTS ( ,MC,C>?Y'S "<#BJAE"> SURVEY ( C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S "<,,COMS"> F.D T *N ) VISUAL #DA IMPAIR;TS >E LE>N+ TO CROSS A#DJ /REETS AT AB ! SAME AGE Z TYPICALLY SIY S*OOL OR E>LY MIDDLE S*OOL4 ,? P>ALLEL ) 9/RUC;N = TYPICALLY SIE BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ >E LE>N+ ? SKILL AT AB ! SAME "T Z _! TYPICALLY SIABLE TO T ( TYPICALLY SI*]S :O /UDY T1*+ /REET CROSS+ TO *N )\T 4ABILITIES H F.D1 ON ! :OLE1 T "PICIPANTS "U #G TO #H YE>S ( AGE D N EXHIBIT ! SKILLS -------------------------------------#DA NEC = DET]M9+ :5 X IS SAFE TO CROSS A /REET4 ,*N ( ? AGE T5D TO USE ! SAME TE*NIQUES Z ADULTS & MAKE DECI.NS 9 SIMIL> WAYS1 B SIMPLY FAIL$ TO 2 Z 3SI/5TLY A3URATE1 MO/ LIKELY 2C ( A#DA HAV+ LESS EXP]I;E "<,PITCAIRN @& ,$LMANN1 #BJJJ2 ,:ITEBR1D @& ,NEISLON1 #BJJJ">4 ,:ILE #DG.0 ( C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S ,MC,C>?Y SURVEY$ "<#BJAE"> 9DICAT$ T !Y 2GAN T1*+ /REET CROSS+S 9 LATE ELE;T>Y S*OOL OR E>LY MIDDLE S*OOL1 #BF.0 ( ^! ,,COMS 9DICAT$ T ! "T !Y 2GAN T1*+ /REET CROSS+ 0 COMPLETELY DEP5D5T ON ! /UD5T'S ABILITIES & DEVELOP;T4 ,! AGE 0 ( LL 3SEQU;E4 ,? F9D+ SUPPORTS AN IMPORTANT PO9T RELAT$ TO T1*+ /REET CROSS+4 ,/REET CROSS+ REQUIRES AN EXT5SIVE SKILL SET4 ,"S ( ! REQUIR$ SKILLS >E DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO MOV+ "O'S BODY ACR ! /REET2 B _M ( ! SKILLS1 S* Z IMPULSE 3TROL1 >E N4 ,:5 PLANN+ TO T1* /REET CROSS+1 ! 9/RUCTOR %D 3SID] :AT A /UD5T C 2 TAUI\S AGES OR DEVELOP;TAL LEVELS1 L;G 2F =MAL 9/RUC;N 9 /REET CROSS+ HAS 2GUN4 ,TABLE #C1 : IS AN AMALGAMA;N ( 9=MA;N GA!R$ F REVIEWS ( ! RESE>* #DC LIT]ATURE 9VOLV+ *N ) & )\T B#DA VISUAL 4ABILITIES1 SU7E/S :AT /REET-CROSS+ 9/RUC;N MIE APPROXIMATE4 ,/UD5TS :O H ADDI;NAL 4ABILITIES1 "PICUL>LY /UD5TS ) 9TELLECTUAL 4ABILITIES1 %D RCV 9/RUC;N BAS$ ON ASSESS;T ( R1DI;S R ?AN ON ! BASIS ( *RONOLOGICAL AGE4 ,! 9/RUCTOR M/ ASSESS ! /UD5T TO DET]M9E :5 EA* 9DIVIDUAL /UD5T IS R1DY TO LE>N EA* ( ^! TASKS4 ,M 9=MA;N AB ASSESS+ /UD5TS APPE>S 9 ,*APT] ,?REE1 & /RATEGIES = T1*+ ^! SKILLS APPE> 9 ,*APT] ,F\R4 ,TABLE #C ,G5]AL ,/REET-,CROSS+ ,SKILLS BY ,AGE ,AGE #B TO #C ,SKILLS TO 2 ,TAUE;S ( ! POT5TIAL DANG] ( VEHICLES A#DB _4 ,HOLD AN ADULT'S H& 9 P>K+ LOTS1 ON SIDEWALKS1 & NE> /REETS ,AGE #D TO #E ,SKILLS TO 2 ,TAU AN ADULT 9 P>K+ LOTS & NE> L[ TRA6IC FL[ /REETS _4 ,HOLD AN ADULT'S H& OR USE HUMAN GUIDE TE*NIQUE :5 CROSS+ ! /REET OR NE> BUSY /REETS _4 ,EXPOSURE TO A V>IETY ( TRA6IC SITUA;NS & 9T]SEC;NS2 BUILD+ 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ _4 ,TALK+ * "? DECI.N-MAK+ PROCESS AB :5 TO CROSS ! /REET -------------------------------------#DC ,AGE #F TO #G ,SKILLS TO 2 ,TAU AN ADULT 9 ANY SITUA;N T 9VOLVES TRA6IC _4 ,3T9U+ EXPOSURE TO A V>IETY ( TRA6IC SITUA;NS & 9T]SEC;NS2 BUILD+ M 9-DEP? 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ #DE _4 ,CLASSROOM-BAS$ P$E/RIAN A#DC SAFETY C\RSE 9CLUD+ BASIC TRA6IC LAWS & REGULA;NS _4 ,"Q & ANSW] SC5>IOS " _4 ,SUP]VIS$1 NO-3SEQU;E ATTEMPTS " ,AGE #H TO #I ,SKILLS TO 2 ,TAU1S ,AGE #AJ TO #AA ,SKILLS TO 2 ,TAUIETY ( 9T]SEC;N TYPES ,AGE #AB & ABV #DD ,SKILLS TO 2 ,TAU1S PREVI\SLY M5;N$ 9 CASE ( DEFICITS _4 ,LOOSELY SUP]VIS$ 9DEP5D5T CROSS+ ( A V>IETY ( 9T]SEC;N TYPES ,9 ADDI;N TO ! SKILLS M5;N$ 9 ,TABLE #C1 X IS VITAL T ! /UD5T LE>NS SKILLS NEC TO 2COME AN 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL]4 ,2F A /UD5T C LE>N TO CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY1 ! /UD5T NE$S TO 2 ABLE TO TRAVEL SAFELY & SWIFTLY US+ A CANE1 FUNC;NAL VI.N1 OR BO?4 ,! /UD5T AL NE$S TO "U/& DIREC;NAL;Y & POSI;N+ & TO "U/& H[ ! DIREC;NAL;Y & POSI;N+ ( O!R OBJECTS RELATE TO 8 BODY4 ,/REET CROSS+1 L MO/ SKILLS1 _C 2 TAUN SPECIFIC /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS1 X IS IMPORTANT TO 3SID] N ONLY ! /UD5T'S AGE & ! RANGE ( SKILLS RELAT$ TO /REET CROSS+S AT T AGE1 B AL TO 3SID] A V>IETY ( FACTORS RELAT$ TO ! /UD5T'S #DG TRAVEL4 ,! /UD5T %D H A FIRM A#DD GRASP ( ! FOLL[+3 _4 ! ABIL;Y TO TRAVEL 9DEP5D5TLY US+ A CANE1 FUNC;NAL VI.N1 OR BO? _4 DIREC;NAL;Y -------------------------------------#DE _4 POSI;N+ _4 IMPULSE 3TROL _4 ! ABIL;Y TO COMMUNICATE CLE>LY _4 ! ABIL;Y TO PROBLEM SOLVE _4 AN "U/&+ ( ! POT5TIAL DANG]S ( TRA6IC1 B N S M* FE> T X IS 9CAPACITAT+ _4 A 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ ( TRA6IC PATT]NS & 3TROLS _4 A 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ ( 9T]SEC;NS _4 A 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ ( P$E/RIAN "RS & RESPONSIBILITIES ,ALL ? IS TO SAY1 "! IS NO SPECIFIC AGE T IS ! 8"R0 AGE TO T1* /REET CROSS+4 ,"! >E A V>IETY ( FACTORS TO 3SID] S* Z P]SONAL;Y1 DEVELOP;TAL LEVEL1 & PA/ EXP]I;ES4 ,GIV5 ! RI* LIT]ATURE ON T1*+ /UD5TS AB /REET CROSS+1 ORI5TA;N A#DE & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S C T1* A GRT D1L AB /REET CROSS+ 2F 9DEP5D5T /REET CROSS+ IS 3SID]$4 ,KEEP+ ALL ( ? 9 M9D Z WELL Z NOT+ :AT IS TYPICAL = *N ( ! SAME AGE & ABILITIES )\T VISUAL IMPAIR;TS W HELP ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S MAKE APPROPRIATE DECI.NS AB :5 TO T1* /REET CROSS+4 -------------------------------------#DF ,VIGNETTE3 ,*OOS+ AGE & DEVELOP;TALLY APPROPRIATE SKILLS ,MS4 ,WALK] N[ />TS TO 3SID] ! LESSON %E W "W ON ) H] SECOND /UD5T1 ,ELI4 ,ELI IS A FIF? GRADE /UD5T :O IS TOTALLY BL4 ,HE LO/ 8 VI.N LA/ YE> 9 AN A3ID5T1 S HE IS / LE>N+ A LOT ( BASIC CANE SKILLS4 ,HE IS / GETT+ US$ TO TRAVEL+ )\T SIT "W+ ON /REET CROSS+ 2C 8 P>5TS N[ ALL[ 8 "Y] BRO!R1 ,A%]1 TO TRAVEL 9DEP5D5TLY 9 _! NEI5TS' / A#DF REQUIRE HM TO TRAVEL ) AN ADULT >.D _! NEI1 L[ TRA6IC FL[ NEI LESSONS LATELY4 -------------------------------------#DG ,MS4 ,WALK] TURNS TO ! ONGO+ ASSESS;T %E USES TO TRACK ,ELI'S PROGRESS4 ,ELI HAS MADE A LOT ( PROGRESS ON 8 CANE SKILLS4 ,8 "U/&+ ( DIREC;NAL;Y1 POSI;N+1 & 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ ( TRA6IC & SIMPLE 9T]SEC;NS 9 A FAMILI>1 RESID5TIAL NEIT LE>N+ TO CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY YET S9CE US+ NONVISUAL S5SORY 9=MA;N A#DG & PROBLEM SOLV+ >E S IMPORTANT TO 9DEP5D5T /REET CROSS+S4 ,MS4 ,WALK] DECIDES TO SU7E/ TO ,ELI'S P>5TS T1 IF ,ELI %[S PROGRESS ON US+ NONVISUAL 9=MA;N1 HE CD 2 ALL[$ TO WALK 9DEP5D5TLY TO ! HOMES ( TWO ( 8 FRS :O LIVE ON ! SAME BLOCK Z ,ELI AF HE HAS DEMON/RAT$ HE C TRAVEL TO _! H\SES SU3ESS;LLY4 ,^! R\TES WD 2 APPROPRIATE = ,ELI 2C /REET CROSS+ IS N REQUIR$4 ,"O ( ,ELI'S P>5TS CD EV5 WAT* F ! FRONT POR* J TO 2 SURE ,ELI /AYS SAFE4 ,"K+ HE WD RCV ? LIB]TY = 8 H>D "W1 ,ELI MIT R1DILY -------------------------------------#DH "PICIPAT+ 9 ,O@&,M LESSONS AG4 ,? /RATEGY WD AL BUY ,MS4 ,WALK] "S "T TO KEEP "W+ ON PROBLEM-SOLV+ SKILLS & HELP+ ,ELI MA9TA9 ORI5TA;N4 ,) "S FOCUS$ 9/RUC;N1 ,ELI WD PROBABLY 2 R1DY TO />T LE>N+ AB DECI.N MAK+ AT /REET CROSS+S1 & !N PRACTIC+ ! SKILLS NEC TO CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY4 #EA ,*APT] ,?REE #DI ,DEVELOP+ A 8,GAME ,PLAN0 = ,T1*+ ,/REET ,CROSS+ ,AL? ! FOCUS ( ? MANUAL IS ON P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES1 ?"\;L PLANN+ IS ! ONLY WAY TO PROVIDE E6ICI5T & E6ECTIVE 9/RUC;N TO /UD5TS4 ,2C ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> SPECIALI/S "W ) A V HET]OG5E\S GR\P ( /UD5TS1 X IS IMPORTANT TO 3SID] ! SPECIFIC NE$S & ABILITIES ( EA* /UD5T 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,? DOES N M1N T ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ 2G9S F SCRAT* ) EA* /UD5T1 B X DOES M1N T "O-SIZE W N FIT ALL /UD5TS1 AT L1/ N OPTIMALLY4 ,? *APT] PROVIDES "S SU7ES;NS = PLANN+ 9/RUC;N 9 A M1N+;L WAY4 ,DEVELOP+ A SEQU;E ( SKILLS ,! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/1 L ALL T1*]S1 M/ 3SID] : SKILLS >E TO 2 TAUE A LIMIT$ NUMB] ( P ) EXP]TISE ON SPECIFIC TOPICS & LIMIT$ RES\RCES = DEVELOP+ CURRICULA4 ,:5 AN ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ 2G9S "W+ AT A NEW S*OOL 4TRICT1 AN ADM9I/RATOR W N PROVIDE H] ) A T1*]'S $I;N ( ! CURRICULUM 2+ US$ TO T1* ! /UD5TS :O >E BL & VISUALLY IMPAIR$ TO CROSS /REETS4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ IS RESPONSIBLE TO 5SURE T EA* /UD5T LE>NS ALL ! SKILLS DIRECTLY & 9DIRECTLY L9K$ TO CROSS+ /REETS 9 A SEQU;E 9 : "O SKILL BUILDS ON ANO!R4 ,AL? ! ADM9I/RATOR _C PROVIDE ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ ) A T1*]'S $I;N ( A BOOK TO GUIDE 9/RUC;N1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ HAS COMPLET$ A PREP>A;N PROGRAM US+ "O OR M ,O@&,M TE*NIQUES TEXTBOOKS T 9CLUDE SU7ES;NS ON WAYS TO PRES5T 9/RUC;N4 ,9 ADDI;N1 EXCELL5T RES\RCES1 S* Z .7,,TAPS "<,T1*+ ,AGE-,APPROPRIATE ,PURPOSE;L ,SKILLS">3 ,AN ,ORI5TA;N @& ,MOBIL;Y #EC ,CURRICULUM = ,/UD5TS ,) ,VISUAL A#EJ ,IMPAIR;TS.' "<,POGRUND ET ;AL41 #BJAB">1 C S]VE Z A />T+ PO9T = PLANN+4 .1,,TAPS IS DESIGN$ Z A COMPREH5SIVE ,O@&,M SKILLS CURRICULUM4 ,"P #D1 A SUPPLE;T T FOCUSES SPECIFICALLY ON T1*+ /REET CROSS+1 PROVIDES A V DETAIL$ & COMPREH5SIVE LI/ ( SKILLS NEC TO CROSS /REETS & 9CLUDES AN 9-DEP? DESCRIP;N ( EA* SKILL4 ,AL1 .7,F.DA;NS ( ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y3 ,VOLUME ,,II ,9/RUC;NAL ,/RATEGIES & -------------------------------------#EA ,PRACTICAL ,APPLICA;NS.' "<,WI5]1 ,WEL%1 @& ,BLAS*1 #BJAJ"> 9CLUDES *APT]S T FOCUS ON T1*+ ,O@&,M TO P]SONS AT V>Y+ AGES4 ,AT ! 5D ( ^! *APT]S1 APP5DICES PROVIDE A LI/ ( ,O@&,M SKILLS & :AT 9/RUC;N 9 EA* SKILL MIY+ AGES4 ,^! RES\RCES PROVIDE GRT />T+ PO9TS = GA!R+ A LI/ ( SKILLS T /UD5TS NE$ TO MA/]4 ,H["E1 DEVELOP+ ! LI/ ( SKILLS & ! SEQU;E = 9TRODUC+ 3T5T TO A SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUAL IS N ! SAME Z US+ A LI/ ( SKILLS4 ,9 ADDI;N TO ! LI/ ( A#EA SKILLS AVAILABLE 9 ^! BOOKS1 /UD5TS W NE$ TO 9CORPORATE ACADEMIC & PROBLEM-SOLV+ SKILLS TO MA/] ! 3T5T ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y 9/RUC;N4 ,/UD5TS W NE$ TO USE S5SORY SKILLS & 3CEPTS !Y H LE>N$ 9 O!R >1S ( _! S*OOL & $UCA;NAL LIFE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 "S ( ^! NEC SKILLS >E N SPECIFICALLY ,O@&,M SKILLS4 ,? M1NS T EV5 ! MO/ EXHAU/IVE LI/ ( ,O@&,M SKILLS M/ 2 AUG;T$ IF ! /UD5T IS TO 2 ABLE TO TRAVEL SAFELY1 9DEP5D5TLY1 & ) GRACE "<,WE9] ET ;AL41 #BJAJ">4 ,E/ABLI%+ A BASEL9E ,2F 9/RUC;N C 2G91 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ NE$S TO DET]M9E ! APPROPRIATE />T+ PO9T4 ,9/RUC;N T IS TOO ADV.ED MAY CAUSE ! /UD5T TO 2COME FRU/RAT$ & EV5TUALLY QUIT TRY+4 ,9/RUC;N T IS N ADV.ED 5 WA/ES "T & -------------------------------------#EB MAY L1D ! /UD5T TO 2COME BOR$4 ,? IS :Y E/ABLI%+ ! BASEL9E K ( A /UD5T "? A COMPREH5SIVE ASSESS;T IS S #EE IMPORTANT4 ,"P #B ( ,,TAPS A#EB PROVIDES A COMPREH5SIVE *ECKLI/ ( SKILLS T /UD5TS %D LE>N "?\T _! YE>S ( ,O@&,M 9/RUC;N4 ,A RECORD US+ ? *ECKLI/ IS ESPECIALLY HELP;L :5 A /UD5T IS TRANSF]R$ F "O ,O@&,M SPECIALI/'S CASELOAD TO ANO!R4 ,Z NOT$ 2L1 ! NEW ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ M/ N RELY SOLELY ON S* A RECORD & M/ OBTA9 9=MA;N = ! /UD5T'S BASEL9E BY OBS]V+ ! /UD5T'S P]=M.E4 ,H["E1 A COMPLETE RECORD ( ! /UD5T'S PREVI\SLY ACQUIR$ ,O@&,M SKILLS HELPS ! NEW 9/RUCTOR P9PO9T A RANGE ( SKILLS & P]=M.E LEVELS TO ASSESS4 .1,,TAPS IS ONLY "O TOOL2 & ANY TOOL IS ONLY Z GD Z H[ WELL X IS US$,-& IF ! TOOL IS N US$ AT ALL1 X DOES N HELP ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ DET]M9E ! BE/ />T+ PO9T = 9/RUC;N4 ,(T51 ! NEW ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WA/ES "T :5 2G9N+ TO "W ) A NEW /UD5T TRY+ TO E/ABLI% :AT SKILLS ! /UD5T HAS ALR LE>N$ & :AT NE$S TO 2 LE>N$ NEXT4 ,A RECORD ( ! /UD5T'S BASEL9E & ! SKILLS T H BE5 TAU5TS H REPORT$ T %E IS Q 9DEP5D5T 9 H] #EG HOME NEIE60 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MI ) CROSSWALKS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MID 2C %E IS US+ A L&M>K O!R ?AN ! CROSSWALK4 ,ASSUM+ A /UD5T "KS "S?