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NA;NAL C]TIFICATES 9 ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y3 ,C]TIFI$ ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y ,SPECIALI/ "<,,COMS"> & ,NA;NAL ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y #A ,C]TIFICANT "<,,NOMC">4 AI --------------------------------------II ,AF LOS+ BO? EYES TO RET9OBLA/OMA BY ! "T HE 0 #AC-MON?S OLD1 ,DANIEL 2GAN US+ ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N_/,FLA%,SON> TO NAVIGATE ! _W Z A TODDL]1 & HAS SP5T ! MAJOR;Y ( 8 ADULT LIFE T1*+ O!RS TO NAVIGATE US+ E*OLOCA;N_/,FLA%,SON>4 ,9 #BJJJ1 ,DANIEL F.D$ ,_W ,A3ESS = ! ,BL1 A NONPR(IT D$ICAT$ TO ! DEVELOP;T ( AN 9/RUC;NAL PHILOSOPHY & EVID;E-BAS$ 9/RUC;NAL TE*NIQUES = T1*+ P]SONS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS TO NAVIGATE FREELY1 E6ECTIVELY1 & JOY;LLY4 ,HE S]VES Z ! PRESID5T ( ,_W ,A3ESS = ! ,BL & PROVIDES :AT HE CALLS P]CEPTUAL NAVIGA;N 9/RUC;N 9T]NA;NALLY4 ,HE IS A PROLIFIC WRIT] & 9T]NA;NAL PRES5T] 9 ! >EA ( A3ESSIBLE NAVIGA;N ) ! L;G CANE & E*OLOCA;N_/- ,FLA%,SON>1 HAV+ 3SULT$ ON A NUMB] ( /UDIES 9 HUMAN P]CEP;N & TE*NICAL APPLICA;NS4 ,HE 3T9UES TO UPDATE 9/RUC;NAL PHILOSOPHY & ME?ODS TO 9CORPORATE NEW RESE>* & 9/RUC;NAL 4COV]IES4 ,JO ,HOOK F/ QUALIFI$ Z A AII ,SOLICITOR1 & !N 2CAME A LAW T1*] & LEGAL $ITOR 2F RETRA9+ Z A REHABILITA;N "W] = ! VISUALLY IMPAIR$4 ,JO !N GA9$ A T1*+ DIPLOMA & AN ,,MA 9 $UCA;N & "W$ Z A ,S5IOR ,LECTUR] 9 ,REHABILITA;N ,/UDIES AT ,BIRM+HAM ,C;Y ,UNIV]S;Y4 ,JO CURR5TLY "WS "P-"T Z A REHABILITA;N "W]4 ,%E IS A -------------------------------------III PROPON5T ( ! PHILOSOPHY & 9/RUC;NAL ME?ODS ( ,_W ,A3ESS = ! ,BL & HAS "W$ ) ,DANIEL ,KI% DUR+ 8 PRES5TA;NS & 9/RUC;NAL SES.NS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM4 ,%E 3TRIBUTES ! /R;G RESE>* BASE = ? BOOK4 ,JO IS BAS$ 9 ! ,,UK4 #C ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS IV-;V ,VOLUME #A ,PROJECT ,/AFF """"""""""""""""""""""" I ,AB ! ,AU?ORS """""""""""""""""""""""" I ,AC"KL$GE;TS """""""""""""""""""""""" XI ,PROP] ,TRADEM>K ,NOTICE & ,ATTRIBU;N """""""""""""""""" XIII ,9TRODUC;N """""""""""""""""""""""""" #A ,*APT] #A ,- ,:AT IS ,E*OLOCA;N8 """""""""" #BG ,AN ,EXPLANA;N """"""""""""""""""" #BG ,ISSUES 9 ,E*OLOCA;N ,ACQUISI;N "" #CC ,PASSIVE & ,ACTIVE ,E*OLOCA;N """" #DJ ,EXPLOR+ ! ,NE$ = ,ACTIVE ,E*OLOCA;N ,9/RUC;N """""""""" #DE ,H[ ,DOES ,E*OLOCA;N ,"W8 """""""" #EG ,VI.N & ,HE>+ ,COMP>ISON """"""""" #EH ,:AT IS ,DETECTABLE8 """"""""""""" #FB ,TYPES ( ,9=MA;N ,T ,C 2 ,OBTA9$ #FE ,FLA%,SON> & ! ,L;G ,CANE """""""" #GB ,T1*+ ,FLA%,SON> """"""""""""""""" #GE ,T>GET ,4T9C;N """"""""""""""""" #GE ,5VIRON;TAL ,V>IABLES """""""""" #GG A;V ,P]CEPTUAL ,V>IABLES """"""""""" #GH ,IS ,E*OLOCA;N ,M ,E6ECTIVE ,:5 ,MOV+8 """"""""""""""""""""""" #HJ ,G5]AT+ ,E*O ,SIGNALS """""""""""" #HB #B ,- ,H[ ! ,BRA9 ,DEVELOPS & ,OP]ATES """"""""""""""""""""" #IE --------------------------------------VI ,P]CEPTUAL ,DEVELOP;T """""""""""" #IE ,P]CEPTUAL ,PROCESS+ """"""""""""" #IH ,SELF-,DIRECT$ ,4COV]Y """""""""" #AJB ,P]CEP;N & ,AC;N """""""""""""""" #AJH ,MOVE;T ,)\T ,SIN+ ,)\T ,SIY ,LE>N+ ,S5SE8 """""""""""""""""""""" #ABI ,BRA9 ,PLA/IC;Y """"""""""""""""" #ACF ,HE>+ """"""""""""""""""""""""""" #ADI ,ADULTS """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AEC #E AVI ,VOLUME #B #C ,- ,OPTIMIZ+ ,LE>N+ ,3DI;NS """" #AEG ,FACILITAT+ ,3DI;NS = ,OPTIMAL ,DEVELOP;T """""""""""""""""" #AEG ,9/RUC;NAL ,PR9CIPLES """"""""""" #AFA ,ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS APPROA* """" #AFI ,P]CEP;N-BAS$ LE>N+ """"""""""" #AGF ,RAPPORT """""""""""""""""""""" #AGH ,COMMIT;T TO ! SOV]EIGN /UD5T "R TO A3ESS SOCIETAL RES\RCES """""""""""""""""""" #AHA ,PR9CIPLES ( ,DEVELOP;T & ,ADAPTA;N """"""""""""""""""" #AHD ,FRE$OM F/ """""""""""""""""""" #AHD ,NE$ DRIVES LE>N+ & DEVELOP;T #AIJ ,PR9CIPLES ( ,AC;N """""""""""""" #AIB -------------------------------------VII ,9TRODUC;N TO DEVELOP;T & ! BRA9 "<,BRA9 #AJA"> """"""""" #AIC ,R$UC+ EXT]NAL 3TROL """""""""" #AIF ,R$UC$ RELI.E ON PHYSICAL SURFACES & SPATIAL B.D>IES "" #BAD ,9TRODUC+ ! ,FULL-,L5G? ,CANE """ #BAF ,RE-,9TEGRA;N & ,SOCIAL ,5GAGE;T #BED AVII ,A ,F9AL ,NOTE """""""""""""""""" #BGB #D ,- ,H[ D ,I ,T1* ,FLA%,SON> TO ,MYF & ,O!RS8 """"""""""""""" #BGE ,FLA%,SON>3 ,A ,PR9CIPAL ,TRAVEL ,ME?OD """""""""""""""""""""" #BGE ,H[ TO ,T1* """"""""""""""""""""" #BGH ,H[ ,BRA9S ,LE>N TO ,SEE """""""" #BHD ,NEURAL ,ACTIVA;N ( ,EXT]NAL ,MAPP+ """""""""""""""""""""" #BHF ,SCANN+ """"""""""""""""""""""""" #BID ,/IMULUS ,S5SITIZA;N """""""""""" #BIF ,/IMULUS ,CL>IFICA;N """""""""""" #BIG ,/IMULUS ,COMP>ISON """"""""""""" #BIH ,/IMULUS ,ASSOCIA;N """"""""""""" #BII ,/IMULUS ,%IFT """""""""""""""""" #CJA ,ATT5;N ,/ABILIZA;N """"""""""""" #CJB ,F ,EASY TO ,M ,*ALL5G+ ,TASKS "" #CJC ,PASS+ ,"? ,GAPS & ,HE>+ ,WALLS #CJE ,G5]AT+ ! ,CLICK """""""""""""""" #CJG ------------------------------------VIII ,! CLICK MIRROR EX]CISE OR CLICK %AP+ """""""""""""""""" #CAA ,LE>N+ ! ,CLICK """"""""""""""""" #CAB #G AVIII ,US+ ! ,CLICK """"""""""""""""""" #CAG ,%APE_/,TEXTURE ,DI6]5TIA;N """"" #CBJ ,LANGUAGE & ,COMMUNICA;N """""""" #CBD ,3SID]A;NS """""""""""""""""""""" #CBE ,CANE US]S """""""""""""""""""" #CBE ,DOG GUIDE H&L]S """""""""""""" #CBF ,HE>+ LOSS """""""""""""""""""" #CBG ,W1!R & CLIMATE """"""""""""""" #CCA ,P]SONS ) L[ VI.N """"""""""""" #CCC ,*N :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL """""""" #CDB ,"W+ ) V "Y *N """""""""""""""" #CEJ ,"W+ ) /UD5TS ) MULTIPLE *ALL5GES """""""""""""""""""" #CEH ,ADULTS :O >E BL """""""""""""" #CEI ,VOLUME #C #E ,- ,FLA%,SON> ,EX]CISES """""""" #CFE ,MAT]IALS ,T ,Y ,MAY ,NE$ """"""" #CFF ,G5]AL ,EX]CISES """""""""""""""" #CFH ,/IMULUS ,S5SITIZA;N """""""""""" #CGJ ,! ,PHASE ,E6ECT """""""""""""" #CGJ ,/IMULUS T>GET PRES5TA;N """""" #CGB ,HE>+ R1L 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES3 ,F;ES1 BLANK WALLS1 ROOMS ( BVIII V>Y+ SIZES """""""""""""""""" #CGG --------------------------------------IX ,E/ABLI%+ ,ORI5TA;N ,RELATIVE TO ,PO9TS ( ,REF];E """""""""""" #CGH ,ORI5T+ TO & MOV+ T[>D AN OBJECT """""""""""""""""""""" #CGH ,ALCOVE & 9T]IOR CORN] LOCA;N #CHJ ,TRACK+ C\RSE B.D>IES """"""""" #CHC ,C5T]+ """""""""""""""""""""""" #CHE ,CIRCL+ """"""""""""""""""""""" #CHG ,NEGOTIAT+ ,OBJECTS """"""""""""" #CHH ,MOV+ AM;G OBJECTS ) GOAL DIREC;N """"""""""""""""""""" #CHH ,PRECI.N DETEC;N """""""""""""" #CIJ ,ID5TIFICA;N ( ,F1TURES & ,ELE;TS """"""""""""""""""""" #CIB ,5VIRON;TAL ,LAY]+_/,SC5E ,ANALYSIS "<,GE/ALT+"> """""" #CIC ,DYNAMIC ,5VIRON;TAL ,9T]AC;N "<,SELF-,ORI5TA;N"> """"""""" #CID ,/REET CROSS+ """"""""""""""""" #CID ,CROSS+ A P>K+ LOT """""""""""" #CIE ,SELF-ORI5TA;N """""""""""""""" #CIF #I AIX ,V ,ADV.ED ,EX]CISES = ,5?USIA/IC ,/UD5TS """""""""" #CIH ,REF9$ F1TURE 4CRIM9A;N & LOCA;N """""""""""""""""""""" #CIH ,T>GET PRACTICE """"""""""""""" #CII ,SC5E REPRES5TA;N """"""""""""" #CII ,BICYCL+ """""""""""""""""""""" #DJJ ,GR\P ACTIVITIES """""""""""""" #DJA --------------------------------------;X ,SELECT+ ,SUITABLE ,TRA9+ ,5VIRON;TS """""""""""""""""" #DJA ,SELF ,EX]CISES = ,/IMULAT+ ! ,SON> ,P]CEP;N """""""""""""" #DJC ,ONL9E ,PRACTICAL ,RES\RCES & ,EXAMPLES """"""""""""""""""" #DJF #F ,- ,! ,IMPORT.E ( ,E*OLOCA;N & ,FUTURE ,RESE>* """"""""""""" #DJI ,RESE>* """"""""""""""""""""""""" #DJI ,>E ,HUMANS ,M ,L ,DOLPH9S OR ,BATS8 """""""""""""""""""""" #DAJ ,COMP>+ ,FLA%,SON> TO ,ELECTRONIC ,TRAVEL ,AIDS """ #DAC ,IS ,"! 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HELP;L RES\RCE4 ,JANET ,C>LSON1 ,SPOKANE ,PUBLIC ,S*OOLS1 ,SPOKANE1 ,,WA ,KIM ,COOP]1 ,MESA ,PUBLIC ,S*OOLS1 ,TEMPE1 ,,AZ ,/EPHANIE ,DO]5-,RASMUSS51 ,UTAH ,S*OOL = ! ,D1F & ,BL1 ,SALT ,LAKE ,C;Y1 ,,UT ,JULIE ,HAPEMAN1 ,MILWAUKEE1 ,,WI ,LAUR5 ,H]R+1 ,=SY? ,C.TY ,S*OOLS1 ,CUMM+1 ,,GA ,LESLIE ,KELLY-,WATROBKA1 ,JE6CO ,PUBLIC ,S*OOLS1 ,LAKEWOOD1 ,,CO ,LE,ANNA ,MAC,DONALD1 ,WE/SIDE ,COMMUN;Y ,S*OOLS1 ,OMAHA1 ,,NE ,NANCY ,MONTCALM1 ,P9ELLAS ,C.TY ,S*OOLS1 ,L>GO1 ,,FL -------------------------------------XII ,DANIEL ,SIMMONS1 ,WAKE ,C.TY ,PUBLIC ,S*OOL ,SY/EM1 ,C>Y1 ,,NC ,%EILA ,SP;ER1 ,OREGON ,COMMIS.N AXII = ! ,BL1 ,PORTL&1 ,,OR ,MEGAN ,W>N]1 ,OV]BROOK ,S*OOL = ! ,BL1 ,PHILADELPHIA1 ,,PA ,G9A ,WOODS1 ,OKLAHOMA ,S*OOL = ! ,BL1 ,MUSKOGEE1 ,,OK #AC ,PROP] ,TRADEM>K ,NOTICE XIII & ,ATTRIBU;N ,MASONITE^R IS A REGI/]$ TRADEM>K ( ,MASONITE ,CORPORA;N4 ,PLEXIGLAS^R IS A REGI/]$ TRADEM>K ( ,>KEMA ,FR.E4 8,= ME1 ADJECTIVES S* Z HAPPY1 XIV-XV 3T5T$1 BLISS;L1 5JOYABLE1 D N SEEM Q APPROPRIATE TO ANY G5]AL DESCRIP;N ( ? 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LIFE1,0 SD ,D>ILEK1 #CJ4 ,8,I WANT TO MOVE "? X GRACE;LLY,00 "<,RAMIREZ1 #BJAA">4 ,H["E1 E*OLOCA;N AL HAS LIMITA;NS3 ,X IS RELATIVELY DI6ICULT TO 9T]PRET E*OES ( OBJECTS T >E R\4 ,! SIMPLE/ WAY ( EXPLA9+ H[ ! CANE & E*OLOCA;N C COMPLE;T EA* O!R IS TO SAY T E*OLOCA;N IS BE/ US$ = OBJECTS AT KNEE HEIATUS BY CLICK+4 -------------------------------------#BJ ,HE !N _H ,SAM USE 8 COMPASS1 CANE & CLICKS TO F9D 8 WAY >.D ! 5CLOSURE0 "<,LOCKWOOD1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #CI-#DJ">4 ,! AU?ORS >E BO? V AW>E T 8! ESS5TIAL PROBLEMS ( ! BL4444 >E ASSOCIAT$ ) MOBIL;Y & ) MA/]Y ( ! 5VIRON;T0 "<,JUURMAA1 #AIFI1 ;P4 #HJ">4 ,DR4 ,GORDON ,DUTTON "<#BJJH"> COM;TS1 8DEVELOP;TALLY 9 "Y BL *N X IS ! LACK ( AW>E;S & ACTIVE 5GAGE;T ) ! SURR.D+ _W : L1DS TO MAJOR PROBLEMS4 ,X IS "!=E LIKELY T "Y *N 9 "PICUL> CD B5EFIT 5ORM\SLY F 2+ TRA9$ 9 E*OLOCA;N0 "<,DUTTON1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #B">4 ,Z ,WI5]1 ,WELS*1 & ,BLAS* "<#BJAJ"> /ATE DECISIVELY1 8,! TRAVELL] ) VISUAL IMPAIR;T :O IS ABLE TO MAKE GD USE ( REFLECT$ S.D LE>NS TO TRAVEL 9 A A#BJ M SOPHI/ICAT$1 M GRACE;L MANN] ?AN ^? :O _C0 "<;P4 #ABH">4 ,H["E1 ,A%M1D & ,WALL "<#AIII">1 PO9T \1 8! NATURE ( ? AUDITORY ABIL;Y REMA9S POORLY "U/OOD0 "<;P4 #CAD">1 & ,FE9/E9 "<#BJJA">1 OBS]VES1 8,SADLY1 E*OLOCA;N IS N TALK$ AB1 NOR IS X TAUN$ 9TUITIVELY OR BY EXAMPLE0 "<,FE9/E91 #BJJA1 ;P4 #D">4 ,AL? 9=MA;N AB E*OLOCA;N HAS1 9 REC5T YE>S1 2COME M R1DILY AVAILABLE 9 ! MA9/R1M M$IA & V>I\S S*OL>LY 4CIPL9ES Z NOT$ ABV1 9=MA;N AB X 9 ! BODY ( -------------------------------------#BA LIT]ATURE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y PR(ES.N REMA9S SCANT1 & NO COMPREH5SIVE1 SY/EMATIC 9/RUC;NAL ME?ODOLOGY IS "KN TO H BE5 PUBLI%$4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 X IS ! AU?ORS' OBS]VA;N T E*OLOCA;N IS N COMMONLY TAUN$ BY P :O >E BL TO A SOPHI/ICAT$ LEVEL4 ,"! >E LIKELY TO 