+ BAS$ ON CASUAL OBS]VA;N OR ! REPORT ( O!R PR(ES.NALS & P>5TS C L1D TO 9CORRECT 9=MA;N ON ASSESS;TS4 ,? DOES N M1N T TALK+ ) O!R PR(ES.NALS & P>5TS AB :AT !Y SEE IS N VALUABLE2 X IS V IMPORTANT6 ,/1 :5 AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS N SURE :E!R OR N A /UD5T HAS MA/]$ A SKILL1 ! ONLY WAY = H] TO "K = SURE IS TO ASK ! /UD5T TO EXPLA9 OR A#ED DEMON/RATE ! SKILL 2+ ASSESS$4 ,AF ! ASSESS;T HAS BE5 COMPLET$1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ %D H A V CLE> S5SE ( :AT ! /UD5T "KS & DOES N "K4 ,? M1NS T ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ C LOOK AT ! FULL LI/ ( "EY?+ T NE$S TO 2 TAUN+4 ,E/ABLI%+ A BASEL9E & CR1T+ AN APPROPRIATE SEQU;E ( SKILLS TO 2 TAUILY NE$ TO 2 US$4 ,H["E1 ! DATA M/ / 2 COLLECT$ 9 A DETAIL$ & SY/EMATIC WAY1 & ! DATA M/ 2 RECORD$4 ,X IS V EASY TO OV]LOOK GAPS 9 LE>N+ & PATT]NS ( P]=M.E T CD PROVIDE VALUABLE 9=MA;N AB A /UD5T'S MA/]Y ( SKILLS :5 ! DATA ONLY RESIDES 9 "S"O'S H1D4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! GUT IS N GD 5\<4 ,W"R & ,WOL]Y "<#BJAD"> DESCRIBE #EF ! VALUE ( US+ WRITT5 DATA COLLEC;N ) A #AF-YE>-OLD /UD5T :O1 :5 LE>N+ TO CROSS ! /REET1 _H A GRT D1L ( TR\BLE /EPP+ UP ONTO ! OPPOSITE CURB4 ,IF ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ _H NOTIC$ ONLY T ! /UD5T 0 HAV+ TR\BLE F9D+ ! OPPOSITE CURB1 %E MIT+ PO9T ( ! CROSS+4 ,S R ?AN "W+ ON A CANE TE*NIQUE TO BETT] LOCATE ! OPPOSITE CURB OR "W+ ON /RATEGIES TO CORRECT OR AVOID VE]+1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ SAW T %E R1LLY NE$$ TO "W ) ! /UD5T ON ALIGN+ TO TRA6IC NOISE & L9+ UP AT AN 9T]SEC;N 9 ! ABS;E ( TRA6IC NOISE4 ,? SOLU;N MAY SEEM OBVI\S1 B H9DSIIOS T ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S 5C.T] >E M* M COMPLICAT$ -------------------------------------#EG & 3VOLUT$4 ,! S\RCE ( A PROBLEM,-! ABS;E ( PR]EQUISITE SKILLS OR AN ]ROR 9 3CEPTUAL "U/&+,-MAY G UNNOTIC$1 MAK+ ! LE>N+ PROCESS L;G] & M FRU/RAT+ ?AN NEC4 ,! SAME PROBLEM MIN+ A NEW SKILL4 ,:E!R ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS US+ A SUMMATIVE ASSESS;T OR ONGO+1 9=MAL ASSESS;T1 X IS VITAL T %E 5SURE T ! ASSESS;T TOOL IS ACTUALLY E6ECTIVE4 ,"! IS A BIG DI6];E 2T A RIGOR\S1 ROADSIDE ASSESS;T & ASK+ A /UD5T TO REP1T MEMORIZ$ K4 ,RESE>* HAS %[N T SU3ESS ON PAP] & P5CIL TE/S AB ROAD SAFETY DOES N NECESS>ILY 9DICATE T A LE>N] C CROSS ACTUAL /REETS SAFELY & 9DEP5D5TLY "<,MILL] @& ,DAVIS1 #AIHD2 ,PADGETT1 #AIGE2 ,S+H1 #AIGI">4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 IF ! GOAL ( ! ASSESS;T IS TO A#EG DET]M9E IF A /UD5T C ANSW] "QS AB ROAD SAFETY1 A K TE/ DELIV]$ ON PAP] OR ! COMPUT] MAY 2 E6ECTIVE4 ,IF ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WANTS TO DET]M9E IF ! /UD5T C CROSS ! /REET1 %E R1LLY NE$S TO WAT* ! /UD5T CROSS ! /REET4 ,A TASK ANALYSIS C 2 P]=M$ ON J AB ANY SKILL1 :E!R ! SKILL IS FUNC;NAL OR ACADEMIC4 ,:5 P]=M+ A TASK ANALYSIS1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ SIMPLY BR1KS D[N A COMPLEX TASK 9TO XS 4CREET /EPS4 ,LAT] 9 ? MANUAL1 9 ! SEC;N AB *A9$ 2HAVIORS1 -------------------------------------#EH "! IS AN EXAMPLE ( A BASIC TASK ANALYSIS = /REET CROSS+S4 ,A GD TASK ANALYSIS ALM ALW HAS M ID5TIFI$ /EPS ?AN "O WD 9ITIALLY "E IMAG9E1 & ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ HAS TO H A FIRM GRASP ON ALL ! SKILLS 9VOLV$ 9 COMPLET+ ! TASK Z A :OLE4 ,! BE/ WAY TO MAKE SURE A TASK ANALYSIS IS COMPLETE IS TO R1D OV] ! /EPS 9 ! TASK ANALYSIS & P]=M !M EXACTLY Z WRITT54 ,IF P]=M+ ! TASKS EXACTLY Z WRITT5 #FC GETS ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ TO ! 5D A#EH GOAL ( A SU3ESS;LLY COMPLET$ TASK1 ! TASK ANALYSIS IS ADEQUATE4 ,IF AN IMPORTANT /EP 0 LEFT \1 P]=M+ ! /EPS Z WRITT5 W HELP ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ ID5TIFY :AT IS MISS+ "<,ZEBAHAZY @& ,MC,C>?Y1 9 PRESS">4 ,DEVELOP+ A BASEL9E PRIOR TO 2G9N+ 9/RUC;N & 5GAG+ 9 TASK ANALYSIS TO SUPPORT ONGO+1 9=MAL ASSESS;T DUR+ 9/RUC;N W PROVIDE ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ ) A SY/EMATIC ME?OD ( SEQU5C+ 9/RUC;N & 5SUR+ T GAPS 9 LE>N+ >E AVOID$4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ W H DOCU;TA;N T ! /UD5T HAS MA/]$ A COMPREH5SIVE LI/ ( SKILLS4 ,SEQU5C+ = MA9T5.E ,3SID] A SITUA;N 9 : ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ HAS E/ABLI%$ A BASEL9E1 REF]R$ TO S\RCES TO DET]M9E A COMPREH5SIVE LI/ ( APPROPRIATE SKILLS1 COMPLET$ TASK ANALYSES ( SKILLS TO 2 TAUE (F TO A GRT />T6 ,H["E1 "! IS "O M ASPECT ( 9/RUC;N T ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ M/ KEEP 9 M9D3 MA9T5.E4 ,J 2C A /UD5T HAS P]=M$ A SKILL CORRECTLY ONCE DOES N M1N ! /UD5T HAS MA/]$ ! SKILL4 ,TO 5SURE MA/]Y HAS O3URR$1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ NE$S TO SET A CRIT]ION LEVEL = MA/]Y4 ,AF A CRIT]ION LEVEL = MA/]Y HAS BE5 SET & ! /UD5T HAS MET ! CRIT]IA = MA/]Y1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ C 2 C]TA9 T ! /UD5T HAS MA/]$ ! SKILL4 ,H["E1 ? DOES N M1N T ! SKILL %D 2 TOTALLY DROPP$ F ! SEQU;E ( 9/RUC;N4 ,! CLI*^/E 8USE X OR LOSE X0 IS V TRUE4 ,ALL LE>N]S 2COME RU/Y AT SKILLS T >E N PRACTIC$ FREQU5TLY4 ,? IS :Y AN IMPORTANT "P ( SEQU5C+ 9/RUC;N IS BUILD+ 9 REGUL> "TS TO *ECK = ! MA9T5.E ( SKILLS4 ,= 9/.E1 IF A /UD5T LE>N$ H[ TO CROSS /REETS AT /OP-SIGN 3TROLL$ 9T]SEC;NS1 & N[ 9/RUC;N HAS TURN$ TO LIN$ AB /OP SIGNS8 ,HOPE;LLY ! A#EI /UD5T DOES REMEMB] ALL ! DETAILS ( H[ /OP SIGNS "W2 B UN.S ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ P]IODICALLY *ECKS = MA9T5.E1 ! /UD5T MAY =GET IMPORTANT ASPECTS T MAY CAUSE ! /UD5T TO F9D H]F 9 A DANG]\S SITUA;N 9 ! FUTURE4 -------------------------------------#FJ ,SEQU;E ( 5VIRON;TS ,! RES\RCES T 7 M5;N$ 9 ! SEC;N ON PLANN+ 9/RUC;N >E AL Q HELP;L Z A />T+ PO9T = H[ TO SEQU;E ! 5VIRON;TS 9 : A /UD5T W LE>N AB /REET CROSS+S4 ,! .1,,TAPS ,"P #D3 ,SUPPLE;T3 ,/REET ,CROSS+S = ,TRAVEL]S :O >E ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$ "<,S*E6]S @& ,MEY]S1 #BJAB"> 9CLUDES A SEC;N 5TITL$ ,SEQU;E ( ,9/RUC;N = ,/REET ,CROSS+S4 ,? RES\RCE DESCRIBES PR]EQUISITE SKILLS TO ACTUAL /REET CROSS+ S* Z :5 TO 2G9 T1*+ /REET CROSS+ & H[ TO DEVELOP 9T]SEC;N ANALYSIS SKILLS "N+ TO CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY & SKILLS NE$$ 2F LE>N+ TO ANALYZE 9T]SEC;NS">4 ,! A#FJ RES\RCE AL 9CLUDES ! 8TYPICAL0 T1*+ SEQU;E ( /REET CROSS+4 ,H["E1 J Z P]=M+ A TASK ANALYSIS ON A SKILL C HELP ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ BR1K D[N A SKILL 9TO XS V>I\S "PS1 ANALYZ+ ! SKILLS REQUIR$ AT A SPECIFIC 9T]SEC;N C HELP ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ REF9E ! SEQU5C+ PROCESS AF GA!R+ 9ITIAL DATA ON SEQU5C+ F A RES\RCE S* Z .1,,TAPS1 ,"P #D4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! SEQU;E 9 .1,,TAPS RECOMM5DS 2G9N+ 9/RUC;N AT /OP-SIGN 3TROLL$ CROSS+S AT 9T]SEC;NS ) V LL TRA6IC1 SOLID CURBS1 N>R[ LANES1 & NO?+ T C CAUSE A PROBLEM = ! /UD5T4 ,US+ ? RES\RCE TO *OOSE ! TYPE ( 9T]SEC;N T IS ! BE/ />T+ PO9T -------------------------------------#FA IS HELP;L4 ,N"O!.S1 "! MIEA ": ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ M/ 3DUCT 9/RUC;N4 ,N E RESID5TIAL1 /OP-3TROLL$ CROSS+ IS BUILT EQUALLY4 ,= 9/.E1 ALL ( ! 3V5I5T 9T]SEC;NS MIE L[-FL[ TRA6IC >1S1 "! MI NOISE = AUDITORY ALIGN;T PURPOSES4 ,? M1NS T1 9/1D ( J "W+ ON SKILLS SPECIFIC TO /REET CROSS+1 ! /UD5T MIN$ F "O SETT+ TO ANO!R 9CR1SES /UD5T 3FID;E BY PROVID+ M OPPORTUNITIES = SU3ESS4 ,X AL 9CR1SES ! E6ICI5CY ( 9/RUC;N & 3SEQU5TLY SAVES VALUABLE DIRECT 9/RUC;N "T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ IS FOLL[+ ! TYPICAL SEQU;E ( 9T]SEC;NS PRES5T$ 9 .1,,TAPS1 ,"P #D & IS AB TO MOVE F BASIC /OP-3TROLL$ 9T]SEC;NS TO UNCONTROLL$ CROSS+S1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MIGET CURB4 ,IF ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ PLANS AH1D = T1 %E MIGET CURB4 ,S9CE ! /UD5T HAS ALR _H EXP]I;E ) A SIMIL> SITUA;N1 ! /UD5T MAY 2 ABLE TO APPLY ! 9=MA;N HE LE>N$ 9 ! ORIG9AL SETT+ TO ! NEW SETT+4 ,? IS G5]ALIZA;N4 ,PLANN+ 9/RUC;N T PROMOTES G5]ALIZA;N IS A GRT WAY TO MAKE 9/RUC;N E6ECTIVE & E6ICI5T4 ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ ASSESS;T TO E/ABLI% A SEQU;E ( SKILLS ,MS4 ,WALK] J F.D \ T %E W 2 GETT+ A NEW /UD5T ON H] CASELOAD4 ,! NEW /UD5T1 ,T]RI1 IS TRANSF]R+ F A S*OOL AB TWO H\RS AWAY4 ,T]RI IS 9 EIT$ "W+ ON /REET CROSS+ US+ AN A3ESSIBLE P$E/RIAN SIGNAL "<,,APS">4 ,AF ! F/ FEW LESSONS AT A CROSS+ ) AN ,,APS1 #FI ,T]RI SEEM$ TO H A SOLID "U/&+ ( A#FB H[ TO USE ! ,,APS TO CROSS ! /REET 9DEP5D5TLY & 0 PROBABLY R1DY TO MOVE ON TO ! NEXT SKILL4 ,MS4 ,WALK] APPRECIAT$ ! -------------------------------------#FC ?OR\< REPORT F H] COLL1GUE1 B %E WANT$ TO SEE H[ ,T]RI 0 DO+ = H]F 2F ASSUM+ ! SKILL _H BE5 TOTALLY MA/]$4 ,MS4 ,WALK] 2GAN PLANN+ H] F/ LESSON ) ,T]RI BY *OOS+ AN APPROPRIATE 9T]SEC;N ) AN ,,APS NE> ,T]RI'S S*OOL4 ,!N ,MS4 ,WALK] CR1T$ A DATA%EET4 ,F/ %E TASK ANALYZ$ ! /EPS ,T]RI WD NE$ TO COMPLETE TO CROSS ! /REET US+ ! ,,APS4 ,ON H] DATA %EET1 %E DECID$ TO RECORD ! PROMPT LEVEL REQUIR$ = EA* /EP ( ! CROSS+3 ;,P "7 PHYSICAL PROMPT1 ;,T "7 TACTILE PROMPT1 ;,V "7 V]BAL PROMPT1 & ,I "7 9DEP5D5T4 ,CROSS+ AT AN ,9T]SEC;N A#FC ) ,,APS ,/UD5T ,"N3 ,T]RI ,DATE3 #A4 ,F9D ! CURB1 DECL9E1 OR DETECTABLE W>N+ /RIP ) ! CANE #B4 ,LOCATE ! BUTTON = ! ,,APS #C4 ,PU% ! BUTTON = ! ,,APS -------------------------------------#FD #D4 ,RETURN TO CORRECT LOCA;N = CROSS+ #E4 ,ALIGN TO ! 9T]SEC;N US+ AN AUDITORY OR TACTILE CUE #F4 ,ID5TIFY DIREC;N ( TRA6IC FL[ " OR P>ALLEL TO L9E ( TRAVEL1 TURN+ TRA6IC"> #G4 ,HOLD CANE 9 R1DY POSI;N UNTIL ,,APS 9DICATES X IS SAFE TO CROSS & TRA6IC FL[1 IF PRES5T1 IS P>ALLEL #H4 ,3FIRM ! TIM+ 9DICAT$ BY ! ,,APS BY LI/5+ TO TRA6IC #I4 ,CROSS /REET )\T VE]+ #AJ4 ,CROSS /REET AT AN APPROPRIATE SPE$ #AA4 ,F9D OPPOSITE CURB #GA #AB4 ,SWEEP CANE ON OPPOSITE CURB A#FD TO 5SURE PA? IS CLE> #AC4 ,/EP \ ( ! /REET -------------------------------------#FE ,US+ A DATA COLLEC;N %EET T 3TA9S A TASK ANALYSIS ( ,T]RI'S P]=M.E AT AN 9T]SEC;N ) AN ,,APS W ALL[ ,MS4 ,WALK] TO E/ABLI% A BASEL9E ( ! /UD5T'S P]=M.E ON ? TASK4 ,? W HELP ,MS4 ,WALK] TO "K IF ,T]RI HAS R1LLY MA/]$ CROSS+ ) AN ,,APS AT ! 9DEP5D5T LEVEL REPORT$ BY ! PREVI\S ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/4 ,IF ,T]RI DOES N COMPLETE ALL /EPS ( ? PROCESS 9DEP5D5TLY1 ! PREVI\S ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MAY H BE5 GIV+ ,T]RI M PROMPTS ?AN %E R1LIZ$4 ,IF ,T]RI DOES EXP]I;E A PROBLEM DUR+ ! CROSS+1 ? TYPE ( DATA W HELP ,MS4 ,WALK] DET]M9E IF ,T]RI IS MAK+ ! SAME MI/AKE EA* "T4 ,= 9/.E1 IF ,T]RI N"E RETURNS TO ! CORRECT LOCA;N = 2G9N+ ! CROSS+ AF PU%+ ! BUTTON = ! ,,APS1 %E W PROBABLY VE] & MISS ! OPPOSITE CURB4 ,HAV+ DATA T ID5TIFIES ! /EPS ,T]RI DOES N P]=M CORRECTLY W ALL[ ,MS4 ,WALK] TO SAVE 9/RUC;NAL "T A#FE BY FOCUS+ ON ONLY ! /EPS T >E PROBLEMATIC = ,T]RI4 ,IF ,T]RI HAS MA/]$ ^! SKILLS AT ! 9DEP5D5T LEVEL1 ,MS4 ,WALK] C USE ! SAME DATA %EET TO *ECK MA9T5.E ( ! SKILL AT REGUL> 9T]VALS4 ---------------------------------#FF-#FG ,*APT] ,F\R ,PLANN+ ,H[ TO ,T1*1 ,N ,:AT TO ,T1* ,9 ,MC,C>?Y'S "<#BJAE"> SURVEY ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> SPECIALI/S1 V FEW ( ! RESPOND5TS PROVID$ 9=MA;N AB ,,H[ TO T1*4 ,:5 ASK$ :AT T1*+ /RATEGIES !Y US$ TO T1* V>I\S SKILLS1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S T5D$ TO 9DICATE ! SKILLS !Y TAUILY ON A#FG SKILLS & TOOLS4 ,TWELVE ( ! RESPOND5TS1 #EJ.01 ONLY 4CUSS$ SKILLS &_/OR TOOLS ) NO M5;N ( ANY T1*+ /RATEGIES4 ,:5 ASK$ ": !Y LE>N$ ! T1*+ /RATEGIES1 _M ( ! RES\RCES T ^! RESPOND5TS LI/$ PROVIDE 9=MA;N ON SKILLS1 N ON T1*+ /RATEGIES4 ,AC TO ? SURVEY1 :5 PR(ES.NALS 7 ASK$ DIRECTLY AB ! T1*+ /RATEGIES !Y 7 US+1 LESS ?AN HALF FOCUS$ ON H[ TO T1*1 :ILE M ?AN HALF FOCUS$ ON :AT TO T1*4 -------------------------------------#FH ,X IS POSSIBLE T ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S MIS"U/OOD ! "QS 9 ! SURVEY4 ,X IS AL POSSIBLE T ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y IS PRIM>ILY SKILLS-BAS$1 & A MAJOR;Y ( ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S MAY 2 S FOCUS$ ON ?"\;LLY PLANN+ ! SKILLS TO 2 TAUD.S ( ! R1SONS = ! L[ NUMB]S ( P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES PROVID$ BY SURVEY RESPOND5TS1 X IS CLE> T !Y T5D$ TO 4CUSS SKILLS !Y TAUE TAUN+4 ,"!=E1 ? *APT] FOCUSES ON A V>IETY ( P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES & :5 !Y MIE CLASSIFI$ 9TO ! FOLL[+ CATEGORIES4 #A4 ,SKILLS-BAS$ /RATEGIES1 : 9CLUDE ! FOLL[+3 -------------------------------------#FI _4 ,MODEL+1 ?REE TYPES3 _9 ,TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+ _9 ,METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ _9 ,PE] MODEL+ #GE _4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N A#FI _4 ,GUID$ PRACTICE & COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE _4 ,V]BAL REHE>SAL & REHE>SAL /RATEGIES #B4 ,PIAGETIAN & ,3/RUCTIVI/ /RATEGIES _4 ,T1*+ "? PROBLEM SOLV+ _4 ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y #C4 ,2HAVIORAL /RATEGIES _4 ,RE9=CE;T _9 ,POSITIVE RE9=CE;T _9 ,NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T _9 ,COMPON5TS ( SU3ESS;L RE9=CE;T _4 ,=W>D & BACKW>D *A9+ _4 ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E #D4 ,ADDI;NAL 9/RUC;NAL 3SID]A;NS _4 ,"O-ON-"O V]SUS SMALL GR\P 9/RUC;N _4 ,T1*+ \TSIDE ! OPTIMAL 5VIRON;T _9 ,ASPECTS ( 9/RUC;N TO 9CLUDE _9 ,ASPECTS ( 9/RUC;N TO AVOID ,SKILLS-BAS$ /RATEGIES ,! SKILLS-BAS$ /RATEGIES TO 2 4CUSS$ 9CLUDE ! FOLL[+3 B#FI _4 ,MODEL+ _9 ,TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+ _9 ,METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ _9 ,PE] MODEL+ -------------------------------------#GJ _4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N _4 ,GUID$ PRACTICE & COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE _4 ,V]BAL REHE>SAL & REHE>SAL /RATEGIES ,MODEL+ ,RESE>* HAS %[N T MODEL+ C 2 AN E6ECTIVE P$AGOGICAL /RATEGY = /UD5TS ( J AB ANY AGE1 9 J AB ANY SUBJECT >EA1 & ) J AB ANY 4ABIL;Y "<,C(FEY1 #BJJH">4 ,MODEL+ L1DS TO LE>N+ T IS BAS$ ON OBS]VA;N4 ,/UD5TS :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ (T5 MISS \ ON M* ( ! 9=MA;N _! PE]S :O C SEE LE>N "? VISUAL OBS]VA;N4 ,2C S _M ESS5TIAL SKILLS >E LE>N$ VIA 9CID5TAL VISUAL LE>N+1 /UD5TS :O _C OBS]VE VISUALLY D N 8AUTOMATICALLY0 ACQUIRE S* SKILLS4 ,! ,EXP&$ ,CORE ,CURRICULUM "<,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! #GG ,BL1 N4D4"> HAS BE5 DEVELOP$ TO A#GJ SY/EMATICALLY T1* /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS A BROAD >RAY ( SKILLS 9 DOMA9S S* Z 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL1 ACTIVITIES ( DAILY LIV+1 LIT]ACY1 & SOCIAL SKILLS T /UD5TS ) NORMAL VI.N LE>N "? MODEL+4 ,CLE>LY1 /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS C LE>N "? OBS]VA;N Z L;G Z ! P]SON :O IS MODEL+ ! DESIR$ 2HAVIOR MAKES SURE /UD5TS :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ >E OBS]V+ ! 2HAVIOR 9 XS 5TIRETY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS MODEL+ /REET CROSS+ = A /UD5T :O IS TOTALLY BL1 ! ,O@&,M -------------------------------------#GA SPECIALI/ WD N H ! /UD5T /& ON "O SIDEWALK :ILE HE COMPLET$ ! FULL CROSS+ 2C ! /UD5T WD N 2 ABLE TO OBS]VE ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/'S AC;NS4 ,:5 MODEL+ A 2HAVIOR = ! /UD5T :O IS BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MIE 2+ MODEL$4 ,RESULTS ( ,MC,C>?Y'S "<#BJAE"> SURVEY ( T1*+ ME?ODS US$ BY C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S 9DICAT$ T #F ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S1 #BE.0 ( ! GR\P1 US$ MODEL+ :5 T1*+ /REET CROSS+4 ,MODEL+ 0 ! MO/ FREQU5TLY M5;N$ P$AGOGICAL /RATEGY 9 ? GR\P4 ,AL? _M TYPES ( MODEL+ H BE5 ID5TIFI$1 ?REE TYPES MAY H "PICUL> RELEV.E TO T1*+ /REET CROSS+ TO /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS3 TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+1 METACOGNITIVE MODEL+1 & PE] MODEL+4 ,EA* TYPE IS 4CUSS$ ON ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 -------------------------------------#GB ,TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+ ,TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+ IS ! MO/ COMMON TYPE ( MODEL+4 ,9 TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ P]=MS ! 2HAVIOR TO PROVIDE ! /UD5T ) AN #GI EXPECTA;N ( :AT ! /UD5T %D D4 A#GB ,TASK OR P]=M.E MODEL+ C 2 US$ TO %[ A SKILL 9 XS 5TIRETY1 OR X C 2 "PN]$ ) SCA6OLD+ ": ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MODELS A SMALL PIECE ( ! TOTAL SKILL & !N ADDS ON :5 ! /UD5T HAS MA/]$ ! F/ PIECE4 ,= 9/.E1 IF AN ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ IS "W+ ON /REET-CROSS+ SKILLS 2F ! ACTUAL CROSS+1 ! SPECIALI/ MAY DEMON/RATE LOOK+ LEFT1 "R1 & LEFT AG TO A /UD5T ) L[ VI.N4 ,IF ! /UD5T IS A CANE US]1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MI MO;N 9 FRONT ( ! CURB TO DEMON/RATE H[ ! /UD5T WD MAKE SURE X IS CLE> TO /EP D[N4 ,METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ ,METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ 9VOLVES DEMON/RAT+ H[ TO ?9K "? A PROBLEM4 ,= EXAMPLE1 METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ C 2 V USE;L :5 T1*+ A /UD5T H[ TO ANALYZE AN 9T]SEC;N & DET]M9E :5 TO CROSS4 ,IF ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ 0 US+ METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ TO T1* A /UD5T H[ TO ANALYZE AN 9T]SEC;N1 Z ! PAIR APPROA*$ ! 9T]SEC;N1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD N ONLY LI/ ! /EP 9 : HE 5GAGES B#GB 9 ! ANALYSIS -------------------------------------#GC B WD AL V]BALIZE 8 ?"\ PROCESS Z HE COMPLET$ EA* /EP4 ,S1 IF ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/'S F/ /EP 0 F9D+ ! D[N CURB OR ! /REET $GE1 HE WD TELL ! /UD5T :AT 8 F/ /EP 0 & ACT X \2 B HE WD AL N>RATE 8 ?"\S Z HE W5T "? ! PROCESS4 ,= 9/.E HE MIT ! PROCESS BY SAY+ "S?+ L1 8,! F/ /EP 9 ANALYZ+ ! 9T]SEC;N IS TO F9D ! PO9T F : ,I W 2 CROSS+4 ,T M1NS ,I NE$ TO F9D ": ,I W /EP 9TO ! /REET4 ,S1 ,I AM APPROA*+ ! /REET1 B ,I ?9K ,I %D WALK SL[LY & CAUTI\SLY S ,I DON'T MISS ! 5D ( ! CURB ) MY CANE1 "PICUL>LY 9 CASE X IS A BL5D$ CURB4 ,OH1 ,I J FELT MY CANE DROP (F ! SIDEWALK1 S T IS PROBABLY ": ,I W /EP D[N4 ,S9CE ? IS AN UNFAMILI> 9T]SEC;N1 H["E1 ,I W USE MY CANE TO SE>* & MAKE SURE T ,I AM ! CORRECT 4T.E F TWO /REETS 2C ,I WANT TO MAKE SURE ,I AM CROSS+ AT ! 9T]SEC;N & N 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! /REET4 ,I WANT TO MAKE SURE ,I HAV5'T VE]$ OR GOTT5 (F TRACK40 ,! ,O@&,M #HA SPECIALI/ WD 3T9UE MODEL+ H[ TO A#GC ANALYZE ! 9T]SEC;N 9 ? MANN]1 EXPLA9+ ! /EPS Z WELL Z EXPLA9+ 8 ?"\ PROCESS Z HE 3DUCTS EA* /EP4 ,ONCE AG1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ CD MODEL ! SKILL 9 XS 5TIRETY1 OR HE CD PAIR ! MODEL+ ) SCA6OLD+ & USE METACOGNITIVE MODEL+ TO 9TRODUCE A SMALL PIECE ( ! PROCESS & !N ALL[ ! /UD5T TO PRACTICE & MA/] -------------------------------------#GD ! SKILL 2F 9TRODUC+ ! NEXT PIECE ( ! PROCESS4 ,:E!R OR N ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ %D USE SCA6OLD+ DEP5DS ON BO? ! ACTIV;Y & ! /UD5T3 "<#A"> ,"S ACTIVITIES >E SIMPLE & C 2 MODEL$ V QKLY4 "<#B"> ,"S /UD5TS >E ABLE TO TAKE 9 MULTIPLE /EPS ( AN ACTIV;Y AT "O "T4 "<#C"> ,"S ACTIVITIES >E COMPLEX & REQUIRE _M /EPS4 "<#D"> ,"S /UD5TS LE>N BE/ 9 SMALL *UNKS4 ,IF ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS T1*+ ! /UD5T H[ TO GET ACR ! /REET1 HE CD 9DICATE X 0 A#GD A SAFE "T TO CROSS & MODEL WALK+ ACR ! /REET1 & !N TELL ! /UD5T :5 X 0 SAFE & PRACTICE WALK+ ACR ! /REET ) ! /UD5T4 "<#E"> ,"S /UD5TS1 H["E1 MIE A "P ( CROSS+ ! /REET E6ECTIVELY1 HE CD MODEL CROSS+ ! /REET :ILE WALK+ AT AN APPROPRIATE PACE & )\T VE]+ & PRACTICE ! FULL SKILL ) ! /UD5T4 ,ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S %D MAKE ? DET]M9A;N ON ! BASIS ( :AT !Y "K #HC AB _! /UD5TS1 B X IS AL IMPORTANT A#GE = ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ TO EMPLOY FREQU5T ONGO+ ASSESS;T TO MAKE SURE ! PACE IS APPROPRIATE = ! /UD5T & ! /UD5T IS ACTUALLY MA/]+ ! 9=MA;N4 ,PE] MODEL+ ,ANO!R TYPE ( MODEL+ IS PE] MODEL+4 ,"S"TS /UD5TS RESPOND BE/ :5 ! AC;N IS DEMON/RAT$ BY A PE] "<,W]TS1 ,CALDWELL1 @& ,WOL]Y1 #AIIF">4 ,! EXP]I;E ( LE>N+ BY WAT*+ A PE] C 2 BO? MOTIVAT+ = ! /UD5T :O IS LE>N+ & MOTIVAT+ Z WELL Z A GRT REFRE%] = ! /UD5T :O IS S]V+ Z A MODEL4 ,BRA9-BAS$ LE>N+ IS A T]M T M1NS ! T1*+ /RATEGIES 2+ EMPLOY$ >E BAS$ ON SCI5TIFIC RESE>* AB H[ ! BRA9 LE>NS "<,HIDD5 ,CURRICULUM1 #BJAD">4 ,BRA9-BAS$ LE>N+ RESE>* HAS %[N T UP TO #GE.0 ( 9=MA;N IS RETA9$ BY T1*+ ! 9=MA;N TO "S"O ELSE Z OPPOS$ TO APPROXIMATELY #AE.01 : IS -------------------------------------#GF ! AM.T ( 9=MA;N TYPICALLY RETA9$ :5 LI/5+ TO "S"O LECTURE "<,BE]S1 #BJJE">4 ,) /UD5TS :O >E BL1 X IS A#GF IMPORTANT T ! PE] MODEL "U/&S H[ TO MAKE ! 9=MA;N HE IS MODEL+ A3ESSIBLE4 ,IF ! /UD5T :O IS S]V+ Z ! MODEL IS AL BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$1 X IS LIKELY T ! PE] MODEL W H A GD "U/&+ ( H[ TO 3VEY 9=MA;N ! LE>N] C A3ESS2 H["E1 ? %D N 2 ASSUM$4 ,"S RESE>* SU7E/S T /UD5TS :O H AUTISM MAY LE>N M E6ECTIVELY F A VIDEO MODEL R ?AN A LIVE P]SON :O IS MODEL+ "<,BELL9I @& ,AKULLIAN1 #BJJG">4 ,? RESULT MAY 2 OBTA9$ 2C /UD5TS ) AUTISM /RU7LE :5 9T]ACT+ SOCIALLY & H TR\BLE "U/&+ ! PROCESSES ( O!RS4 ,A VIDEO MODEL REFRA9S F JUDG+ OR REACT+ & P]MITS ! LE>N] TO /UDY ! PROCESS REP1T$LY AT ! LE>N]'S PACE4 ,:ILE A VIDEO MODEL MIN$1 B ! PU% BUTTON IS A FEW /EPS AWAY F ! ID1L CROSS+ SPOT AT ? "PICUL> 9T]SEC;N4 ,MS4 ,WALK] "W$ ) ,T]RI ON ! CUES %E WD USE TO QKLY F9D ! ID1L CROSS+ SPOT & L9E UP TO ! 9T]SEC;N AF PU%+ ! BUTTON4 ,S9CE ,T]RI IS FUNC;NALLY BL1 ,MS4 ,WALK] N>RAT$ EA* /EP Z %E P]=M$ X4 ,T]RI HELD ,MS4 ,WALK]'S >M & W5T "? ! MO;NS US+ HUMAN GUIDE TE*NIQUE4 ,MS4 ,WALK] WD WALK UP TO ! 9T]SEC;N & M5;N T %E 0 PAY+ SPECIAL ATT5;N TO ! TRUNCAT$ DOMES4 ,%E !N 9DICAT$ %E WD USE H] CANE TO F9D ! LEFT $GE ( ! TRUNCAT$ DOMES 2C %E KNEW A#GG ! -------------------------------------#GH ,,APS BUTTON 0 TO ! LEFT ( ! TRUNCAT$ DOMES & AB ?REE /EPS BACK F ! CURB4 ,MS4 ,WALK] WD !N WALK OV] TO ! BUTTON4 ,AF ASK+ IF %E CD TAKE ,T]RI'S H&1 ,MS4 ,WALK] WD PU% ! BUTTON US+ H& "U H& TE*NIQUE4 ,!N ,MS4 ,WALK] WD MOVE BACK TO ! CORRECT LOCA;N = ! CROSS+1 EXPLA9+ T %E TURN$ 9 ! DIREC;N ( ! TRUNCAT$ DOMES1 SE>*$ ) H] CANE1 & QKLY MADE SURE %E TOOK ?REE /EPS BACK TO ! $GE ( ! CURB4 ,%E !N DID A QK SWEEP ) H] CANE TO 5SURE %E 0 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! PAT* ( TRUNCAT$ DOMES S9CE ? 0 ! LOCA;N %E _H DET]M9$ 0 ! ID1L PLACE;T = ! CROSS+4 ,%E DID ? S"EAL "TS ) ,T]RI UNTIL ,T]RI DEMON/RAT$ T %E "U/OOD ! TASK & CD P]=M X 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,MS4 ,WALK] AL ?"