2 _M R1SONS = ?4 ,"O ( ^!1 Z SU7E/$ BY ,DAVIES #CI "<#BJJH">1 IS T X MAY 2 SE5 Z A#BA SOCIALLY UNA3EPTABLE4 ,Z ?REE-"T ,AU/RALIAN ,P>ALYMPIAN & A3OMPLI%$ A?LETE1 ,G]R>D ,GOS5S1 PUTS X1 8,I LIVE 9 A SIY =M ( A MOBIL;Y DEVICE %D 2 EI A :ITE CANE OR A SEE+ EYE DOG0 "<,M>%ALL1 #BJAC">4 ,AL? ! PRODUC;N ( ! CLICK+ SIGNAL IS AUDIBLE1 ! AU?ORS MA9TA9 T ! L\D;S ( ! CLICK IS N USUALLY NOTIC1BLE BY O!RS 9 A TYPICAL "D TO "D 5VIRON;T4 ,Z "O MOM PUT X 9 A LR TO A LI/S]V3 8,ON ! TOPIC ( US+ A T;GUE CLICK1 ,I C AG TELL Y F F/H& EXP]I;E T X IS H>DLY NOTIC1BLE AT ALL4444 ,I AL ?9K ! T;GUE CLICK 9 NO WAY RESEMBLES A BL9DISM OR MANN]ISM "4 -------------------------------------#BB ,BO? AU?ORS >E PAS.NATE AB P HAV+ 9=MA;N & OPPORTUNITIES AVAILABLE TO !M TO MAKE 9=M$ *OICES & A*IEVE _! FULL POT5TIAL4 8,I /RIVE TO GIVE MY * A3ESS TO ALL ( ! RES\RCES ,I C TO HELP HM 2COME :O HE WANTS TO BE4444 ,WE A#BB WANT HM TO 2 Z 9DEP5D5T & FREE Z HE C BE4 ,TO GIVE HM T1 WE WANT HM TO H A3ESS TO ALL ! OP;NS S T HE "KS :AT IS POSSIBLE & C MAKE 8 [N *OICES4444 ,E*OLOCA;N TRA9+ IS MO/ DEF9ITELY HELP+ TO A3OMPLI% T GOAL0 "4 ,! ,_W ,H1L? ,ORGANIZA;N E/IMATES T "! >E >.D #CI MILLION P :O >E BL 9 ! _W & #BDF MILLION P ) L[ VI.N "<,_W ,H1L? ,ORGANIZA;N .<,,:O.>1 #BJAJ1 ;P4 #D">4 ,? FIGURE IS !N SD TO 2 POSSIBLY #BJ.0 OV]- OR "UE/IMAT$ 2C ( DI6ICULTIES OBTA9+ A3URATE DATA4 ,E*OLOCA;N CD POT5TIALLY B5EFIT AB #BHE MILLION P _WWIDE4 ,X IS 9T5D$ T ? BOOK1 : EXPLA9S E*OLOCA;N1 PROVIDES ! GR.D"W = MO/ E6ECTIVE T1*+ & LE>N+1 & PROVIDES SPECIFIC TRA9+ EX]CISES TO 5H.E E*OLOCA;N SKILLS1 C FILL ? 9=MA;NAL GAP TO HELP M P TO BR+ ^! SKILLS TO ! HI< /&>DS T >E N[ A*IEVABLE & EXPECT$4 8,MO/ BL P H LE>N$ TO D ? TO "S DEGREE10 COM;TS ,]IK ,WEIH5MAY] "<#BJAC"> #DA 8B X'S PASSIVE B#BB -------------------------------------#BC & N DEVELOP$ ) A 3SCI\S PROCESS4444 ,S X 0 ESPECIALLY GRATIFY+ :51 BY ! 5D ( ! "D1 ,I 0 F9D+ METAL POLES 9 A PAVILION & EV5 LOCAT+ ?9 METAL SIGN PO/S4 ,X ALL TOOK IMM5SE 3C5TRA;N1 B ! GD NEWS IS T X'S FULLY POSSIBLE1 & ONLY GETS BETT] ) PRACTICE40 ,_M ( ! 3CEPTS PRES5T$ "H MAY SEEM ELE;T>Y TO "S1 :ILE AT ! SAME "T ESOT]IC OR V ADV.ED TO O!RS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 _M 9/RUCTORS ALR EMBRACE ! OPPORTUN;Y TO PROVIDE CANE TRA9+ & TRA9+ 9 P]CEPTUAL DEVELOP;T TO TODDL]S & EV5 9FANTS1 :ILE _M O!RS / /& RELUCTANT OR SKEPTICAL4 ,"S :OLLY EMBRACE A H&S-(F1 NON-DIRECTIVE /YLE ( 9/RUC;N1 :ILE O!RS REMA9 M DIRECTIVE4 ,"S MAKE FAMILY 9VOLVE;T A REGUL> COMPON5T ( ! 9/RUC;NAL PROCESS1 :ILE O!RS MAY ONLY SEE ! FAMILY ONCE A YE> :5 MEET+S REQUIRE !M TO D S4 ,"S 9/RUCTORS REG>D BL;S Z A *ALL5G+ 3DI;N T C 2 ADAPT$ TO1 :ILE O!RS REG>D X Z A SEV]E & LIMIT+ 4ABIL;Y4 ,! AU?ORS RECOGNIZE T R1D]S COME ) A V A#BC BROAD RANGE ( K1 & WE H ATTEMPT$ TO APP1L TO & (F] USE;L P]SPECTIVES & 9=MA;N = T BROAD RANGE4 ,? BOOK C 2 US$ Z A SELF-T1*+ GUIDE = ^? LOOK+ = OPPORTUNITIES TO IMPROVE ^U _! [N E*OLOCA;N SKILLS1 = P>5TS TO GA9 -------------------------------------#BD GRT] "U/&+ ( _! *N'S LE>N+1 & = T1*]S OR ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y "<,O@&,M"> SPECIALI/S TO TRA9 O!RS TO USE AUDITORY 9=MA;N M E6ECTIVELY4 ,! AU?ORS DID N WANT POT5TIAL R1D]S TO 2 PUT (F BY OV]COMPLICAT$ !ORIES OR AN OV]LY =MAL WRIT+ /YLE4 ,? BOOK %D 2 A3ESSIBLE TO ALL1 & ^? :O WANT TO DELVE M 9TO ! RESE>* C EASILY D S BY FOLL[+ UP "S ( ! _M REF];ES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! AU?ORS AL (F] A FRLY 9VITA;N TO MEMB]S ( ! FIELD TO /RET* \R ?9K+ 2Y L;G HELD