\ T X CD 2 FUN & RE9=C+ TO LET ,T]RI MODEL H[ TO PU% ! ,,APS BUTTON = H] /UD5T ,MALCOLM4 ,MALCOLM 0 9 K9D]G>T5 & WASN'T CROSS+ /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY YET1 B HE %D LE>N H[ TO PU% ! ,,APS BUTTON4 ,ALL[+ #HG ,T]RI TO MODEL H[ TO PU% ! BUTTON A#GH = ,MALCOLM WD 2 GD PRACTICE = ,T]RI1 & ,MALCOLM WD PROBABLY 5JOY HAV+ ! *.E TO "W ) "O ( ! OLD] -------------------------------------#GI /UD5TS4 ,MS4 ,WALK] MADE A M5TAL NOTE TO SET UP AN 9/RUC;NAL "T = ! JO9T LESSON ! FOLL[+ WEEK4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N1 A T1*+ /RATEGY BAS$ ON A BODY ( RESE>* 3DUCT$ MO/LY 9 ! #AIHJS1 C 2 US$ E6ECTIVELY TO T1* A V>IETY ( SKILLS "<,C>N9E @& ,FLET*]-,JANZ51 #AIGI">4 ,9 ,MC,C>?Y'S "<#BJAE"> SURVEY ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S1 TWO ( ! #BD ,O@&,M SPECIALI/S "<#H.0 ( ! TOTAL GR\P"> 9DICAT$ !Y US$ DIRECT 9/RUC;N4 ,AL? DIRECT 9/RUC;N C 2 US$ TO T1* A WIDE V>IETY ( SKILLS1 ,! ,GOLD ,/&>D 9 ,DIRECT ,9/RUC;N^T APPROA* IS A SPECIFIC MODEL ( 9/RUC;N = T1*+ R1D+ & PHONICS T 0 CR1T$ BY ,SIEGFRI$ ,5GELMANN "<#AIHJ">4 ,9 ? MANUAL1 DIRECT 9/RUC;N IS US$ Z A M G5]IC T]M4 ,DIRECT A#GI 9/RUC;N C 2 V DI6ICULT TO DEF9E1 B "! >E SIX ASPECTS ( DIRECT 9/RUC;N T RESE>*]S WIDELY AGREE >E E6ECTIVE4 ,W9OGRAD & ,H>E "<#AIHH"> LI/ ^! SIX /RATEGIES Z FOLL[S3 #A4 ,/RUCTUR+ ! LE>N+ 9 T]MS ( CLE> ACADEMIC GOALS BROK5 D[N = MAXIMAL 3T5T COV]AGE 9TO MANAG1BLE /EPS "2 #B4 ,BRISK PAC+ & SELEC;N ( SEQU;ED1 /RUCTUR$ MAT]IALS2 -------------------------------------#HJ #C4 ,PROVID+ DETAIL$1 R$UNDANT 9/RUC;NS & EXPLANA;NS ) SU6ICI5T EXAMPLES2 #D4 ,ASK+ _M "QS & (F]+ NUM]\S OV]T ACTIVE PRACTICE OPPORTUNITIES2 #E4 ,GIV+ IMM1 ACADEMICALLY FOCUS$ FE$BACK & CORREC;N1 ESPECIALLY :5 NEW MAT]IAL IS 2+ LE>N$2 #F4 ,ACTIVE MONITOR+ ( /UD5T PROGRESS "<;P4 #ABB">4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N MAKES USE ( BO? #HI MODEL+ & SCA6OLD+ Z T1*+ A#HJ TE*NIQUES4 ,:5 US+ DIRECT 9/RUC;N TE*NIQUES1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ BR1KS D[N ! DI6]5T PIECES ( 9=MA;N 9TO SMALL *UNKS & T1*ES !M 9 A DELIB]ATE ORD]1 (T5 SCA6OLD+ M COMPLEX ID1S ON TOP ( SIMPL] BITS ( 9=MA;N T H ALR BE5 MA/]$4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ EXPLICITLY T1*ES EA* SKILL 9 DETAIL1 (T5 US+ MODEL+4 ,IMMLY AF ! /UD5T HAS LE>N$ ! SKILL1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ ALL[S ! /UD5T "T TO PRACTICE4 ,! /UD5T IS ALL[$ TO PRACTICE ! SKILL UNTIL HE HAS _H ! OPPORTUN;Y TO 5JOY SU3ESS;LLY 5GAG+ 9 ! SKILL MULTIPLE "TS4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MAY USE ! GUID$ PRACTICE TE*NIQUE 4CUSS$ LAT] 9 ? *APT] :ILE ! /UD5T IS PRACTIC+4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N PROVIDES A /RUCTUR$1 SY/EMATIC FRAME"W = T1*+ SPECIFIC SKILLS4 ,IF ! -------------------------------------#HA ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS US+ A DIRECT 9/RUC;N APPROA*1 HE WD LI/ EA* /EP & MODEL EA* /EP = ! /UD5T4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD HELP ! /UD5T P]=M EA* /EP & ASK "QS TO MAKE SURE ! /UD5T A#HA "U/&S EA* /EP T IS 2+ P]=M$4 ,X %D 2 NOT$1 H["E1 T DIRECT 9/RUC;N DOES N L1D TO G5]ALIZA;N UN.S ADDI;NAL COMPON5TS >E ADD$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AN ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ :O IS US+ DIRECT 9/RUC;N & PROMOT+ G5]ALIZA;N1 MIRATE H] DECI.N-MAK+ PROCESS 9 ADDI;N TO MODEL+ EA* /EP4 ,9 TURN1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD REQUIRE ! /UD5T TO LIKEWISE N>RATE 8 DECI.N-MAK+ PROCESS :ILE PRACTIC+ IMMLY AF LE>N+ ! SKILL4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N IS AN E6ECTIVE /RATEGY :5 "W+ "O-ON-"O ) /UD5TS OR 9 SMALL GR\PS & C 2 "PICUL>LY E6ECTIVE ) /UD5TS :O H 9TELLECTUAL 4ABILITIES AL;G ) A VISUAL IMPAIR;T OR = /UD5TS ) HI<-RISK 2HAVIORS4 ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ DIRECT 9/RUC;N ,MS4 ,WALK] 3T9U$ TO "W ) ,ELI ON LESSONS T 9VOLV$ ATT5;N TO NONVISUAL 9=MA;N Z ,ELI PROBLEM SOLV$4 ,ELI MADE M* PROGRESS DUR+ ! PA/ FEW MON?S4 #IA ,ELI 0 V MOTIVAT$ TO TRAVEL B#HA 9DEP5D5TLY TO VISIT 8 FRS :O LIV$ -------------------------------------#HB ON 8 BLOCK4 ,ELI'S P>5TS WAT*$ HM TRAVEL F ! POR* S"EAL "TS2 B N[1 !Y FEEL 3FID5T 5 9 ,ELI'S ABILITIES TO TRAVEL TO ^! FRS' H\SES T !Y ALL[ HM TO D S TOTALLY 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,) 9CR1S$ MOTIVA;N DUR+ ,O@&,M LESSONS1 ,ELI HAS MADE SUB/ANTIAL PROGRESS 9 LE>N+ H[ TO PROBLEM SOLVE :5 4ORI5T$4 ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS PREP>$ ,O@&,M LESSONS T 9CLUDE PROBLEM-SOLV+ SC5>IOS = ,ELI4 ,N[ HE 2COMES 4ORI5T$ M* LESS FREQU5TLY 9 FAMILI> 5VIRON;TS4 ,:5 HE DOES 2COME 4ORI5T$ 9 ^! 5VIRON;TS1 ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS TAUS1 NOSE1 & CANE TO HELP HM PROBLEM SOLVE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 ! S*OOL'S M$IA SPECIALI/ _H MOV$ ALL ! LIBR>Y'S TABLES & %ELVES >.D TO A3OMMODATE ! BOOK FAIR LA/ WEEK1 ,ELI DIDN'T 2COME FRU/RAT$ TRY+ TO F9D ! EXIT TO ! HALLWAY4 ,)\T ANY PROMPT+1 ,ELI /OPP$ MOV+1 TOOK A DEEP BR1?1 & LI/5$ = ": HE HE>D 8 CLASSMATES MOV+ ! A#HB MO/ & GREET+ ,MR4 ,CA/ILLO1 ! M$IA SPECIALI/4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ?9KS T1 ) "S DIRECT 9/RUC;N1 ,ELI C -------------------------------------#HC />T G5]ALIZ+ ^! PROBLEM-SOLV+ SKILLS TO RESID5TIAL 9T]SEC;NS 9 8 HOME NEITS PLANN+ H[ %E W 2G9 9TRODUC+ ^! RESID5TIAL 9T]SEC;NS1 %E EXAM9ES 9T]SEC;NS 9 8 NEIE 3TROLL$ BY /OP SIGNS4 ,OTOE ,/REET IS ! MA9 /REET1 & TRA6IC IS UNCONTROLL$4 ,! SIDE /REETS T CROSS ,OTOE ,/REET1 ,*]OKEE ,/REET1 ,M9TO ,/REET1 & ,PIMA ,/REET1 >E ALL 3TROLL$ ) /OP SIGNS4 ,ALL ! 9T]SEC;NS 9 ! >EA ": ,MS4 ,WALK] WANTS TO 2G9 9/RUC;N >E TWO-WAY /OP 9T]SEC;NS4 ,MS4 ,WALK] "KS T ,ELI IS N R1DY #IC TO USE NONVISUAL CUES 9 LE>N+ A A#HC NEW SKILL4 ,ELI NO L;G] 2COMES TOO FRU/RAT$ TO PROBLEM SOLVE E6ECTIVELY 9 FAMILI> 5VIRON;TS1 B HE / T5DS TO MISS 9=MA;N & 2COME FRU/RAT$ 9 UNFAMILI> 5VIRON;TS4 ,AL? ,MS4 ,WALK] IS "W+ ) ,ELI 9 8 HOME -------------------------------------#HD NEIRIVE AT ! 9T]SEC;N & 2G9 /UDY+ X1 ,MS4 ,WALK] W PROVIDE ,ELI ) ! 9=MA;N %E WANTS HM TO DET]M9E AB ! 9T]SEC;N4 ,%E W 2G9 BY TELL+ ,ELI ! /REET "NS3 ,OTOE ,/REET IS TO _! LEFT1 & !Y W 2 CROSS+ ,M9TO ,/REET1 : IS 9 FRONT ( !M4 ,%E W TELL ,ELI T ,M9TO ,/REET IS 3TROLL$ ) A /OP SIGN4 ,%E W EXPLA9 T M1NS C>S >E ALW SUPPOS$ TO /OP :5 !Y >RIVE AT ! 9T]SEC;N4 ,%E W EXPLA9 T ! C>S ON ,OTOE ,/REET >E N 3TROLL$ & D N H TO /OP4 ,MS4 ,WALK] W ASK ,ELI "QS TO *ECK T HE "U/&S ! 9=MA;N %E IS A#HD DIRECTLY GIV+ HM4 ,%E W N L1D HM TO PROBLEM SOLVE ON 8 [N4 ,MS4 ,WALK] W TELL ,ELI EXACTLY :AT S.DS HE NE$S TO LI/5 = Z HE PREP>ES TO CROSS ! /REET4 ,= 9/.E1 ,MS4 ,WALK] MIALLEL TRA6IC4 ,MS4 ,WALK] W %[ ,ELI EXACTLY ": ! P>ALLEL TRA6IC IS & TELL HM EA* -------------------------------------#HE "T %E HE>S A VEHICLE T IS TRAVEL+ P>ALLEL TO !M PASS4 ,AT ? PO9T1 %E W N ASK ,ELI TO 9DEP5D5TLY ID5TIFY P>ALLEL TRA6IC4 ,MS4 ,WALK] IS 2+ C>E;L TO DIRECTLY GIVE ,ELI ALL ( ! 9=MA;N HE NE$S = EA* /EP ( ! CROSS+4 ,ELI'S JOB 9 ? LESSON W 2 TO LI/5 TO ,MS4 ,WALK]1 FOLL[ H] 9/RUC;NS1 & ASK "QS IF HE DOES N "U/&4 ,MS4 ,WALK] W N ALW USE A DIRECT 9/RUC;N APPROA* ) ,ELI AT ? OR O!R 9T]SEC;NS4 ,S9CE ,ELI IS S* A SM>T /UD5T1 HE WD PROBABLY 2COME BOR$ R QKLY IF ,MS4 ,WALK] ALW US$ ? APPROA*4 ,H["E1 ! DIRECT 9/RUC;N APPROA* US$ DUR+ ! F/ LESSON OR TWO W HELP ,ELI N #IE TO 2COME 3FUS$1 FRU/RAT$1 OR A#HE /RESS$4 ,MS4 ,WALK] IS CR1T+ A SAFE 5VIRON;T = ,ELI TO 2G9 LE>N+ ? NEW SKILL4 ,GUID$ PRACTICE & COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE ,GUID$ PRACTICE IS A T1*+ /RATEGY T ALL[S A /UD5T LESS AUTONOMY B AL R$UCES ! *.ES T ! /UD5T W FAIL :ILE PRACTIC+4 ,"P ( ! LOGIC 2H GUID$ PRACTICE IS T P]FECT PRACTICE MAKES P]FECT2 H["E1 PRACTIC+ -------------------------------------#HF A SKILL 9DEP5D5TLY B 9CORRECTLY C CR1TE BAD HABITS4 ,GUID$ PRACTICE ALL[S AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ TO C>E;LLY OBS]VE H[ M* PROGRESS A /UD5T IS MAK+ & C PREV5T /UD5T FRU/RA;N4 ,"! >E S"EAL WAYS T GUID$ PRACTICE C 2 IMPLE;T$ 9 T1*+ /REET CROSS+4 ,"O EXAMPLE IS :5 AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ TE!RS ! /UD5T'S CANE TO 8 CANE :5 T1*+ SKILLS S* Z H[ TO MA9TA9 A PROP] >C OR RHY?M ) TWO PO9T T\* OR 3/ANT 3TACT4 ,IF ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ IS A#HF T1*+ ! /UD5T H[ TO F9D ! CURB ( ORIG9A;N & H[ TO D A SWEEP TO MAKE SURE ! >EA ": ! /UD5T W 2 /EPP+ 9ITIALLY IS CLE>1 HE MI4 ,? IS AN EXAMPLE ( PRACTICE T IS TRULY GUID$ R ?AN 9DEP5D5T PRACTICE1 : IS OBS]V$4 ,COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE IS AN 9T]M$I>Y /EP 2T GUID$ PRACTICE & 9DEP5D5T PRACTICE4 ,COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE IS N POSSIBLE :5 "W+ ) A /UD5T "O-ON-"O B IS A GRT WAY TO 5C\RAGE PROBLEM SOLV+ & PRACTICE :5 "W+ ) /UD5TS 9 A SMALL GR\P4 ,2F /UD5TS >E GIV5 "T = COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE1 !Y H BE5 TAUN+ ! SKILL4 ,DUR+ COLLABORATIVE PRACTICE1 ! /UD5TS ANALYZE EA* O!R'S "W & (F] SU7ES;NS4 ,? C 2 A V POSITIVE & RE9=C+ EXP]I;E Z L;G Z ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ HAS BUILT A LE>N+ CULTURE ": /UD5TS FEEL COM=TABLE HAV+ A DIALOGUE AB 3CEPTS & SKILLS )\T FE> ( REPROA* OR %AME = "S"TS 2+ 9CORRECT4 B#HG -------------------------------------#HH ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ GUID$ PRACTICE ,Z ,MS4 ,WALK] 2G9S T1*+ ,ELI TO CROSS /REETS ) V LL TRA6IC 9 8 HOME NEIN+ TO CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY1 ,ELI "S"TS WALKS SL[LY & CAUTI\SLY 9 NEW SITUA;NS 2C HE HAS /RU7L$ ) 2COM+ 4ORI5T$4 ,MS4 ,WALK] DOESN'T WANT ,ELI TO 2G9 CROSS+ ! /REET BY VE]+ OR WALK+ SL[LY4 ,%E IS 3C]N$ T ,ELI W DEVELOP A HABIT ( WALK+ TOO SL[LY :5 CROSS+ ! /REET4 ,:ILE CAU;N IS GD1 2+ \ 9 ! /REET = TOO L;G IS N SAFE4 ,%E IS AL 3C]N$ T IF ,ELI VE]S & DOES N R1* ! OPPOSITE CURB "R AWAY1 HE W 2COME 4ORI5T$ & FRU/RAT$4 ,TO ALLEVIATE ^! 3C]NS1 ,MS4 ,WALK] DECIDES T EV5 ?\< %E IS T1*+ ,ELI TO CROSS ! /REET 9DEP5D5TLY1 %E W USE GUID$ PRACTICE DUR+ ! F/ FEW TRIALS ( EA* SES.N4 ,MS4 #II ,WALK] W ALL[ ,ELI TO MAKE ! 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"W ( ,PIAGET & 3/RUCTIVI/S (T53 #A4 ,ALL[ /UD5TS TO LE>N BY TAK+ AN ACTIVE ROLE 9 LE>N+ & SEEK+ SOLU;NS = !MVS2 #B4 ,SEE !MVS Z FACILITATORS ( LE>N+ Z OPPOS$ TO 9DIVIDUALS :O PROVIDE DIRECT 9/RUC;N2 #C4 ,DEEPLY 3SID] ! /UD5TS' BASEL9E K1 PA/ EXP]I;ES1 & ABIL;Y -------------------------------------#IA LEVEL :5 X COMES TO ?9K+ & PROCESS+ K "<: IS (T5 DEVELOP;TALLY DET]M9$">2 #D4 ,USE DIAGNO/IC T1*+ /RATEGIES,-!Y 3/ANTLY & 9=MALLY ASSESS /UD5TS 9 ORD] TO *ECK ! /UD5T'S "U/&+1 DET]M9E IF "! >E GAPS 9 LE>N+ & P9PO9T :5 ! /UD5T IS R1DY TO MOVE ON TO ! NEXT TOPIC2 #E4 ,*OOSE & DESIGN $UCA;NAL SETT+S : ALL[ /UD5TS TO EXPLORE & 4COV] "<,SANTROCK1 #BJJI">4 A#IA ,TWO P$AGOGICAL /RATEGIES BAS$ ON 3/RUCTIVI/ PHILOSOPHY,-,PROBLEM-,SOLV+ & ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y,->E 4CUSS$ ON ! FOLL[+ PAGES4 ,T1*+ "? PROBLEM SOLV+ ,"S"TS /UD5TS B5EFIT F DIRECT 9/RUC;N4 ,:5 A SKILL T IS 2+ TAUN M QKLY & >E M MOTIVAT$ TO LE>N :5 !Y LE>N "? PROBLEM SOLV+4 ,/REET CROSS+ IS BO? A DANG]\S & COMPLEX SKILL1 S PROBLEM SOLV+ AL"O W (T5 N 2 AN APPROPRIATE -------------------------------------#IB T1*+ /RATEGY4 ,H["E1 COMPON5TS ( /REET CROSS+ OR /UD5T ]RORS MIE P]MITT$ TO TAKE ! "T TO USE _! S5SES & #AJC EXP]I;ES TO 3/RUCT AN "U/&+ ( ! A#IB TASK OR SKILL AT H&4 ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y ,AL? ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y ,CANE ,TRAVEL "<,,SDCT">^T IS "S"TS 3SID]$ A HIE US$ Z A "P ( /RUCTUR$ 4COV]Y " OR ! LEVEL ( VI.N ( ! 9/RUCTOR " ?AN ! ACTUAL PHILOSOPHICAL F.DA;NS ( ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y4 ,! AU?OR ( ? MANUAL POSITS T _M $UCATORS AGREE ) & (T5 USE ! PHILOSOPHY T "ULIES /RUCTUR$ 4COV]Y DEP5D+ ON ! /UD5T1 ! 5VIRON;T1 & ! TASK4 ,AL? MO/ ( ! LIT]ATURE AB ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y DOES N USE ! T]M 3/RUCTIVI/1 X IS ESS5TIALLY A 3/RUCTIVI/ APPROA* TO T1*+4 ,"S 9/RUCTORS 2LIEVE T X IS ! MO/ APPROPRIATE /RATEGY = T1*+ C]TA9 TYPES ( 9DIVIDUALS ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SKILLS4 ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y IS A /RATEGY : RELIES ON PROBLEM SOLV+ M* M ?AN X RELIES ON DIRECT 9/RUC;N4 ,A TYPICAL LESSON B#IB US+ A ,/RUCTUR$ -------------------------------------#IC ,4COV]Y APPROA* WD 2G9 ) ! T1*] SU7E/+ A TASK = ! /UD5T TO COMPLETE T IS APPROPRIATE = ! /UD5T'S LE>N+ LEVEL4 ,! ME?OD IS /RUCTUR$ 9 ! S5SE T AN 9/RUCTOR WD N"E TELL A /UD5T1 8,TD1 ,I'D L Y TO EXPLORE CROSS+ /REETS4 ,:Y DON'T Y GIVE X A %OT80 ,! 9/RUCTOR1 R1 WD *OOSE AN 9T]SEC;N T 0 APPROPRIATE = A /UD5T :O 0 J 2G9N+ TO LE>N TO CROSS /REETS & !N L1D ! /UD5T "? A L9E ( 9QUIRY "<,MAUR]1 ,BELL1 ,WOODS1 @& ,ALL51 #BJJF">4 ,! 9/RUCTOR MIY A#IC 9T]V5;N IS TO 5C\RAGE ! /UD5T TO ?9K AB ! SITUA;N M DEEPLY OR M APPROPRIATELY4 ,! 9/RUCTOR WD AL 9T]V5E IF ! SITUA;N 2COMES UNSAFE4 ,IF ! /UD5T ATTEMPT$ TO USE SKILLS T 7 TOO ADV.ED1 ! 9/RUCTOR CD 9T]V5E & R$IRECT ! /UD5T4 ,ANO!R KEY F1TURE ( ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y IS T -------------------------------------#ID /R;G EMPHASIS IS PLAC$ ON 9T]NAL MOTIVA;N R ?AN EXT]NAL MOTIVA;N4 ,! RE9=CE;T /RATEGIES T >E 4CUSS$ Z "P ( A 2HAVIORAL APPROA* >E EXAMPLES ( EXT]NAL MOTIVA;N4 ,! /UD5T IS SEEK+ ! 9/RUCTOR'S APPROVAL & PRAISE4 ,GRADES >E AL EXT]NAL MOTIVATORS4 ,/UD5TS :O >E ALW /RIV+ TO GET AN ,A 9 "EY?+ >E P]=M.E-BAS$ LE>N]S4 ,^! /UD5TS >E MOTIVAT$ BY ! EXT]NAL REW>D ( AN ,A4 ,? IS AL ! CASE IF A /UD5T IS "W+ = A TANGIBLE REW>D1 S* Z A PIZZA "PY OR M "T ON ! COMPUT]4 ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y PLACES M EMPHASIS ON ! SATISFAC;N A /UD5T GETS F "K+ HE HAS TRULY MA/]$ A SKILL4 ,! 9/RUCTOR R>ELY PROVIDES PRAISE TO ! /UD5T4 ,R1 ! A#ID 9/RUCTOR HELPS ! /UD5T TO RECOGNIZE 8 A3OMPLI%;TS "<,ALTMAN @& ,CUTT]1 #BJJD">4 ,/UD5TS :O >E 9T]NALLY MOTIVAT$ "? ! SELF-SATISFAC;N !Y RCV BY "K+ A SKILL HAS BE5 MA/]$ >E 3SID]$ MA/]Y-BAS$ LE>N]S4 ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ ,3/RUCTIVI/ /RATEGIES ,Z ,MS4 ,WALK] PLANS ,ELI'S NEXT ,O@&,M LESSON1 %E REVIEWS H] ASSESS;T NOTES DOCU;T+ 8 PROGRESS 9 /REET CROSS+4 ,DUR+ ,ELI'S PREVI\S TWO LESSONS1 HE HAS WALK$ AN EI R\TE "? 8 NEIALLEL /REET & ! S.D ( *N PLAY+ #AJG AT RECESS 9 ! NEIY A#IE S*OOL"> TO REORI5T HMF4 ,MS4 ,WALK]'S ASSESS;T RECORD 9DICATES TO H] T ,ELI IS R1DY TO USE ^! SKILLS TO CROSS A SIMIL>1 B UNFAMILI>1 9T]SEC;N4 ,MS4 ,WALK] LOCATES AN 9T]SEC;N SIMIL> TO ^? 9 ,ELI'S NEID5IA1 ,TULIP1 ,ROSE1 & ,LILLY,->E 3TROLL$ BY /OP SIGNS4 ,^! /REETS H TWO LANES & A P>K+ LANE1 J L ! /REETS T ,ELI HAS SU3ESS;LLY LE>N$ TO CROSS 9 8 NEIEA W POSE NO UNFAMILI> PROBLEMS = ,ELI1 ,MS4 ,WALK] PLANS H[ %E W HELP HM USE SKILLS HE HAS ALR LE>N$ TO CROSS SIDE /REETS 9 ? NEW >EA4 ,MS4 ,WALK] 2G9S ! LESSON ) ,ELI4 8,WELL1 -------------------------------------#IF ,ELI1 Y SEEM TO H ! CROSS+S WE'VE BE5 PRACTIC+ D[N PAT4 ,I ?9K Y'RE R1DY = A NEW *ALL5GE4 ,D Y FEEL R1DY TO TRY "S?+ NEW80 ,ELI NODS 8 H1D 5?USIA/ICALLY & TELLS ,MS4 ,WALK] T S9CE HE LE>N$ A#IF ! O!R CROSS+S S QKLY1 HE "KS HE C LE>N ! NEW "O Z WELL4 ,MS4 ,WALK] SETS ! /AGE = ,ELI4 8,WE >E AT A NEW 9T]SEC;N4 ,I'VE N"E ASK$ Y TO CROSS ? /REET 2F1 B ? 9T]SEC;N IS A LOT L ! 9T]SEC;NS ": Y H BE5 PRACTIC+ CROSS+ ! /REET4 ,Y'RE /&+ AT ! 9T]SEC;N ( ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE & ,G>D5IA ,/REET4 ,: /REET IS P>ALLEL TO Y80 ,ELI LI/5S TO ! TRA6IC = A FEW M9UTES & !N SAYS HE ?9KS ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE IS P>ALLEL TO HM ON 8 LEFT1 & HE W 2 CROSS+ ,G>D5IA ,/REET4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ASKS1 8,:Y D Y ?9K T80 ,ELI SAYS T F ! 9T]SEC;NS HE CROSS$ LA/ WEEK1 HE "KS T ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE HAS A LOT ( TRA6IC4 ,ELI SAYS T :5 HE LI/5$1 HE HE>D LOTS ( C>S ON ! P>ALLEL /REET TO 8 LEFT & HE ONLY HE>D "O C> ON ! P]P5DICUL> /REET T HE IS FAC+4 ,MS4 ,WALK] 3FIRMS T ,ELI IS CORRECT3 ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE IS TO ,ELI'S LEFT1 & HE IS FAC+ ,G>D5IA ,/REET4 ,!N ,MS4 ,WALK] ASKS1 8,DID Y NOTICE ANY?+ SPECIAL AB #AJI ! "O C> Y HE>D ON ,G>D5IA ,/REET80 #IG ,ELI SAYS HE HE>D ! C> /OP & !N />T DRIV+ AG4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ASKS1 8,:Y D Y ?9K ! C> T 0 DRIV+ ON ,G>D5IA ,/REET /OPP$ & />T$ AG80 ,ELI SAYS T ! C> PROBABLY /OPP$ 2C "! 0 A /OP SIGN4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ASKS ,ELI :Y HE ?9KS X 0 A /OP SIGN R ?AN A TRA6IC LID5IA ,/REET HAS A /OP SIGN 9/1D ( A TRA6IC LI TO ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE >E 3TROLL$ ) /OP SIGNS1 X DOES N M1N T ALL ! /REETS P]P5DICUL> TO ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE >E 3TROLL$ ) /OP SIGNS4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ASKS ,ELI H[ HE C FIGURE \ IF ! 9T]SEC;N IS 3TROLL$ BY A /OP SIGN OR A TRA6IC LI* = A /OP SIGN ) 8 CANE4 ,MS4 ,WALK] AGREES T IS "O OP;N1 B %E ASKS ,ELI IF HE C ?9K ( ANO!R OP;N T MIS TRAVEL+ AL;G ,G>D5IA ,/REET /OP & !N CROSS ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE4 ,MS4 ,WALK] IS PATI5T & ALL[S ,ELI A#IG PL5TY ( "T TO ?9K AB ! "Q4 ,%E HAS -------------------------------------#IH MADE SURE T ,ELI ALW "KS HE C ASK = A H9T4 ,S9CE ,ELI HASN'T ASK$ = A H9T1 ,MS4 ,WALK] SIMPLY WAITS :ILE ,ELI ?9KS4 ,SUDD5LY1 ,ELI'S FACE LID5IA ,/REET IS PROBABLY 3TROLL$ BY /OP SIGNS 2C ! TRA6IC ON ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE N"E /OPS4 ,IF ,G>D5IA ,/REET _H A TRA6IC LI A C> T IS DRIV+ ON ,G>D5IA ,/REET DRIVE ACR ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE1 :AT D Y HE> ! C>S ON ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE DO+80 ,ELI SAYS1 8,:5 ,I HE> A C> ON ,G>D5IA ,/REET DRIVE ACR ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE1 ,I D N HE> ANY C>S ON ,WA%+TON ,AVE4 ,IF "! 7 TRA6IC LI C>S IDL+ ON ,WA%+TON ,AV5UE :ILE ! C> ON ,G>D5IA ,/REET DROVE ACR ,WA%+TON40 #AAA ,2HAVIORAL /RATEGIES A#IH ,! 2HAVIORAL /RATEGIES TO 2 4CUSS$ 9CLUDE ! FOLL[+3 _4 ,RE9=CE;T _9 ,POSITIVE RE9=CE;T -------------------------------------#II _9 ,NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T _9 ,COMPON5TS ( SU3ESS;L RE9=CE;T _4 ,=W>D & BACKW>D *A9+ _4 ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E ,2HAVIORAL /RATEGIES USUALLY REF] TO ! /RATEGIES EMPLOY$ Z A "P ( APPLI$ 2HAVIORAL ANALYSIS "<,,ABA">4 ,,ABA IS (T5 ?"\ ( Z A WAY TO ADDRESS PROBLEMATIC 2HAVIORS1 B ,,ABA C AL 2 USE;L = T1*+ NEW SKILLS4 ,"O /UDY T US$ 2HAVIORAL SKILLS TRA9+ "<,,B/"> TO T1* 9DIVIDUALS ) DEVELOP;TAL 4ABILITIES TO CROSS /REETS FOCUS$ ON ! ASPECTS ( 9/RUC;N T 7 MO/ E6ECTIVE "<,GOLDSMI?1 #BJJH">4 ,! F\R COMPON5TS ( ,,B/ T 7 /UDI$ 7 9/RUC;N1 MODEL+1 REHE>SAL1 & FE$BACK4 ,! /UD5TS :O "PICIPAT$ 9 ! /UDY LE>N$ A A#II SKILL RELAT$ TO /REET CROSS+ 9 PHASES4 ,EA* PHASE EMPHASIZ$ "O ( ! F\R COMPON5TS ( 9/RUC;N4 ,! RESULTS 9DICAT$ T EA* COMPON5T 0 EQUALLY IMPORTANT4 ,EA* /UD5T LE>N$ ! NEW SKILL REG>D.S ( : COMPON5T ( 9/RUC;N 0 EMPHASIZ$4 ,! PRIM>Y DI6];E 0 ! AM.T ( "T X TOOK = ! /UD5T TO LE>N ! SKILL 9 ! DI6]5T PHASES4 ,! PHASE T 0 MO/ E6ICI5T = EA* /UD5T DEP5D$ ON ! 9DIVIDUAL /UD5T4 ,AL? ^! RESULTS D N HELP ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S *OOSE ! /RATEGY !Y W USE ) _! /UD5TS1 ! RESULTS 9DICATE T DIRECT 9/RUC;N1 MODEL+1 ------------------------------------#AJJ REHE>S+1 & PROVID+ FE$BACK >E ALL E6ECTIVE WAYS TO T1*4 ,X IS PROBABLY BE/ TO USE ^! /RATEGIES 9 T&EM1 B ^! RESULTS AL DEMON/RATE T T1*+ IS AN >T4 ,X IS IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] T DIV]G5T /RATEGIES W 2 M E6ECTIVE ) 4SIMIL> /UD5TS & :5 T1*+ DI6]5T SKILLS4 ,? IS ANO!R R1SON :Y EA* ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ NE$S A TOOLBOX FILL$ ) A V>IETY ( 9/RUC;NAL #AAC /RATEGIES4 A#AJJ ,RE9=CE;T ,TWO TYPES ( RE9=CE;T >E US$ 9 A 2HAVIORAL APPROA* TO T1*+1 POSITIVE RE9=CE;T & NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T4 ,POSITIVE RE9=CE;T IS US$ M (T5 9 T1*+ SKILLS S* Z /REET CROSS+4 ,NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T C 2 US$ TO T1* SKILLS S* Z /REET CROSS+ B IS (T5 3FUS$ ) PUNI%;T4 ,POSITIVE RE9=CE;T ,POSITIVE RE9=CE;T 9VOLVES PROVID+ A /UD5T ) A REW>D = A DESIR$ 2HAVIOR4 ,! REW>D CD 2 9 ! =M ( PRAISE OR ATT5;N3 8,Y REMEMB]$ TO SWEEP ! >EA 2L ! CURB ) YR CANE6 ,T W R1LLY HELP Y /AY SAFE4 ,NICE "W60 ,! REW>D CD AL 2 A TANGIBLE ITEM4 ,= 9/.E1 IF A /UD5T HAS TR\BLE WAIT+ = A SAFE "T TO CROSS1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ MID 2C ( 9CR1S$ /UD5T ALL]GIES & 3C]NS A#AJA AB OBES;Y 9 *N4 ,A SYMBOLIC SY/EM C AL 2 US$ = POSITIVE RE9=CE;T4 ,9 A SYMBOLIC SY/EM1 A /UD5T MIK OR A /ICK] EA* "T ! /UD5T P]=MS ! 2HAVIOR CORRECTLY4 ,:5 ! /UD5T E>NS A PRESET NUMB] ( TALLY M>KS OR /ICK]S1 ! /UD5T GETS A REW>D4 ,= 9/.E1 IF A /UD5T FREQU5TLY =GETS TO BR+ 8 CANE TO S*OOL1 ! T1*] MID F ! 8TR1SURE *E/40 ,2F US+ SYMBOLIC RE9=CE;T1 X IS IMPORTANT TO MAKE SURE T ! /UD5T HAS SYMBOLIC "U/&+4 ,IF ! /UD5T DOES N "U/& T EA* /ICK] REPRES5TS 8 PROGRESS T[>D A REW>D1 ! SY/EM W N 2 V MOTIVAT+ & ! /UD5T WD 2 BETT] S]V$ BY RCVG A SMALL] REW>D DIRECTLY FOLL[+ ! CORRECTLY P]=M$ 2HAVIOR4 ,POSITIVE RE9=CE;T DOES N ALW H TO 2 A TANGIBLE REW>D4 ,SPECIFIC FE$BACK C 2 A =M ( POSITIVE RE9=CE;T4 ,"S EVID;E SU7E/S T FE$BACK MAY 2 A VITAL "P #AAE ( 9/RUC;N "<,MILL] ET ;AL41 B#AJA #BJJD2 ,Y1TON @& ,BAILEY1 #AIHC">4 ,FE$BACK C 2 PROVID$ BY A V>IETY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 9CLUD+ T1*]S1 RESE>*]S1 & P>5TS4 ,PE]S AL H BE5 SU3ESS;L AT PROVID+ 9T]V5;NS1 B H ------------------------------------#AJB BE5 MO/ SU3ESS;L :5 GUID$ BY AN ADULT "<,TOLMIE ET ;AL41 #BJJE">4 ,NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T ,(T5 P >E 3FUS$ AB :AT NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T 5TAILS4 ,S9CE POSITIVE RE9=CE;T M1NS PROVID+ ! LE>N] ) "S?+ DESIRABLE = CORRECTLY DEMON/RAT+ A 2HAVIOR1 _M P ?9K NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T 9VOLVES PROVID+ ! LE>N] ) "S?+ UNDESIRABLE = FAIL+ TO CORRECTLY DEMON/RATE A 2HAVIOR4 ,H["E1 ? IS ACTUALLY PUNI%;T1 N NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T4 ,RESE>* SU7E/S T PUNI%;T IS ACTUALLY N V E6ECTIVE 9 T1*+ "<,AXELROD1 #BJAC">4 ,NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T 9VOLVES REW>D+ A /UD5T BY TAK+ AWAY "S?+ UNDESIRABLE = CORRECTLY DEMON/RAT+ A 2HAVIOR4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF A /UD5T IS LE>N+ TO A#AJB CROSS ! /REET1 B WANTS TO 2 M 9DEP5D5T & R1LLY 4LIKES HAV+ ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ WALK "R NEXT TO HM1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MI!R F ! /UD5T4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ IS US+ NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T 2C HE REW>DS ! /UD5T = EA* CORRECT CROSS+ BY REMOV+ 8 UNDESIRABLE PROXIM;Y BY "O /EP4 ------------------------------------#AJC ,COMPON5TS ( SU3ESS;L RE9=CE;T ,2F POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE RE9=CE;T C 2 E6ECTIVE1 A FEW ASPECTS ( RE9=CE;T NE$ TO 2 3SID]$3 ! S*$ULE ( RE9=CE;T & 9DIVIDUALIZ+ RE9=CE;T = ! LE>N]4 ,EA* ASPECT IS 4CUSS$ "H4 ,! RE9=CE;T S*$ULE REF]S TO H[ (T5 & "U :AT CIRCUM/.ES RE9=CE;T IS PROVID$4 ,RE9=CE;T C 2 3T9U\S1 M1N+ ! /UD5T IS RE9=C$ EA* "T HE 5GAGES 9 ! 