TRADI;NAL FRAME"WS4 ,= ALL _! WISDOM & 9SIE TO 2 CR$IT$ = _! GR.D-BR1K+ 3TRIBU;NS AT T "T4 ,T SD1 WE PROPOSE T PIONE]S E/ABLI% 2G9N+S2 !Y D N DICTATE 5D+S4 ,^! PIONE]S ( ! #AIEJ'S1 AT A "T :5 -------------------------------------#BE P :O >E BL 7 R\T9ELY KEPT \ ( _M SECTORS ( MA9/R1M SOCIETY1 WD H _H LL IDEA ( ! *ALL5GES & POSSIBILITIES T LAY 2F P :O >E BL 9 ! #BAST C5TURY4 ,WE F9D X USE;L TO VIEW \R PROPOS$ MODEL UP-FRONT Z A DYNAMIC1 ORGANIC1 OP5 SY/EM ( 9=MA;N EX*ANGE & DEVELOP;T1 Z A SY/EM BORN ( A LOOSELY /RUCTUR$ 3FLU;E ( 9=MA;N & P]SPECTIVES F _M 4CIPL9ES4 ,:AT WE DID ?REE OR FIVE YE>S AGO WE MAY N D TD1 & _M ( \R PRACTICES ( TD W LIKELY FALL AWAY ?REE TO FIVE YE>S F N[4 ,9 /RIV+ = A M EVID;E-BAS$ APPROA*1 ? BOOK SEEKS TO 2 CLE> AB ! CL9ICAL R1SON+ 2H :AT WE PROPOSE4 ,CL9ICAL A#BE R1SON+ IS A T]M US$ BY O!R PR(ES.NS TO DESCRIBE _! ABIL;Y TO EXPLA9 ) LOGICAL "U/&+ :Y AN 9/RUCTOR OR !RAPI/ WD TAKE A "PICUL> C\RSE ( AC;N ) A "PICUL> CLI5T4 ,? PRACTICE IS RELATIVELY NEW TO ! ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y PR(ES.N1 & WE APPLAUD XS =MA;N4 ,:5 ASK$ 8:Y01 ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y 9/RUCTORS >E (T5 / AT A LOSS4 ,_M /UD5TS & P>5TS H COME TO U & SD1 8,!Y J C'T GIVE ME A R1SON10 OR 8%E J SD WE'VE ALW D"O X ? WAY10 OR 8T'S J BE/ PRACTICE40 -------------------------------------#BF ,WE MAKE E ATTEMPT TO (F] SUB/ANTIVE1 COMPREH5SIVE1 & WELL-SUPPORT$ R1SON+ 2H "EY?+ WE PROPOSE4 ,:5 SITUA;NS >ISE ": ! ANSW]S >5'T CLE>1 WE SEEK TO F9D !M ) COMPLETE E>NE/4 ,WE HOPE WE H D"O ? TO ! R1D]'S SATISFAC;N4 #DE ,*APT] #A ,- #BG ,:AT IS ,E*OLOCA;N8 ,? *APT] 9TRODUCES & EXPLA9S ! BASIC 3CEPTS ( E*OLOCA;N & H[ ? SKILL C 2 US$ BY ^? ) A VISUAL IMPAIR;T TO 5ABLE !M TO TRAVEL M E6ECTIVELY 9 ! 5VIRON;T4 ,AN ,EXPLANA;N ,E*OLOCA;N IS ! USE ( REFLECT$ S.D TO GA9 9=MA;N AB ! 5VIRON;T4 ,! E*OLOCATOR CR1TES OR EMITS S.DS CALL$ E*O SIGNALS1 : /RIKE SURFACES 9 ! SURR.D+ 5VIRON;T & !N RETURN Z E*OES4 8,^! WAVES REFLECT (F WALLS1 ! GR.D1 & ANY O!R OB/ACLES 9 ! 5VIRON;T 2F RETURN+ TO EA* E> ) AN 9DEP5D5T "T & 9T5S;Y0 "<,DAVIES1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #BG">4 ,! T]MS SON> & E*OLOCA;N T5D TO 2 US$ 9T]*ANG1BLY4 ,BO? REF] TO ! USE ( REFLECT$ S.D = NAVIGA;N PURPOSES4 ,SON> IS ACTUALLY AN ACRONYM T /&S = ,S.D ,NAVIGA;N & ,RANG+4 ,T T]M T5DS TO 2 RES]V$ M = TE*NICAL APPLICA;NS1 S* Z USE 9 SUBM>9ES OR ELECTRONIC S5SORS1 AL? N EXCLUSIVELY S4 A#BG -------------------------------------#BH ,! T]M E*OLOCA;N 0 F/ CO9$ BY ,DONALD ,GRI69 9 ! #AIDJS FOLL[+ 8 EXT5SIVE RESE>* 9TO ! USE ( SON> BY BATS TO ASSI/ !M :5 FLY+ AT NI4 ,GRI69'S PIONE]+ RESE>* 9TO ! MOVE;T ( ANIMALS "ILY ( BATS"> L$ HM TO "Q 8:E!R \R K ( E*OLOCA;N Z X IS PRACTIC$ BY BATS & O!R ANIMALS HAS ANY PRACTICAL APPLICA;NS TO ! PROBLEMS ( ORI5TA;N 3FRONT+ BL P E "D ( _! LIVES0 "<;P4 #BII">4 ,RESE>* 3DUCT$ "U 3TROLL$ EXP]I;TAL 3DI;NS HAS %[N T 8E*OLOCA;N IMPROVES BL P'S SPATIAL S5S+ ABIL;Y1 9 T X IMPROVES _! ABIL;Y TO DET]M9E 4T.E1 LOCA;N1 MO;N1 SIZE1 %APE OR MAT]IAL ( SURFACES0 "<,?AL]1 #BJAC;A1 ;P4 #B">4 ,? USE #DG ( S.D C MAKE ! HUMAN TRAVEL] AW>E A#BH ( 9=MA;N 9 ! 5VIRON;T S* Z ! LOCA;N & NATURE ( OV]HANG+ TREES1 WALLS1 DOORWAYS1 RECESSES1 P$E/RIANS1 /REET FURNITURE1 VEHICLES & M* M4 ,Z ,DEWALD VAN ,DEV5T] "<#BJAD">1 "O ( ,DANIEL'S /UD5TS F ,S\? ,AFRICA1 -------------------------------------#BI PUTS X1 8,) ? 9CR$IBLE SKILL1 WE C WALK ) M 3FID;E1 "K+ :AT IS >.D U1 AVOID+ OB/ACLES1 )\T T\*+ !M4 ,WE C NAVIGATE P>K+ LOTS1 F9D ! 5TR.E ( A BUILD+1 WALK >.D TREES1 9/1D ( ALM WALK+ 9TO !M4444 ,WE C USE L\D CLICKS TO HE> A BUILD+ FIFTY MET]S AWAY4444 ,9 FACT1 X EV5 GOES FUR!R1 TO BICYCL+1 & HIK+4444 ,? SKILL HAS EMP[]$ S _M BL P1 T X IS NO L;G] NEC = !M TO 2 GUID$ BY SI A GROSS RESEMBL.E TO ! SPATIAL "*I/ICS ( VISUAL IMAGES4 ,Z ,DEWALD VAN ,DEV5T]1 TOTALLY BL F ! AGE ( #AJ1 PUTS X1 8,I 2LIEV$ = A L;G "T T ,I CD / SEE4444 ,I ?"\ ,I CD SEE %AD[S & %APES4 ,I DIDN'T 2LIEVE ,I 0 COMPLETELY A#BI BL,-,I ?"\ ! \TL9ES 7 / "!40 "<,VAN ,DEV5T]1 #BJAE">4 ,A PR(ICI5T US] ( E*OLOCA;N C USE S.D E*OES TO MOVE AM;G CR[DS ( P$E/RIANS )\T T\*+ !M & C 4T+UI% A TREE F A TELEGRAPH POLE4 ,Z ,RYO1 "O ( ,DANIEL'S ,JAPANESE /UD5TS1 HAS WRITT5 " 8,ON MY MOBIL;Y TRA9+ ON ,FRI"D1 ,I W5T TO AN "UGR.D %OPP+ MALL NE> . REHABILITA;N C5T]4444 -------------------------------------#CJ ,2F1 ,I RELI$ ON H&RAILS :5 WALK+ AISLES :5"E POSSIBLE1 & ,I US$ TO FOLL[ ! GUIDE BLOCK1 ! YELL[ TILES T >E BURI$ AL;G ! SIDEWALKS & AISLES1 B ,I 0 Q 3FID5T1 ,I J WALK "R 9 ! MIDDLE ( AISLE )\T 9T]F]+ ) ONCOM+ P TRA6IC6 444 ,I C SAFELY AVOID ! POLES & SIGNS ON SIDEWALKS1 & MY VE]+ PROBLEM :ILE WALK+ D[N AISLES 9SIDE A RE/AURANT IS NO L;G] OBS]V$4444 MY MOBIL;Y COA* Z WELL Z O!R TWO BL FRS ( M9E :O / RELY ON GUIDE BLOCKS & H&RAILS SURPRIS$ H[ M* FA/] ,I MOVE >.D6 444 ,HE TOLD ME X'S REM>KABLE A*IEVE;T60 #DI "4 ,:5 A#CJ DESCRIB+ ? PROCESS1 ,KI% "<#BJJI;A"> SAYS1 8,BL HUMANS C FILL ! D>K;S ) DYNAMIC IMAGES D]IV$1 N F LI4 ,AT A V BASIC LEVEL1 E*OLOCA;N IS (T5 SELF-TAU ! US]1 B AN ADV.ED LEVEL ( E*OLOCA;N C 5ABLE A TRAVEL] TO TRAVEL M RAPIDLY & GRACE;LLY "? M COMPLEX 5VIRON;TS1 Z WELL Z "PICIPATE M AUTONOM\SLY 9 A WID] RANGE ( ACTIVITIES4 ,Z "O MOM /AT$ AB H] #G-YE>-OLD SON1 8,SAMUEL PICK$ UP ! CLICK+ Q EASILY4 ,JOHN .<"F.> WAT*$ AMAZ$ Z ,DANIEL TOOK ,SAMUEL TO A %OPP+ -------------------------------------#CA C5T] & SAW !M NAVIGATE >.D A /ORE4 ,X SEEM$ 9CR$IBLE1 B EV5 AF A FEW SES.NS ,I CD SEE ! DI6];E X 0 MAK+ TO ,SAMUEL4444 ,COMB9+ E*OLOCA;N ) 8 CANE1 ,SAMUEL 2GAN MAK+ 8 WAY TO ! LR BOX NE> \R HOME 9 ,POOLE1 ,DORSET1 & NAVIGAT+ SUP]M>KET AISLES4 ,HE'S EV5 US$ X = ACTIVITIES L SWIMM+ & TAE-KWON D4 ,AT S*OOL IF A#CA HE GETS 4ORI5TAT$ 9 ! PLAYGR.D HE USES A FEW CLICKS TO "W 8 WAY BACK TO ! BUILD+4 ,WE'RE S PR\D & HOPE HE'LL 2 ABLE TO *OOSE ! QUAL;Y ( LIFE HE WANTS R ?AN HAV+ X MAPP$ \ = HM0 "<,RUBN]-,9/ITUT1 #BJJH">4 ,RYO TELLS U1 8,F9ALLY1 ,I AM N[ 9 T\* ) ! 3F];E ORGANIZ] = AN APPLI$ SECUR;Y 3F];E T W 2 HELD 9 ,TOKYO 9 TWO WEEKS1 & ,I GOT AN (FICIAL 9VITA;N6 ,HE ?"\ ,I WD N 2 ABLE TO MAKE X ? "T1 B AF FOLL[+ :AT ,I H4444 D"O 9 ,L;G ,B1* .1 HE IS C]TA9 T ,I W 2 OKAY TO 2 A "P ( 3F];E /AFF ? YE>6 ,I W "PICIPATE 9 9T]PRETA;N & M$IA RELA;N1 Z ,I US$ TO D 2F LOS+ MY EYESI4 -------------------------------------#CB ,DAVIES "<#BJJH"> /ATES1 8SOPHI/ICAT$ E*OLOCA;N TO 5ABLE 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL C TAKE 3SID]ABLE TRA9+0 "<;P4 #BF">4 ,H["E X IS ! AU?ORS' EXP]I;E T1 EV5 AF J #EA A FEW H\RS ( E*OLOCA;N TRA9+1 A#CB /UD5TS >E ABLE TO 9T]PRET ! REFLECTIVE "*I/ICS ( DI6]5T OBJECTS1 & 2G9 TO USE E*OLOCA;N TO OBTA9 M DETAIL$ 9=MA;N AB ! 5VIRON;T4 ,VAN ,DEV5T]1 :O IS ,S\? ,AFRICAN1 9VIT$ ,KI% TO 8 HOME C.TRY S T ,KI% CD T1* HM ! TE*NIQUE4 ,AL? VAN ,DEV5T] F.D T LE>N+ E*OLOCA;N IS A PROCESS T REQUIRES 3/ANT PRACTICE1 HE IS A/.D$ AT H[ QKLY HE HAS PICK$ UP ! SKILL4 8,MY F/ "D1 ,I D\BT$ MYF A LOT1 B ,I 0 ABLE TO C.T TREE BRAN*ES & POLES10 HE SAYS4 8,I 3T9UE TO SURPRISE MYF E "D0 "<,BR[N1 #BJAA">4 ,JUURMAA "<#AIFI"> F.D T AF J A HALF H\R ( TRA9+ 8 BLFOLD$ "PICIPANTS CD JUDGE AN OB/ACLE AT A 4T.E ( #A4E MET]S4 8,X SEEM$ 9CR$IBLE1 B EV5 AF A FEW SES.NS ,I CD SEE ! DI6];E X 0 MAK+ TO ,SAMUEL0 "<,RUBN]-,9/ITUT1 #BJJH">4 ,X IS (T5 NOTIC$ T US]S ( E*OLOCA;N T5D TO C>RY !MVS ) AN ]ECT PO/URE1 9T]ACT ) ! 