2HAVIOR CORRECTLY1 OR A "PIAL RE9=CE;T #AAG S*$ULE C 2 US$4 ,:5 A "PIAL A#AJC RE9=CE;T S*$ULE IS US$1 ! /UD5T RCVS RE9=CE;T "S"TS :5 A 2HAVIOR IS P]=M$ CORRECTLY B N ALW4 ,A "PIAL RE9=CE;T S*$ULE C 2 ON A FIX$-RATIO S*$ULE ": A /UD5T RCVS RE9=CE;T AF A SPECIFIC NUMB] ( CORRECT RESPONSES4 ,= 9/.E1 IF ! /UD5T IS LI/5+ TO TRA6IC & ID5TIFY+ GAPS 9 : X WD 2 SAFE TO CROSS1 ! /UD5T CD RCV PRAISE EA* "T ! /UD5T ID5TIFIES A SAFE GAP CORRECTLY "<3T9U\S RE9=CE;T"> OR ! /UD5T MI4 ,"PIAL RE9=CE;T MI TRA6IC ON A BUSY /REET OR :5 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ ------------------------------------#AJD IS TRY+ TO FADE1 OR R$UCE1 ! FREQU5CY ( RE9=CE;T UNTIL ! /UD5T NO L;G] SEEKS ! EXT]NAL MOTIVA;N ( REW>DS F ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/">4 ,"PIAL RE9=CE;T C AL 2 PROVID$ ON A FIX$-9T]VAL S*$ULE4 ,:5 A FIX$-9T]VAL S*$ULE IS US$1 ! /UD5T RCVS A#AJD RE9=CE;T :5 ! /UD5T 5GAGES 9 A DESIR$ 2HAVIOR CORRECTLY = A SPECIFIC P]IOD ( "T4 ,= 9/.E1 IF A /UD5T T5DS TO WALK ACR ! /REET TOO SL[LY & ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ IS PRACTIC+ WALK+ AT AN 9CR1S$ PACE ) ! /UD5T1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ MILY1 VE]+ OR >C WID? CD 2 ADDRESS$ ) A FIX$-9T]VAL S*$ULE4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ CD SET A SPECIFIC AM.T ( "T1 & ! /UD5T WD RCV RE9=CE;T :5"E HE WALK$ )\T VE]+ OR MA9TA9$ A PROP] >C WID? = ! ALLOTT$ AM.T ( "T4 ,IF ! /UD5T VE]$ OR R$UC$ ! >C WID? DUR+ ! 9T]VAL1 NO RE9=CE;T WD 2 GIV5 AT ! 5D ( ! PRESET 9T]VAL4 ,DEVICES S* Z ! ,MOTIV,AID]^R >E SPECIFICALLY DESIGN$ TO PROVIDE A NOTIFICA;N ON A SET S*$ULE "<: CD 2 ANY?+ F A FEW SECONDS TO _M M9UTES"> TO KEEP TRACK ( :5 RE9=CE;T NE$S TO 2 DELIV]$2 H["E1 /OPWAT*ES & SM>T PH"O APPS N[ PROVIDE SIMIL> CAPABILITIES AT A L[] CO/4 #AAI ,9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T IS N #AJE PROVID$ = A SET RATIO ( CORRECT 2HAVIORS OR A SET "T 9T]VAL4 ,:5 9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T IS US$1 ! /UD5T R1LLY DOES N "K :5 HE W RCV RE9=CE;T4 ,"S"TS ! /UD5T W RCV RE9=CE;T = P]=M+ A 2HAVIOR CORRECTLY1 & "S"TS ! /UD5T W N4 ,9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T %D 2 US$ DELIB]ATELY & ) CAU;N4 ,MO/ RESE>* FOCUSES ON 9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T 9 ! S5SE T :5 RE9=CE;T = AN UNDESIRABLE 2HAVIOR IS N PROVID$ ON A 3SI/5T S*$ULE1 ! UNDESIRABLE 2HAVIOR IS V DI6ICULT TO 5D "<,MAC,DONALD1 ,AHE>N1 ,P>RY-,CRUWYS1 ,BANCR(T1 @& ,DUBE1 #BJAC">4 ,3SID] A /UD5T 9 AN 9CLUSIVE SETT+ :O LIKES GETT+ ATT5;N F 8 CLASSROOM T1*]4 ,:5"E ? /UD5T BANGS 8 CANE L\DLY ON ! FLOOR 9 ! HALLWAY1 ! T1*] APPROA*ES HM1 PLACES 8 H& ON ! /UD5T'S %\LD]1 & TALKS TO HM4 ,R1LIZ+ T HE IS PROVID+ POSITIVE RE9=CE;T :5 ! /UD5T BANGS 8 CANE1 ! CLASSROOM T1*] MIE "U/&ABLE2 B !Y >E AL ACT+ Z AN 9T]MITT5T RE9=C]4 ,2C ! /UD5T IS RCVG 9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T = BANG+ 8 CANE1 X IS UNLIKELY T HE W /OP BANG+ 8 CANE ALT4 ,9 FACT1 9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T C 2 ! /R;GE/ TYPE ( RE9=CE;T 2C ! /UD5T N"E "KS :5 ! RE9=CE;T IS COM+ "<,MAC,DONALD ET ;AL41 #BJAC">4 ,? IS :Y 9T]MITT5T RE9=CE;T %D 2 US$ CAUTI\SLY & DELIB]ATELY R ?AN Z A =M ( SLOPPY 3T9U\S OR "PIAL RE9=CE;T4 ,9 ADDI;N TO 3SID]+ ! S*$ULE ( RE9=CE;T1 X IS AL IMPORTANT TO 9DIVIDUALIZE ! RE9=C] = ! LE>N]4 #ABA ,A /UD5T :O ACTIVELY SEEKS & A#AJF VALUES ! APPROVAL ( T1*]S W PROBABLY 2 LESS MOTIVAT$ BY A PIECE ( C&Y ?AN BY SPECIFIC PRAISE F A T1*] Z A REW>D4 ,3V]SELY1 A /UD5T :O PLACES LL VALUE 9 ! T1*]'S OP9ION MIN+ #E M9UTES ( "T TO PLAY ON ! MONKEY B>S 2F RETURN+ TO CLASS4 ------------------------------------#AJG ,VIGNETTE3 ,US+ RE9=CE;T ,MALCOLM HAS BE5 ON ,MS4 ,WALK]'S M9D A LOT LATELY4 ,AL? HE IS / N R1DY TO />T CROSS+ /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY YET1 ,MS4 ,WALK] FREQU5TLY HAS ,MALCOLM PRACTICE *OOS+ ! "T :5 !Y W CROSS ! /REET TGR BY SAY+1 8,N[40 ,S9CE ,MALCOLM'S FUNC;NAL VI.N ALL[S HM TO SEE MO/ ITEMS T >E NE> & L>GE OBJECTS AT A 4T.E1 HE PRIM>ILY MAKES 8 DECI.N AB :5 TO CROSS ! /REET US+ 8 VI.N4 ,MALCOLM USES AUDITORY CUES TO SUPPORT ! DECI.NS HE MAKES ) 8 VI.N4 ,MALCOLM HAS A R$UC$ VISUAL FIELD 9 8 LEFT EYE4 ,AL? ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS TAUS T >E TO 8 LEFT 2C HE DOES N TURN 8 H1D F> 5 TO MAKE UP = ! FIELD DEFICIT4 ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS ASK$ ,MALCOLM TO TURN 8 H1D S F> TO 8 LEFT T 8 *9 TAPS 8 %\LD] :5 HE IS LOOK+ = C>S4 ,%E WANTS TO RE9=CE ? 2HAVIOR S X W 2COME A HABIT = ,MALCOLM4 ,MALCOLM IS "Y1 S ,MS4 ,WALK] WANTS TO MAKE SURE %E (F]S RE9=CE;T IMMLY4 ,A TANGIBLE REW>D S* Z A /ICK] OR A ------------------------------------#AJH PIECE ( C&Y WD 9T]F]E ) ! TASK AT H&4 ,P]H M IMPORTANTLY1 ,MALCOLM WANTS TO PL1SE ! ADULTS 9 8 LIFE4 ,MALCOLM IS V MOTIVAT$ BY ATT5;N F 8 T1*]S4 ,MS4 ,WALK] DECIDES TO PROVIDE SPECIFIC PRAISE TO ,MALCOLM :5 HE REMEMB]S TO TURN 8 H1D TO ! LEFT S F> 8 *9 T\*ES 8 %\LD]4 ,MS4 ,WALK] W KEEP DATA TO MAKE SURE ! PRAISE %E GIVES IS MAK+ A DI6];E4 ,MS4 ,WALK] & ,MALCOLM >E WALK+ "O ( _! USUAL R\TES4 ,:5 !Y GET TO ! #ABC F/ 9T]SEC;N1 ,MS4 ,WALK] REM9DS A#AJH ,MALCOLM T HE %DN'T TRY TO CROSS ! 9T]SEC;N AL"O1 B HE %D 9DICATE :5 ! "T IS "R BY LOOK+1 LEFT1 "R1 & LEFT Z WELL Z LI/5+ TO TRA6IC4 ,MS4 ,WALK] REM9DS ,MALCOLM T HE NE$S TO TURN 8 H1D ALL ! WAY TO ! LEFT UNTIL 8 *9 T\*ES 8 %\LD] TO MAKE SURE HE DOES N MISS ANY?+4 ,MALCOLM LOOKS TO ! LEFT1 & HE TURNS 8 H1D FULLY4 ,MS4 ,WALK] SAYS1 8,HOT DOG6 ,T'S A GRT H1D TURN60 ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS FILL$ H] LEFT POCKET ) P5NIES4 ,S9CE ,MALCOLM LOOK$ ALL ! WAY TO ! LEFT1 %E MOVES "O P5NY TO H] "R POCKET4 ,MALCOLM 3T9UES TO LOOK "R & LEFT AG4 ,! SECOND "T ,MALCOLM LOOKS LEFT1 HE DOES N TURN 8 H1D ------------------------------------#AJI ALL ! WAY TO 8 %\LD]4 ,MS4 ,WALK] SAYS NO?+4 ,MALCOLM 9DICATES X IS SAFE TO CROSS4 ,MS4 ,WALK] AGREES1 & ! TWO CROSS TGR4 ,! PAIR COMES TO ANO!R 9T]SEC;N4 ,MALCOLM LOOKS FULLY TO ! LEFT4 ,MS4 ,WALK] SAYS1 8,GRT H1D TURN60 ,MALCOLM LOOKS TO ! "R & !N LOOKS FULLY TO ! LEFT AG4 ,MS4 ,WALK] EXCLAIMS1 8,T 0 A#AJI ANO!R GRT H1D TURN40 ,MS4 ,WALK] MOVES TWO P5NIES TO H] "R POCKET4 ,! PAIR 3T9UES 9 ? MANN]4 ,:5 ,MS4 ,WALK] SITS D[N TO MAKE NOTES AB H] LESSON ) ,MALCOLM %E TAKES F\R P5NIES \ ( H] "R POCKET4 ,T M1NS1 ,MALCOLM TURN$ 8 H1D FULLY TO ! LEFT F\R \ ( ! TWELVE OPPORTUNITIES HE _H DUR+ _! LESSON4 ,%E'LL KEEP PRAIS+ HM EA* "T HE LOOKS FULLY TO ! LEFT & KEEP+ DATA US+ ! P5NIES TO MAKE SURE ! PRAISE 9CR1SES ! FREQU5CY ) : HE TURNS 8 H1D ALL ! WAY TO ! LEFT4 ,=W>D & BACKW>D *A9+ ,ANY 2HAVIOR T REQUIRES SPECIFIC /EPS TO 2 3DUCT$ 9 A SPECIFIC SEQU;E IS A *A9$ 2HAVIOR4 ,*A9$ 2HAVIORS C 2 BROK5 D[N 9TO _! /EPS US+ A PROCESS CALL$ TASK ANALYSIS "<,COLL9S1 #BJAB">4 ,*A9$ 2HAVIORS 9CLUDE AC;NS ------------------------------------#AAJ S* Z TY+ %OES1 BRU%+ TEE?1 & MAK+ A P1NUT BUTT] & JELLY S&WI*4 ,EA* ( #ABE ! 2HAVIORS HAS A V>IETY ( /EPS T A#AAJ NE$ TO 2 3DUCT$ 9 A SPECIFIC ORD]4 ,/REET CROSS+ IS AL A *A9$ 2HAVIOR4 ,A 2HAVIORAL APPROA* TO /REET CROSS+S YIELD$ A TASK ANALYSIS ( /REET CROSS+ = A /UD5T US+ A CANE T 9CLUD$ ! FOLL[+ #AB /EPS OR TASKS "<,W"R @& ,WOL]Y1 #BJAD">4 #A4 ,POSI;N YRF A SAFE 4T.E F ! CURB A4 ,TOES ALIGN TO ! $GE ( ! CURB1 "O /EP BACK F CURB #B4 ,ALIGN TO ! 9T]SEC;N US+ AUDITORY1 TACTILE1 & VISUAL " CUES A4 ,H1D1 %\LD]S1 HIPS1 & FEET NE$ TO 2 FAC+ ! OPPOSITE CURB #C4 ,SWEEP 9 FRONT ( YR FEET ) ! CANE #D4 ,SWEEP TO DET]M9E ! HEIE NO OB/ACLES IMMLY 9 FRONT ( ! CURB #E4 ,HOLD ! CANE 9 R1DY POSI;N A4 ,9 A DIAGONAL ACR & CLOSE TO ! BODY #F4 ,ID5TIFY ! FL[ ( TRA6IC A4 ,DESCRIBE ! TYPE ( 9T]SEC;N I4 ,IS "! P>ALLEL & B#AAJ P]P5DICUL> TRA6IC8 ------------------------------------#AAA II4 ,IS TRA6IC MOV+ "? ! 9T]SEC;N OR /OPP+ 9 9T]VALS III4 ,IS ! 9T]SEC;N 3TROLL$8 ,IF S1 IS X /OP-LI.D1 WAIT = SIL;E TO CROSS ;B4 ,IF TRA6IC IS >.D1 ID5TIFY ! PATT]NS ( P>ALLEL & P]P5DICUL> TRA6IC2 CROSS ) P>ALLEL SURGE #H4 ,WALK )\T VE]+ A4 ,/AY )9 ! CROSS WALK L9ES OR ": ! CROSS WALK L9ES WD R1SONABLY 2 #I4 ,WALK AT A SLI #AJ4 ,LOCATE OPPOSITE CURB A4 ,F9D ) CANE OR FOOT #AA4 ,SWEEP CANE ON OPPOSITE CURB TO 5SURE PA? IS CLE> #ABG #AB4 ,/EP UP \ ( ! /REET A#AAA A4 ,MOVE BO? FEET ONTO ! DE/9A;N CURB1 SIDEWALK1 OR GRASS ------------------------------------#AAB ,! TASKS T MAKE UP /REET CROSS+1 PRES5T$ 9 ! ORD] 9 : !Y NE$ TO 2 COMPLET$ TO 5SURE SU3ESS1 >E ! *A9 ( 2HAVIORS4 ,! TE*NIQUE ( T1*+ US+ *A9+ IS SIMIL> TO DIRECT 9/RUC;N US+ SCA6OLD+ EXCEPT T ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ NECESS>ILY & DELIB]ATELY ADDS TO :AT ! /UD5T HAS ALR LE>N$4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ 9TRODUCES A 2HAVIOR 9 ! *A91 ALL[S ! /UD5T TO PRACTICE TO MA/]Y1 & !N ADDS ! NEXT 2HAVIOR 9 ! *A94 ,!N1 ! /UD5T PRACTICES ! F/ & SECOND 2HAVIOR 9 ! *A94 ,? PROCESS 3T9UES UNTIL ! /UD5T HAS MA/]$ ! 5TIRE *A9$ 2HAVIOR4 ,*A9+ C 2 PRES5T$ =W>D OR BACKW>D4 ,:5 AN ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ USES =W>D *A9+1 ! /UD5T LE>NS ! F/ "P ( ! *A91 !N ! SECOND1 & !N ! ?IRD4 ,9 ! EXAMPLE ( /REET CROSS+ US+ ! TASK ANALYSIS PRES5T$ PREVI\SLY1 IF ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WANT$ TO USE =W>D A#AAB *A9+1 HE WD F/ T1* ! /UD5T TO POSI;N HMF A SAFE 4T.E F ! CURB4 ,! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD ALL[ ! /UD5T "T TO MA/] ! F/ /EP4 ,!N ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD T1* ! /UD5T TO POSI;N HMF A SAFE 4T.E F ! CURB & ALIGN TO ! 9T]SEC;N US+ AUDITORY & OR VISUAL CUES4 ,BACKW>D *A9+ USES ! SAME LOGIC & PROCESSES Z =W>D *A9+1 B ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ 2G9S ) ! LA/ /EP 9 ! *A9 ( 2HAVIORS4 ,9 ? EXAMPLE1 ! ,O@&,M ------------------------------------#AAC SPECIALI/ WD T1* ! /UD5T ,/EP #AB F/1 H[ TO SAFELY /EP \ ( ! /REET4 ,:5 PRACTIC+1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD GUIDE ! /UD5T "? ! F/ #AA /EPS & ALL[ ! /UD5T TO PRACTICE /EPP+ \ ( ! /REET 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,AF ! /UD5T 0 COM=TABLE ) /EPP+ \ ( ! /REET 9DEP5D5TLY1 ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ WD ADD ! #AATH /EP & T1* ! /UD5T TO SWEEP ! OPPOSITE CURB TO 5SURE ! PA? IS CLE> & !N /EP \ ( ! /REET4 ,BACKW>D *A9+ C 2 SUP]IOR TO =W>D *A9+ = TWO R1SONS4 ,F/1 ! /UD5T FEELS A S5SE ( A3OMPLI%;T #ABI IMMLY 2C ! /UD5T 2G9S BY A#AAC COMPLET+ ! ACTIV;Y 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,SECOND1 S9CE ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ IS GUID+ ! /UD5T "? ! 2G9N+ /EPS1 ! /UD5T SEES ! PRELIM9>Y /EPS MODEL$ _M "TS 2F TRY+ TO LE>N TO D ^? /EPS 9DEP5D5TLY4 ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E IS A SPECIFIC 2HAVIORAL /RATEGY T HAS A /R;G RESE>* BASE = *A9$ 2HAVIORS "<,S*EPIS1 ,REID1 @& ,BEHRMAN1 #AIIF2 ,SISSON1 ,KILWE91 @& ,VAN ,HASSELT1 #AIHH">4 ,ADDI;NALLY1 RESE>* HAS DEMON/RAT$ T ? IS AN E6ECTIVE /RATEGY = T1*+ ! /EPS ( /REET CROSS+ "<,W"R @& ,WOL]Y1 #BJAD">4 ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E IS A 2HAVIORAL TE*NIQUE T PROVIDES SPECIFIC1 IMM FE$BACK AF EA* /EP 9 A *A9 IS P]=M$ 9 ! =M ( EI ------------------------------------#AAD PRAISE OR A PROMPT4 ,PROMPTS MAY 2 PHYSICAL1 TACTUAL1 OR V]BAL DEP5D+ ON ! /UD5T & ! SITUA;N4 ,PRAISE %D 2 SPECIFIC1 8,Y F.D ! OPPOSITE CURB60 R ?AN1 8,GD JOB40 ,! KEY1 H["E1 IS A#AAD T A PRAISE OR PROMPT IS PROVID$ 9 R1L "T AF EA* /EP R ?AN G5]AL PRAISE 2+ PROVID$ AT ! 5D ( ! CROSS+4 ,W"R & ,WOL]Y :O US$ GRADUAT$ GUID.E TO T1* /UD5TS :O 7 BL TO CROSS ! /REET F.D T "PICIPANTS' P]=M.E DROPP$ %>PLY :5 PRAISE 0 ONLY DELIV]$ AT ! 5D ( ! CROSS+ R ?AN Z EA* /EP 9 ! *A9 0 COMPLET$4 ,"PICIPANTS MADE UP TO #EJ.0 M ]RORS :5 FE$BACK 0 ONLY PROVID$ AT ! 5D ( ! CROSS+ "<,W"R @& ,WOL]Y1 #BJAD">4 ,AL? ! COMPON5T ( PROVID+ FE$BACK Z EA* /EP 0 COMPLET$ PROV$ DI6ICULT = ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ TO REMEMB] DUR+ ! F/ 9/RUC;NAL SES.NS1 X MADE A DRAMATIC DI6];E 9 ! RATE ( ! "PICIPANT'S LE>N+4 ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E C EV5 2 PAIR$ ) V]BAL REHE>SAL4 ,! FOLL[+ DIALOGUE PROVIDES AN EXAMPLE ( :AT BO? A /UD5T & ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ MISAL ON ! TASK ANALYSIS %>$ PREVI\SLY4 ------------------------------------#AAE #ACA ,9/RUCTOR3 ,TD WE'RE GO+ TO A#AAE PRACTICE CROSS+ ! 9T]SEC;N ,I 9TRODUC$ Y TO AG4 ,2F WE GET />T$1 C Y TELL ME :AT WE'RE GO+ TO D8 ,/UD5T3 ,WELL1 F/1 ,I'M GO+ TO F9D ! CURB1 L9E UP MY TOES1 & !N TAKE A /EP BACK4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,GD1 Y W POSI;N YRF AT ! CURB4 ,/UD5T3 ,!N ,I'LL GET L9$ UP4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,H[ >E Y GO+ TO ALIGN TO ! 9T]SEC;N8 ,/UD5T3 ,I'LL LI/5 TO TRA6IC & MAKE SURE MY :OLE BODY IS FAC+ ! OPPOSITE CURB4 ,I AL WON'T WORRY IF ,I NE$ TO LI/5 TO ! TRA6IC = S"EAL CYCLES4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,T'S "R1 L9E UP YR :OLE BODY US+ AUDITORY CUES4 ,/UD5T3 ,I'LL SWEEP MY CANE4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,GD1 MAKE SURE X'S CLE> = Y TO /EP D[N (F ! CURB4 ,/UD5T3 ,!N ,I ID5TIFY ! FL[ ( TRA6IC4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,DID Y MISS A /EP8 ,/UD5T3 ,OH Y1H1 ,I HOLD MY CANE 9 A DIAGONAL ACR MY BODY4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,NICE MEMORY4 ,HOLD YR #AAF CANE 9 ! R1DY POSI;N4 ,/UD5T3 ,!N ,I ID5TIFY ! FL[ ( TRA6IC4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,ID5TIFY+ ! FL[ ( TRA6IC IS ! NEXT /EP1 GD4 ,REMEMB] TO SAY X \ L\D :ILE WE'RE PRACTIC+1 S ,I "K Y "U/& X4 ,:5 Y CROSS /REETS 9DEP5D5TLY1 Y DON'T NE$ TO ID5TIFY X \ L\D4 ,/UD5T3 ,!N ,I CROSS :5 X IS ALL QUIET4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,T'S "R4 ,EV5TUALLY WE'LL LE>N H[ TO CROSS :5 Y / HE> TRA6IC4 ,/UD5T3 ,!N ,I WALK ACR ! /REET4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,)\T 444 ,/UD5T3 ,VE]+4 ,I AL WALK QKLY )\T RUNN+4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,"R ON6 ,/UD5T3 ,!N ,I F9D ! OPPOSITE CURB 444 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,GD4 ,/UD5T3 ,& GET \ ( ! /REET4 ,9/RUCTOR3 ,T'S "R6 ,Y DON'T WANT TO HANG \ 9 ! /REET4 ------------------------------------#AAG ,! COM;TS US$ = RE9=CE;T D N NE$ TO 2 Z L;G Z !Y >E 9 ! EXAMPLE ABV4 ,X IS IMPORTANT1 H["E1 T ! COM;TS >E #ACC SPECIFIC4 A#AAG ,GRADUAT$ GUID.E C USE A S+LE OR A MULTIPLE TRIAL ME?OD4 ,US+ ! S+LE TRIAL ME?OD1 ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ /OPS ! /UD5T Z SOON Z A MI/AKE IS MADE & PROMPTS ! /UD5T Z TO ! CORRECT WAY TO P]=M ! 2HAVIOR4 ,W"R & ,WOL]Y "<#BJAD"> EMPLOY$ GRADUAT$ GUID.E TO T1* /UD5TS :O 7 BL TO CROSS ! /REET & US$ A MULTIPLE TRIAL ME?OD4 ,:5 ! /UD5T MADE A MI/AKE1 A PROMPT 0 PROVID$ TO CORRECT ! /UD5T1 B ! /UD5T 0 ALL[$ TO 3T9UE ! CROSS+ Z L;G Z ! /UD5T 0 N 9 DANG]4 ,ADDI;NAL 9/RUC;NAL 3SID]A;NS ,! ADDI;NAL 9/RUC;NAL 3SID]A;NS TO 2 4CUSS$ 9CLUDE ! FOLL[+3 _4 ,"O-ON-"O V]SUS SMALL GR\P 9/RUC;N _4 ,T1*+ \TSIDE ! 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MO/ IMPORTANT 3SID]A;N :5 DECID+ 2T "O-ON-"O V]SUS GR\P 9/RUC;N IS SAFETY4 ,AL? ,TOLMIE ET ;AL4 "<#BJJE"> F.D GR\P 9/RUC;N AB :5 /UD5TS ?9K X IS SAFE TO ------------------------------------#AAI CROSS ! /REET TO 2 M E6ECTIVE ?AN "O-ON-"O 9/RUC;N1 ? SC5>IO "W$ 2C ! /UD5TS 7 9 A SAFE LOCA;N DECID+ :5 TO CROSS R ?AN ACTUALLY COMPLET+ ! CROSS+4 ,9/RUCT+ MULTIPLE /UD5TS TO COMPLETE A CROSS+ AT "O "T MI "O ( ! HI< S*OOLS %E S]VES4 ,%E SPOKE ) A FR & COLL1GUE :O "WS = ! C;Y Z AN URBAN PLANN] & F.D \ A NEW R.DAB 0 2+ 9/ALL$4 ,MS4 ,WALK] MADE A NOTE T %E WD NE$ TO S*$ULE A LESSON TO 9TRODUCE ! R.DAB TO H] HI< S*OOL /UD5TS ONCE X 0 COMPLET$4 A#AAI ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS ?REE /UD5TS :O ATT5D T HI< S*OOL & WD 2 A6ECT$ BY ! NEW R.DAB4 ,AMAYA IS A #AF-YE>-OLD /UD5T ) L[ VI.N DUE TO OCUL> ALB9ISM4 ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS "W$ ) ,AMAYA S9CE %E 0 #D YE>S OLD4 ,AMAYA IS A 3FID5T TRAVEL] :O TAKES ! PUBLIC BUS TO S*OOL4 ,! BUS /OP IS ON ------------------------------------#ABJ ! SAME SIDE ( ! /REET Z ! S*OOL ON ,AMAYA'S R\TE TO S*OOL1 S %E W 2 ABLE TO BYPASS ! R.DAB 9 ! MORN+2 B ,AMAYA W H TO CROSS ! R.DAB TO GET TO H] BUS /OP TO G HOME F S*OOL4 ,RYAN IS A #AG-YE>-OLD /UD5T ) L[ VI.N DUE TO SL[LY PROGRESS+ RET9ITIS PIG;TOSA4 ,MS4 ,WALK] HAS "W$ ) ,RYAN S9CE HE 0 9 F\R? GRADE4 ,HE IS A C>E;L TRAVEL] ) GRT SKILLS4 ,HE IS V ANALYTICAL1 B ? "S"TS L1DS ,RYAN TO 2 A BIT OV]LY CAUTI\S :5 HE TRAVELS4 ,HE LIKES TO ?9K "? EA* SITUA;N V ?OR\-OLD /UD5T ) L[ VI.N4 ,ANA/ASIA HAS GLAUCOMA 9 ADDI;N TO A MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIR;T4 ,ANA/ASIA IS 5?USIA/IC TO LE>N NEW SKILLS & W #ACG TRY ANY?+4 ,ANA/ASIA'S COGNITIVE A#ABJ IMPAIR;T M1NS %E "S"TS RU%ES 9TO SITUA;NS 9/1D ( ?9K+ !M "? COMPLETELY4 ,ANA/ASIA (T5 REQUIRES "S ADDI;NAL PROMPT+ TO ?9K AB H] DECI.NS Z WELL Z "S ADDI;NAL PRACTICE ) DI6ICULT SKILLS OR SITUA;NS4 ,O!RWISE1 ,ANA/ASIA IS AN 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL] ON FAMILI> R\TES4 ,RYAN & ,ANA/ASIA BO? VOLUNTE] ) AN AF S*OOL PROGRAM AT ! LOCAL ,,YMCA & TAKE ! PUBLIC BUS TO ! C5T] AF ------------------------------------#ABA S*OOL4 ,MS4 ,WALK] KNEW N"O ( H] ?REE HI< S*OOL /UD5TS _H ANY EXP]I;E ) R.DABS4 ,%E WANT$ TO />T PREP>+ ! /UD5TS = CROSS+ ! /REET AT A R.DAB Z SOON Z %E LE>N$ ! R.DAB 0 2+ BUILT R ?AN WAIT+ = ! 3/RUC;N TO 2 COMPLET$ S9CE ALL ?REE /UD5TS WD NE$ TO LE>N ! CROSS+ QKLY TO GET TO ! BUS /OP4 ,MS4 ,WALK] DECID$ TO "W ) ! /UD5TS 9 A SMALL GR\P 9/1D ( "W+ ) EA* /UD5T 9DIVIDUALLY4 ,? APPROA* SEEM$ TO 2 ! BE/ APPROA* TO H] S9CE ALL ?REE /UD5TS WD 2 "W+ ON ! SAME GOAL1 LE>N+ TO CROSS AT A R.DAB4 ,MS4 ,WALK] AL ?"\ T EA* A#ABA /UD5T BR"\ "S UNIQUE SKILLS TO ! TABLE & CD 3TRIBUTE "S?+ SPECIAL BAS$ ON 8 OR H] 9DIVIDUAL EXP]I;ES1 /R5G?S1 & TAL5TS4 ,) ? GR\P ( /UD5TS1 ,MS4 ,WALK] ?"\ X WD 2 A GRT IDEA TO 9TRODUCE ! BASICS ( A R.DAB 9 A SAFE 5VIRON;T :ILE ! ACTUAL R.DAB 0 2+ 3/RUCT$ & LET ! /UD5TS PROBLEM SOLVE H[ TO GET ACR ! /REET4 ,MS4 ,WALK] TALK$ ) ! PHYSICAL ------------------------------------#ABB $UCA;N T1*] & GOT P]MIS.N TO USE TAPE TO 3/RUCT A LIFE-SIZ$ R.DAB ON ! GYM FLOOR4 ,S9CE ALL ( ! /UD5TS ,MS4 ,WALK] WD 2 "W+ ) _H L[ VI.N1 %E DID N H TO CR1TE A TACTILE MODEL4 ,%E J MADE SURE %E US$ GD 3TRA/+ COLORS ( TAPE = ! SIDEWALK & = ! /REETS4 ,%E AL US$ "S LIFE-SIZ$ PLA/IC YIELD & BUS /OP SIGNS %E TYPICALLY /OR$ 9 ! ,O@&,M RES\RCE ROOM4 ,%E TOOK A PICTURE ( ! R.DAB %E _H 3/RUCT$ ) TAPE & ! MOVABLE1 PLA/IC SIGNS4 ,%E %[$ X TO H] URBAN PLANN] COLL1GUE TO MAKE SURE T ! R.DAB %E _H 3/RUCT$ TRULY MIMICK$ :AT ! ACTUAL R.DAB WD LOOK L :5 X 0 #ACI COMPLET$4 ,MS4 ,WALK] WANT$ ! A#ABB 3/RUCT$ R.DAB TO 2 Z M* L ! ACTUAL R.DAB Z POSSIBLE TO HELP H] /UD5TS G5]ALIZE :AT !Y LE>N$ 9 ! GYM TO ! ACTUAL CROSS+4 ,:5 ,MS4 ,WALK] 0 SURE T ! 3/RUCT$ R.DAB 0 R1DY1 %E HELD H] F/ LESSON ) ! /UD5TS AT ! MODEL R.DAB4 ,MS4 ,WALK] F.D T ,AMAYA1 ,RYAN1 & ,ANA/ASIA 7 EXCIT$ TO H "S ,O@&,M LESSONS TGR4 ,%E 2GAN ! F/ ------------------------------------#ABC LESSON BY EXPLA9+ T !Y 7 GO+ TO LE>N AB H[ TO CROSS A R.DAB4 ,%E EXPLA9$ TO ! /UD5TS :Y X 0 IMPORTANT = !M TO LE>N ? SKILL S9CE A NEW R.DAB 0 2+ BUILT NEXT TO ! S*OOL & ALL ( ! /UD5TS WD H TO CROSS X TO GET TO _! BUS /OP4 ,MS4 ,WALK] 2GAN BY ASK+ ! /UD5TS IF ANY"O CD TELL H] :AT A R.DAB WAS4 ,MS4 ,WALK] KNEW T %E CD ASK H] /UD5TS A V OP5-5D$ "Q L ? 2C DUR+ ! YE>S %E _H BE5 "W+ ) H] /UD5TS1 %E _H CR1T$ A CULTURE ": /UD5TS FELT COM=TABLE %>+ _! ID1S & KNEW X 0 OKAY TO 4AGREE OR PRES5T A DI6]5T PO9T ( VIEW1 B X 0 N"E OKAY TO MAKE FUN ( ANO!R /UD5T'S ANSW]4 ,ANA/ASIA SPOKE A#ABC UP "R AWAY EXPLA9+ T H] GR&"F "S"TS TALK$ AB HAV+ A 8R.DAB0 WAY ( DO+ ?+S4 ,MS4 ,WALK] SD1 8,?ANKS = 3TRIBUT+1 ,ANA/ASIA4 ,T'S DEF9ITELY "O WAY TO ?9K AB ! ^W R.DAB40 ,!N ,MS4 ,WALK] ASK$ IF ANY"O ELSE _H ID1S !Y WANT$ TO 3TRIBUTE AB ! T]M 8R.DAB40 ,AMAYA SD %E ?"\ T A R.DAB 0 AN 9T]SEC;N ": ! C>S DROVE 9 A CIRCLE 9/1D ( ! /REETS MEET+ 9 A PLUS SIGN OR A 8;,T0 %APE4 ------------------------------------#ABD ,MS4 ,WALK] PROMPT$1 8,ANY O!R ?"\S80 ,RYAN PO9T$ \ T IF ! C>S DROVE 9 A CIRCLE 9/1D ( GO+ /RAI TO ! IDEA T ,ANA/ASIA _H4 ,IF C>S DROVE 9 A /RAIS DROVE 9 A CIRCLE1 X 0 A 8R.DAB0 WAY ( DRIV+4 ,MS4 ,WALK] SD1 8,Y'RE ALL "R6 ,^? >E ALL GRT ?"\S AB R.DABS40 ,!N ,MS4 ,WALK] ASK$ ! /UD5TS TO *ECK \ ! R.DAB %E _H 3/RUCT$ ON ! GYM FLOOR4 ,%E ASK$ ! /UD5TS TO PO9T \ ! SALI5T F1TURES & TO ?9K AB ": !Y MI _H ! "R ( WAY AT ANY GIV5 "T4 ,RYAN SU7E/$ T ! /UD5TS PRET5D TO 2 C>S & MOVE >.D ! R.DAB ! WAY T C>S WD ACTUALLY MOVE S !Y CD R1LLY ?9K AB ! FL[ ( TRA6IC & : C> _H ! "R ( WAY4 ,ALL ( ! /UD5TS 3TRIBUT$ TO ! 4CUS.N4 ,MS4 ,WALK] O3A.NALLY ASK$ ! /UD5TS L1D+ "QS TO MAKE SURE !Y ?"\ "? ALL ASPECTS ( ! 9T]SEC;N & TO *ECK = "U/&+4 ,ONCE1 ,AMAYA ------------------------------------#ABE & ,RYAN _H A RESPECT;L 4AGREE;T AB : C> _H ! "R ( WAY4 ,MS4 ,WALK] ASK$ BO? /UD5TS TO EXPLA9 ! LOGIC 2H _! PO9T ( VIEW4 ,AF TALK+ X "?1 ,RYAN AGRE$ T ,ANA/ASIA'S C> _H ! "R ( WAY4 ,AT ! 5D ( ! LESSON1 ,MS4 ,WALK] ASK$ ! /UD5TS IF !Y _H ANY ?"\S AB CROSS+ R.DABS GIV5 ! "D'S LESSON4 ,! /UD5TS AGRE$ T !Y ?"\ !Y WD 2 ABLE TO LE>N TO CROSS AT ! R.DAB AF !Y _H M PRACTICE4 ,! /UD5TS 7 ALL PR\D ( !MVS = :AT !Y _H LE>N$ S F>4 ,MS4 ,WALK] WD H S"EAL M LESSONS ) ! 3/RUCT$ A#ABE R.DAB 2F MOV+ 9/RUC;N ROADSIDE AF ! ACTUAL R.DAB 0 COMPLET$4 ,T1*+ \TSIDE ! OPTIMAL 5VIRON;T ,X IS PREF]ABLE TO T1* /REET CROSS+ "? ROADSIDE 9/RUC;N AT ! TYPE ( 9T]SEC;N 2+ ADDRESS$4 ,H["E1 "! MAY N 2 AN EXAMPLE ( A SPECIFIC TYPE ( 9T]SEC;N )9 A R1SONABLE 4T.E4 ,"S S*OOL POLICIES PLACE RE/RIC;NS ON TRAVEL+ (F CAMPUS1 MAK+ R1L-LIFE PRACTICE DI6ICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AT "TS1 ! /UD5T MAY ------------------------------------#ABF NE$ TO BUILD 3CEPTUAL "U/&+ OR PRACTICE SKILLS 9 A SAFE 5VIRON;T 2F PRACTIC+ ! SKILLS 9 A ROADSIDE SETT+4 ,:5 ! 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ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ HAS ! /UD5T DESCRIBE :AT ! FIGURE ON ! MODEL IS DO+ & PROVIDES RE9=CE;T4 ,? WD ALL[ ! ,O@&,M SPECIALI/ #ADE TO EVALUATE ! /UD5T'S LE>N+ & #ABH CORRECT ANY MISCONCEP;NS4 ,? EXT5SIVE N>RA;N AL REQUIRES PROBLEM SOLV+4 ,BY TALK+ "? ! LOGIC 2H EA* DECI.N & MOVE1 ! /UD5T IS GIV5 M OPPORTUNITIES TO SELF-EVALUATE4 ,? /RATEGY AL REQUIRES ! /UD5T TO ACTUALLY ?9K "? EA* AC;N & RE9=CE X ) V]BALIZA;N R ?AN SIMPLY MOV+ AL;G A MAP OR MODEL4 ,A ?IRD ASPECT ( 9DOOR 9/RUC;N T HAS BE5 F.D TO SUPPORT G5]ALIZA;N TO ACTUAL /REET CROSS+S IS ! USE ( LIFE-SIZ$ MODELS "<,PAGE ET ;AL41 #AIGF">4 ,? /RATEGY ALL[S /UD5TS TO PHYSICALLY ACT \ E S+LE ASPECT ( /REET CROSS+ 9 A SAFE 5VIRON;T4 ,:ILE /UD5T MI/AKES D N H ! SAME DIRE 3SEQU;ES1 ! AC;NS ! /UD5T P]=MS >E ALM ID5TICAL TO :AT IS EXPECT$ 9 R1L LIFE4 ,ASPECTS ( 9/RUC;N TO AVOID ,! LIT]ATURE AL %[S T "S TYPES ( CLASSROOM 9/RUC;N DID LL TO IMPROVE /UD5TS' P]=M.E ROADSIDE4 ,9 ^! 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COGNITIVE /YLE 9DEX3 ,TE*NICAL MANUAL & US] GUIDE4.' ,OX=D1 ,,UK3 ,PE>SON4 ,ALTMAN1 ;,J4 @& ,CUTT]1 ;,J4 "<#BJJD">4 ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y ,CANE ,TRAVEL^T4 ,9 ;,D4 ,DEW @& ;,G4 ,ALAN "<,$S4">1 .7,3TEMPOR>Y ISSUES 9 ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y3 #BITH ,,IRI #BJJD1 ,9/ITUTE ON ,REHABILITA;N.' "4 ,WA%+TON1 ,,DC3 ,GEORGE ,WA%+TON ,UNIV]S;Y4 ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL4 "4 .7,! 