5VIRON;T GRACE;LLY1 & LOOK #CC 5GAG$4 ,*N ) E*OLOCA;N SKILLS H BE5 DESCRIB$ Z DEVELOP+ 8M AUTONOMY1 PO/URAL SECUR;Y1 & K ( ! OBJECT _W0 "<,CUTT]1 #BJJC;A1 ;P4 #A">4 ,! "M ( A * :O HAS BE5 TAU DOES D4 ,X KEEPS ! H1D UP NICELY1 2C :5 Y CLICK Y SCAN YR 5VIRON;T Y LIFT YR H1D UP 9/1D ( HANG+ X D[N0 "4 ,Z ,M>TA ,FONMUDEH "<#BJAC">1 AN ,O@&,M ,SPECIALI/ 9 ,AU/RALIA1 RELATES 9 A CASE /UDY ( "O ( H] /UD5TS AF S"EAL SES.NS ( E*OLOCA;N TRA9+ DUR+ ,DANIEL'S "W%OPS1 8,ANNIE IS N[ ,8IN *>GE,0 ( H] MOBIL;Y4444 ,ANNIE HAS MADE A GRT %IFT 9 H] PO/URE1 3FID;E LEVEL1 & ABIL;Y TO TRAVEL 9DEP5D5TLY4444 ,%E FEELS M RELAX$ & M 3FID5T ASK+ APPROPRIATE "QS TO AID 9 H] WAYF9D+4 ,%E IS N SELF-3SCI\S 9 PUBLIC Z %E ,8CLICKS,0 AWAY4444 ,%E /ATES %E IS EMP[]$ & M 9 3TROL ( ! PROCESS & EXPRESSES H] DRIVE TO 3T9UE ON T J\RNEY1 TO KEEP IMPROV+ H] #EC SKILLS & EXP]I;ES40 A#CC ,ISSUES 9 ,E*OLOCA;N ,ACQUISI;N ,AL? ! SPECIFIC ME*ANISMS "ULY+ ! TE*NICAL ASPECTS ( E*OLOCA;N 9 HUMANS H -------------------------------------#CD BE5 FAIRLY WELL /UDI$ & >E WELL "U/OOD1 "PICUL>LY 3C]N+ P :O >E BL1 NO SY/EMATIC /UDY ( COMPREH5SIVE TRA9+ = COMPLEX E*OLOCA;N HAS BE5 REPORT$4 ,MO/ ( ! /UDIES 9 ? >EA >E BAS$ ON SIMPLE TRIAL & ]ROR ME?ODS T 3C]N V BASIC SKILLS4 ,!Y MAY ADDRESS ! "Q ( :E!R OR N E*OLOCA;N C 2 LE>N$4 ,H["E1 ! APPLICA;N ( E*OLOCA;N SKILLS TO COMPLEX MOBIL;Y & ! "Q ( H[ S* SKILLS %D 2 ACTIVELY TAU*$4 ,N"O!.S1 COLLECTIVE /UDIES ( HUNDR$S ( HUMANS CLE>LY 9DICATE T ALL HE>+ P C LE>N TO P]CV & 9T]PRET E*OES TO "S DEGREE,-EI BY FOCUS$ OR 9CID5TAL LE>N+4 ,X IS N A SPECIAL 5D[;T 8NOR A R>E ABIL;Y PRACTIC$ BY A FEW SKILL$ 9DIVIDUALS0 "<,T5G @& ,:ITNEY1 #BJAA1 ;P4 #CJ">4 ,X IS A SKILL T C 2 LE>N$ BY ANY 9DIVIDUAL :O HAS ! MOTIVA;N & A#CD DESIRE TO LE>N4 8,X IS1 P]H1 A LL "KN FACT T ALL HUMANS H AN 9NATE ABIL;Y TO E*OLOCATE0 "<,BAK] @& ,SMI?1 #BJAB1 ;P4 #A">4 ,AL? FEW 9VE/IGA;NS H BE5 REPORT$ 3C]N+ ! SPECIFICS ( H[ E*OLOCA;N MAY 2 LE>N$1 MO/ 9VE/IGA;NS H 9DICAT$ IMPROV$ P]=M.E 9 ! "PICIPANTS ON ! -------------------------------------#CE GIV5 TASKS 2+ /UDI$4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,HAUSFELD1 ,P[]1 ,GORTA1 & ,H>RIS "<#AIHB"> REPORT 3SID]ABLE IMPROVE;T = ALL #AH ( ! "PICIPANTS :O 7 SI F.D T 9 A #B-"D /UDY ( 4T.E1 DIREC;N1 & OBJECT P]CEP;N1 H] "PICIPANT'S E/IMATES ( 4T.E IMPROV$ OV] #CH.0 F "O "D TO ! NEXT GIV5 PRACTICE & FE$BACK4 ,^? 9VE/IGA;NS T D SPECIFICALLY EXAM9E ! ISSUES 2H TRA9+ E*OLOCA;N H G5]ALLY F.D V POSITIVE RESULTS4 ,9 "O ( ! F/ ( ^!1 ,WOR*EL & ,MAUNEY "<#AIEJ"> /UDI$ ! E6ECTS ( PRACTICE ON ! ABIL;Y ( #EE SEV5 *N :O 7 BL TO P]CV _! A#CE RELA;N%IP TO A L>GE ,MASONITE^R PANEL4 ,BO? ! POSI;N ( ! PANEL & ! />T+ PO9T ( EA* * 7 V>I$ R&OMLY AL;G A PA?WAY4 ,ALL ( ! *N 7 ASK$ TO APPROA* ! PANEL1 & 9DICATE :5 ! OB/ACLE 0 F/ P]CVD "1 !N TO /OP Z CLOSE Z POSSIBLE TO ! OB/ACLE )\T T\*+ X "4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! *N'S P]CEP;NS ( ! PANEL 7 ]RATIC & 9CONSI/5T4 ,COLLI.NS 7 FREQU5T & =CE;L4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( #BAJ TRIALS SPR1D OV] #D "DS1 ALL *N %[$ M>K$ IMPROVE;T 9 P]CEP;N ( SELF-PLACE;T ) RESPECT TO ! T>GET4 ,F9AL APPRAISALS DROPP$ F -------------------------------------#CF Z HI< Z #AEJ CM D[N TO