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ROLES ( V]BAL REHE>SAL & 4T9CTIVE;S4 .7,QU>T]LY ,J\RNAL ( ,EXP]I;TAL ,PSY*OLOGY1 #FA1.' #AGFI-#AGGG4 ,KO5IG1 ,A4 "<#BJJJ">4 ,5SUR+ HI<-QUAL;Y 9/RUC;N = /UD5TS 9 BRL LIT]ACY PROGRAMS4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T @& ,BL;S1 #ID1.' #FGG-#FID4 ,KOZHEVNIKOV1 ;,M41 ,EVANS1 ;,C41 @& ,KOSSLYN1 ;,S4 ;,M4 "<#BJAD">4 #AEE ,COGNITIVE /YLE Z 5VIRON;TALLY A#ACH S5SITIVE 9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES 9 COGNI;N3 ,A MOD]N SYN!SIS & APPLICA;NS 9 $UCA;N1 BUSI;S1 & MANAGE;T4 .7,PSY*OLOGICAL ,SCI;E 9 ! ,PUBLIC ,9T]E/1 #AE.' "<#A">1 #C-#CC4 ,LIMB\RG1 ;,M41 @& ,G]B]1 ;,D4 "<#AIHA">4 ,A P>5T TRA9+ PROGRAM = ! ROAD SAFETY $UCA;N ( PRES*OOL *N4 .7,A3ID5T ,ANALYSIS @& ,PREV5;N1 #AC1.' #BEE-#BFG4 ,MAC,DONALD1 ;,J4 ;,M41 ,AHE>N1 ;,W4 ;,H41 ,P>RY-,CRUWYS1 ;,D41 ,BANCR(T1 ;,S41 @& ,DUBE1 ;,W4 ;,V4 "<#BJAC">4 ,P]SI/;E DUR+ EXT9C;N3 ,EXAM9+ ! 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M5TALLY RET>D$4 .7,2HAVIOR ,RESE>* & ,!RAPY1 #AH1.' #II-#AJF4 ,MAUR]1 ;,M4 ;,M41 ,BELL1 ;,E4 ;,C41 ,WOODS1 ;,E41 @& ,ALL51 ;,R4 "<#BJJF">4 ,/RUCTUR$ 4COV]Y 9 CANE TRAVEL3 ,3/RUCTIVISM 9 AC;N4 .7,PHI ,DELTA ,KAPPAN1 #HH1.' #CJD-#CJG4 ,MAURICE1 ;,C41 ,GRE51 ;,G41 @& ,LUCE1 ;,S4 ;,C4 "<#AIIF">4 .7,2HAVIORAL 9T]V5;N = "Y *N ) AUTISM3 ,A MANUAL = P>5TS & PR(ES.NALS4.' ,AU/91 ,,TX3 ,,PRO-,,$4 ,MC,C>?Y1 ;,T4 "<#BJAE">4 .7,P$AGOGY = CROSS+ /REETS3 ,A SURVEY ( C]TIFI$ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/S4.' ,MANUSCRIPT 9 PREP>A;N4 ,MC,COMAS1 ;,J41 ,MAC,KAY1 ;,M41 @& ,PIVIK1 ;,J4 "<#BJJB">4 ,E6ECTIVE;S ( VIRTUAL R1L;Y = T1*+ P$E/RIAN SAFETY4 .7,CYB] ,PSY*OLOGY @& ,2HAVIOR1 #E1.' #AHE-#AIJ4 #AEG ,MILL]1 ;,D4 ,A41 @& ,DAVIS1 B#ACI ;,L4 ;,G4 "<#AIHD">4 ,AN EVALUA;N ( ! ,BELTMAN TRA6IC SAFETY PROGRAM = *N4 .7,H1L? ,$UCA;N1 #AE1.' #EA-#EC4 ,MILL]1 ;,J4 ,A41 ,AU/91 ;,J41 @& ,ROHN1 ;,D4 "<#BJJD">4 ,T1*+ P$E/RIAN SAFETY SKILLS TO *N4 .7,5VIRON;T @& ,2HAVIOR1 #CF1.' #CFH-#CHE4 ------------------------------------#ADJ ,PADGETT1 ;,S4 ;,S4 "<#AIGE">4 .7,! EVALUA;N ( ! ,NOR? ,C>OL9A ;,K-#I TRA6IC SAFETY CURRICULUM3 ,ME?ODOLOGY1 F9D+S1 & RECOMM5DA;NS4 ,*APEL ,HILL1.' ,,NC3 ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A4 "<,,]IC ,DOCU;T ,REPRODUC;N ,S]VICE ,NO4 ,,$#ABFBCD"> ,PAGE1 ;,T4 ;,J41 ,IWATA1 ;,B4 ,A41 @& ,NEEF1 ;,N4 ,A4 "<#AIGF">4 ,T1*+ P$E/RIAN SKILLS TO RET>D$ P]SONS3 ,G5]ALIZA;N F ! CLASSROOM TO ! NATURAL 5VIRON;T4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,2HAVIOR ,ANALYSIS1 #I1.' #DCC-#DDD4 ,PITCAIRN1 ;,T4 ;,K41 @& ,$LMANN1 ;,T4 "<#BJJJ">4 ,9DIVIDUAL DI6];ES 9 ROAD CROSS+ ABIL;Y 9 "Y *N & ADULTS4 .7,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( A#ADJ ,PSY*OLOGY1 #IA1.' #CIA-#DAJ4 ,POGRUND1 ;,R41 ,SEWELL1 ;,D41 ,&]SON1 ;,H41 ,CALACI1 ;,L41 ,C[>T1 ;,M4 ;,F41 ,GONZALEZ1 ;,C4 ;,M41 ,M>%1 ;,R4 ,A41 @& ,ROB]SON-,SMI?1 ;,B4 "<#BJAB">4 .7,,TAPS "<,T1*+ AGE-APPROPRIATE PURPOSE;L SKILLS">3 ,AN ORI5TA;N @& MOBIL;Y CURRICULUM = /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS.' "<#CRD $4">4 ,AU/91 ,,TX3 ,TEXAS ,S*OOL = ! ,BL & ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$4 ,RID+1 ;,R41 @& ,RAYN]1 ;,S4 "<#BJAC">4 .7,COGNITIVE /YLES & LE>N+ /RATEGIES3 ,"U/&+ /YLE DI6];ES 9 LE>N+ & 2HAVIOR4.' ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 ,R\TL$GE4 ------------------------------------#ADA ,RO!NGATT]1 ;,T4 "<#AIHD">4 ,A 2HAVI\RAL APPROA* TO IMPROV+ TRA6IC 2HAVI\R ( "Y *N4 .1,]GONOMICS1 .1#BG1 #ADG-#AFJ4 ,SAU]BURG]1 ;,D4 "<#AIIC">4 .7,:AT CUES D BL P USE TO RECOGNIZE A /REET 9 ! ABS;E ( A CURB8.' ,RETRIEV$ F HTTP3_/_/WWW4SAU]BURG]4ORG_/DONA" _/CUES4HTML_?CUES #AEI ,SANTROCK1 ;,J4 ;,W4 "<#BJJI">4 A#ADA .1,LIFE-SPAN .1DEVELOP;T4 ,BO/ON1 ,,MA3 ,MC,GRAW-,HILL4 ,S*E6]S1 ;,W41 @& ,MEY]S1 ;,L4 "<#BJAB">4 ,"P #D3 ,SUPPLE;T3 ,/REET CROSS+S = TRAVEL]S :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$4 ,9 ;,R4 ,POGRUND1 ;,D4 ,SEWELL1 ;,H4 ,&]SON1 ;,L4 ,CALACI1 ;,M4 ;,F4 ,C[>T1 ;,C4 ;,M4 ,GONZALEZ1 ;,R4 ,A4 ,M>%1 @& ;,B4 ,ROB]SON-,SMI?1 .7,,TAPS "<,T1*+ AGE-APPROPRIATE PURPOSE;L SKILLS">3 ,AN ORI5TA;N @& MOBIL;Y CURRICULUM = /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS4.' ,AU/91 ,,TX3 ,TEXAS ,S*OOL = ! ,BL & ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$4 ,S*EPIS1 ;,M4 ;,M41 ,REID1 ;,D4 ;,H41 @& ,BEHRMAN1 ;,M4 ;,M4 "<#AIIF">4 ,ACQUISI;N & FUNC;NAL USE ( VOICE \TPUT COMMUNICA;N BY P]SONS ) PR(.D MULTIPLE 4ABILITIES4 .1,2HAVIOR .1,MODIFICA;N1 #BJ1 #DEA-#DFH4 ,SISSON1 ;,L4 ,A41 ,KILWE91 ;,M4 ;,L41 @& ,VAN ,HASSELT1 ;,V4 ;,B4 "<#AIHH">4 ,A GRADUAT$ GUID.E PROC$URE = T1*+ SELF-DRESS+ SKILLS TO MULTIH&ICAPP$ *N4 .7,RESE>* 9 ,DEVELOP;TAL B#ADA ,4ABILITIES1 #I1.' #DAI-#DCB4 ------------------------------------#ADB ,S*MECK1 ;,R4 ;,R4 "<,$4">4 "<#BJAC">4 .7,LE>N+ /RATEGIES & LE>N+ /YLES4.' ,NEW ,YORK3 ,SPR+] ,SCI;E @& ,BUSI;S ,M$IA4 ,S+H1 ,A4 "<#AIGI">4 ,*N & TRA6IC3 ,EVALUA;N ( ! E6ECTS ( TRA6IC $UCA;N ON ! K & ATTITUDES ( *N AG$ #E-#AC4 .7,TRA6IC ,$UCA;N1 #D1.' #H-#AB4 ,/OKES1 ;,T4 ;,F41 @& ,BA]1 ;,D4 ;,M4 "<#AIGG">4 ,AN IMPLICIT TE*NOLOGY ( G5]ALIZA;N4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,2HAVIOR ,ANALYSIS1 #I1.' #CDI-#CFG4 ,?OMSON1 ;,J4 ,A41 @& ,:ELAN1 ;,K4 ;,M4 "<#AIIG">4 .7,COMMUN;Y APPROA* TO ROAD SAFETY $UCA;N.' "<,DE"P;T = ,TRANSPORT ,NO4 #C">4 ,LONDON3 ,DE"P;T ( ! ,5VIRON;T1 ,TRANSPORT @& ! ,REGIONS4 ,?OMSON1 ;,J4 ,A41 ,AMP(O-,BOAT5G1 ;,K41 ,LEE1 ;,D4 ;,N41 ,GRIEVE1 ;,R41 ,PITCAIRN1 ;,T4 ;,K41 @& ,DEMETRE1 ;,J4 ;,D4 "<#AIIH">4 ,! E6ECTIVE;S ( P>5TS 9 PROMOT+ ! DEVELOP;T ( #AFA ROAD CROSS+ SKILLS 9 "Y *N4 A#ADB .7,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( ,$UCA;NAL ,PSY*OLOGY1 #FH1.' #DGE-#DIA4 ,?OMSON1 ;,J4 ,A41 ,AMP(O-,BOAT5G1 ;,K41 ,PITCAIRN1 ;,T41 ,GRIEVE1 ;,R41 ,LEE1 ;,D4 ;,N41 @& ,DEMETRE1 ;,J4 ;,D4 "<#AIIB">4 ,2HAVIORAL GR\P TRA9+ ( *N TO F9D SAFE R\TES TO CROSS ! ROAD4 .7,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( ,$UCA;NAL ,PSY*OLOGY1 #FB1.' #AGC-#AHC4 ------------------------------------#ADC ,TOLMIE1 ,A41 ,?OMSON1 ;,J4 ,A41 ,FOOT1 ;,H41 ;,C41 ,:ELAN1 ;,K41 ,MORRISON1 ;,S41 @& ,MC,L>51 ;,B4 "<#BJJE">4 ,! E6ECTS ( ADULT GUID.E & PE] 4CUS.N ON ! DEVELOP;T ( *N'S REPRES5TA;NS3 ,EVID;E F ! TRA9+ ( P$E/RIAN SKILLS4 .7,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( ,PSY*OLOGY1 #IF1.' #AHA-#BJD4 ,VAN ,S*AG51 ,I41 @& ,RO!NGATT]1 ;,T4 "<#AIIG">4 ,CLASSROOM 9/RUC;N V]SUS ROADSIDE TRA9+ 9 TRA6IC SAFETY $UCA;N4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,DEVELOP;TAL ,PSY*OLOGY1 #AH1.' #BHC-#BIB4 ,VYGOTSKY1 ;,L4 "<#AIHG">4 .7,M9D 9 SOCIETY3 ,! DEVELOP;T ( HI<] A#ADC PSY*OLOGICAL PROCESSES4.' ,BO/ON1 ,,MA3 ,H>V>D ,UNIV]S;Y ,PRESS4 ,W]TS1 ;,M4 ;,G41 ,CALDWELL1 ;,N4 ;,K41 @& ,WOL]Y1 ;,M4 "<#AIIF">4 ,PE] MODEL+ ( RESPONSE *A9S3 ,OBS]VA;NAL LE>N+ BY /UD5TS ) 4ABILITIES4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,2HAVIOR ,ANALYSIS1 #BI1.' #EC-#FF4 ,:ITEBR1D1 ;,D41 @& ,NEILSON1 ;,K4 "<#BJJJ">4 ,! 3TRIBU;N ( VISUAL SE>* /RATEGIES TO ! DEVELOP;T ( P$E/RIAN SKILLS BY #D-#AA YE>-OLD *N4 .7,BRITI% ,J\RNAL ( ,$UCA;NAL ,PSY*OLOGY1 #GJ1.' #ECI-#EEG4 ,WI5]1 ;,W4 ;,R41 ,WEL%1 ;,R4 ;,L41 @& ,BLAS*1 ;,B4 ;,B4 "<,$S4">4 "<#BJAJ">4 .7,F.DA;NS ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y3 ,VOLUME ,I HI/ORY & !ORY.' "<#CRD $41 ,VOL4 ,I">4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL ,PRESS4 #AFC ,W9OGRAD1 ;,P41 @& ,H>E1 ;,V4 #ADD ;,C4 "<#AIHH">4 ,DIRECT 9/RUC;N ( R1D+ COMPREH5.N /RATEGIES3 ,! NATURE ( T1*] EXPLANA;N4 ,9 ;,C4 ;,W4 ,WE9/E91 ;,E4 ;,T4 ,GOETZ1 @& ;,P4 ,A4 ,ALEX&] "<,$S4">1 .7,LE>N+ & /UDY /RATEGIES3 ,ISSUES 9 ASSESS;T1 9/RUC;N1 & EVALUA;N.' "4 ,SAN ,DIEGO1 ,,CA3 ,ACADEMIC ,PRESS1 ,9C4 ,W"R1 ;,T4 ;,S41 @& ,WOL]Y1 ;,M4 "<#BJAD">4 ,EVALUAT+ ! E6ECTIVE;S ( ROADSIDE 9/RUC;N 9 T1*+ *N ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS /REET CROSS+S4 .7,! ,J\RNAL ( ,SPECIAL ,$UCA;N1 #DH1.' #DF-#EH4 ,Y1TON1 ;,W4 ;,H41 @& ,BAILEY1 ;,J4 ;,S4 "<#AIGH">4 ,T1*+ P$E/RIAN SAFETY SKILLS TO "Y *N3 ,AN ANALYSIS & "O-YE> FOLL[UP4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,2HAVIOR ,ANALYSIS1 #AA1.' #CAE-#CBI4 ,Y1TON1 ;,W4 ;,H41 @& ,BAILEY1 ;,J4 ;,S4 "<#AIHC">4 ,UTILIZA;N ANALYSIS ( A P$E/RIAN SAFETY TRA9+ PROGRAM4 .7,J\RNAL ( ,APPLI$ ,2HAVIOR ,ANALYSIS1 #AF1.' #BJC-#BAF4 ,ZEBEHAZY1 ;,K41 @& ,MC,C>?Y1 A#ADD ;,T4 "<9 PRESS">4 .7,F.DA;NS ( $UCA;N3 ,9/RUC;NAL /RATEGIES = T1*+ *N & Y\?S ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS.' "<,VOL4 #B">4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL4 #AFE ,APP5DIX ,A3 #ADE ,ADDI;NAL ,RES\RCES ,AN?ONY1 ;,T4 ;,L41 ,L[RY1 ;,S4 ;,S41 ,BR[N1 ;,C4 ;,J41 @& ,HATTON1 ;,D4 ;,D4 "<#BJJD">4 .7,DEVELOP;TALLY APPROPRIATE ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y4.' ,*APEL ,HILL1 ,,NC3 ,,FPG ,* ,DEVELOP;T ,9/ITUTE1 ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,NOR? ,C>OL9A AT ,*APEL ,HILL4 ,HILL1 ;,E41 @& ,POND]1 ;,P4 "<#AIGF">4 .7,ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y TE*NIQUES4.' ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL4 ,9MAN1 ;,D4 ;,P41 ,LOGE1 ;,K41 @& ,CRAM1 ,A4 "<#BJJJ">4 .7,T1*+ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y SKILLS TO BL *N US+ COMPUT] G5]AT$ #C,D S.D 5VIRON;TS.' .<,:ITE PAP].>4 ,ATLANTA1 ,,GA3 ,GEORGIA ,9/ITUTE ( ,TE*NOLOGY1 ,9T]NA;NAL ,COMMUN;Y = ,AUDITORY ,4PLAY4 ,JACOBSON1 ;,W4 ;,H4 "<#BJAC">4 .7,! >T & SCI;E ( T1*+ ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y TO P]SONS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS.' "<#BND $4">4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 A#ADE ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL4 ,LA ,GR[1 ;,S4 ;,J41 @& ,L;G1 ;,R4 ;,G4 "<#BJAA">4 .7,ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y3 ,TE*NIQUES = 9DEP5D;E.' "<#BND $4">4 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,,VA3 ,ASSOCIA;N = ,$UCA;N & ,REHABILITA;N ( ! ,BL & ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$4 ------------------------------------#ADF ,POGRUND1 ;,R41 ,SEWELL1 ;,D41 ,&]SON1 ;,H41 ,CALACI1 ;,L41 ,C[>T1 ;,M4 ;,F41 ,GONZALEZ1 ;,C4 ;,M41 ,M>%1 ;,R4 ,A41 @& ,ROB]SON-,SMI?1 ;,B4 "<#BJAB">4 .7,,TAPS "<,T1*+ AGE-APPROPRIATE PURPOSE;L SKILLS">3 ,AN ORI5TA;N @& MOBIL;Y CURRICULUM = /UD5TS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS.' "<#CRD $4">4 ,AU/91 ,,TX3 ,TEXAS ,S*OOL = ! ,BL & ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$4 ,SAU]BURG]1 ;,D4 "<#BJAE1 ,M>* #AE">4 .1,CROSS+ .1/REETS4 ,RETRIEV$ F HTTP3_/_/WWW4SAU]BURG]4ORG_/DONA" _/CROSS4HTM #AFG ,WI5]1 ;,W4 ;,R41 ,WEL%1 ;,R4 A#ADF ;,L41 @& ,BLAS*1 ;,B4 ;,B4 "<,$S4">4 "<#BJAJ;A">4 .7,F.DA;NS ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y3 ,VOLUME ,I HI/ORY & !ORY.' "<#CRD $41 ,VOL4 ,I">4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL ,PRESS4 ,WI5]1 ;,W4 ;,R41 ,WEL%1 ;,R4 ;,L41 @& ,BLAS*1 ;,B4 ;,B4 "<,$S4">4 "<#BJAJ;B">4 .7,F.DA;NS ( ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y3 ,VOLUME ,,II 9/RUC;NAL /RATEGIES & PRACTICAL APPLICA;NS.' "<#CRD $41 ,VOL4 ,,II">4 ,NEW ,YORK1 ,,NY3 ,AM]ICAN ,F.DA;N = ! ,BL ,PRESS4 ,WILL\4 .7,MODUL> 9/RUC;N = 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL = /UD5TS :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$3 ,PRES*OOL "? HI< S*OOL4.' ,BALTIMORE1 ,,MD3 ,NA;NAL ,F$]A;N ( ! ,BL4 ,PROP] ,TRADEM>K ,NOTICE & #ADG ,ATTRIBU;N ,M@&,M',S^R IS A REGI/]$ TRADEM>K ( ,M>S1 ,9C4 ,MOTIV,AID]^R IS A TRADEM>K ( ,2HAVIORAL ,DYNAMICS1 ,9C4 ,/RUCTUR$ ,4COV]Y ,CANE ,TRAVEL "<,,SDCT">^T IS A TRADEM>K ( ,NA;NAL ,BL;S ,PR(ES.NAL ,C]TIFICA;N ,BO>D "<,,NBPCB">4 ,! ,GOLD ,/&>D 9 ,DIRECT ,9/RUC;N^T IS A TRADEM>K ( ,NA;NAL ,9/ITUTE = ,DIRECT ,9/RUC;N4 ,ZOOM,TEXT^R IS A REGI/]$ TRADEM>K ( ,ALGORI?MIC ,IMPLE;TA;NS1 ,9C4 ,,! ,,5D #AFI