LESS ?AN #CJ CM = ALL "PICIPANTS1 & ! FREQU5CY ( FALSELY P]CVG ! T>GET DECR1S$ BY M ?AN #GE.04 ,FREQU5CY ( COLLI.NS 2T ! PRE- & PO/-TE/S DECR1S$ F #EF TO #AI1 & ! =CE ( COLLI.NS DECR1S$ V M>K$LY Z WELL4 ,ALL ( ! *N %[$ ! MAJOR;Y ( IMPROVE;T OV] ! F/ #CJ TO #FJ TRIALS4 ,? /UDY 0 LAT] REPLICAT$ BY ,AMMONS1 ,WOR*EL1 & ,DALL5BA* "<#AIEC"> ) A#CF #BJ ADULTS :O 7 SIGET & AVOID COLLI.N DECR1S$ SUB/ANTIALLY OV] ! C\RSE ( A FEW "DS' PRACTICE4 ,H["E1 ^! "PICIPANTS %[$ M* SL[] PROGRESS = ! F/ FEW TRIALS 2F PICK+ UP SUDD5LY4 ,"PICIPANTS 9DICAT$ A SUDD5 AW>E;S ( ! P>AMET]S ( ! TASK,-( :AT TO PAY ATT5;N TO & H[4 ,ONCE ? 9SIN+ PROGRESS$ RAPIDLY 2F TAP]+ (F4 ,! PRES5T AU?ORS H AL OBS]V$ ? BUR/ ( 9SIE SIMIL> TO ^? F.D BY ,KOHL] "<#AIFD"> 9 : #BJ "PICIPANTS LE>N$ TO 9CR1SE ABIL;Y TO JUDGE 4T.E OV] A #F-WEEK TRA9+ P]IOD4 ,X IS UNC]TA9 F ! /UDY :E!R ! M GRADUAL 9ITIAL PROGRESS MIN M QKLY1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y H BE5 BL = M ?AN #C TO #E YE>S1 B LE>N+ IS WELL )9 ! CAPAC;Y ( EV5 OLD] ADULTS4 ,^! OBS]VA;NS ( ! E6ECT ( ONSET ( BL;S >E R\ :O F.D AM;G #EB TOTALLY BL "PICIPANTS AG$ #AG TO #EJ YE>S T ^? BL = LESS ?AN #E YE>S "<#AC.0"> EVID;ED NO CAPAC;Y TO DETECT ! PRES;E ( A L>GE PANEL4 ,9 E>LI] /UDIES1 H["E1 ,JUURMAA1 ,SUONIO1 & ,MOILAN5 "<#AIFH2 ,JUURMAA1 #AIFH"> SU3ESS;LLY TRA9$ ?REE ADULT "PICIPANTS ) PROGRESSIVE VI.N LOSS :O EVID;ED NO E*OLOCA;N ABIL;Y AT ! 2G9N+ ( TRA9+4 ,TRA9+ 9VOLV$ AVOID.E ( MULTIPLE DI6]5T-SIZ$ OB/ACLES & DET]M9A;N ( -------------------------------------#CH HEIY+ SIZE 7 PLAC$4 ,! "PICIPANT 0 9/RUCT$ TO 9DICATE :5 HE F/ P]CVD EA* OB/ACLE1 TO /OP #J4E ;M 2F R1*+ ! OB/ACLE1 & TO PROVIDE AN A#CH E/IMATE ( ! OB/ACLE'S DIM5.NS4 ,SES.NS RAN AB #CJ M9UTES P] "D = #D WEEKS4 ,) 9/RUCTOR FE$BACK1 "PICIPANTS LE>N$ TO AVOID COLLI.NS QKLY & 9 AN 9SI TO ! RESULTS ( PREVI\S /UDIES4 ,9 A /UDY BY ,GREY/"O @& ,MC,CL5NAN "<#AIFH">1 #BF *N :O 7 BL 7 9/RUCT$ TO NAVIGATE AN OB/ACLE C\RSE ) ! ASSI/.E ( AN ELECTRONIC CLICK]4 ,! OB/ACLE C\RSE 3SI/$ ( A S]IES ( WALLS ) AN OP5+ AT A DI6]5T PO9T AL;G EA* WALL4 ,! E6ECT 0 A MAZE ( (F-SET OP5+S "? : ! "PICIPANTS _H TO TRAVEL4 ,AF ! *N _H "UTAK5 ! TASK Z A PRE-TE/1 !Y 7 GIV5 ! ELECTRONIC CLICK] & TOLD TO PRACTICE AT HOME OV] ! SUMM]4 ,:5 ! S*OOL YE> RESUM$1 ! *N 7 TE/$ AG ) ! SAME C\RSE4 ,COLLI.NS & HESITANT /OPS 7 R$UC$ BY AB #EJ.01 & "T TO COMPLETE ! C\RSE 0 R$UC$ BY AB #AF.04 ,NO DATA 7 AVAILABLE REG>D+ ! NATURE ( PRACTICE T TOOK PLACE OV] ! SUMM]4 -------------------------------------#CI ,F9ALLY1 ,CL>KE1 ,PICK1 @& ,WILSON "<#AIGE"> /UDI$ #AF TE5AG]S :O 7 #EI BL 9 A C\RSE ( TRA9+ TO IMPROVE ! A#CI ABIL;Y TO NEGOTIATE A COMPLEX OB/ACLE C\RSE US+ E*OES4 ,=TY-M9UTE TRA9+ SES.NS TOOK PLACE TWICE WEEKLY = #H WEEKS4 ,! "PICIPANTS 7 9TRODUC$ TO A V>IETY ( OBJECT P]CEP;N TASKS 9VOLV+ A DIV]S;Y ( OBJECTS 9CLUD+ UPCURBS1 FURNITURE1 PIPES1 ETC4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 "O TASK1 "PICIPANTS 7 ASK$ TO ROTATE AB A ROOM FULL ( OBJECTS & DESCRIBE ANY OBJECT !Y S5S$ >.D !M4 ,FE$BACK 0 PROVID$ REG>D+ A3URACY4 ,ALL "PICIPANTS IMPROV$ SIGNIFICANTLY ON ALL TASKS4 ,! RESE>* IS CLE> T ANY"O )\T SEV]E HE>+ LOSS C LE>N AT L1/ BASIC E*OLOCA;N1 & _M APPE> TO 2 ABLE TO LE>N M COMPLEX SKILLS Z WELL4 ,T5G & ,:ITNEY "<#BJAA"> DEMON/RAT$ 9 EXP]I;TS T "S P]SONS :O 7 SISE E*OLOCA;N ABIL;Y0 "S EV5 8) A LEVEL ( PR(ICI5CY T APPROA*ES T ( EXP]T E*OLOCATORS :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL0 "<;P4 #BI">4 ,Z ,AMMONS ET ;AL4 "<#AIEC"> PUT X1 8,! IMPLICA;NS ( ? 3CLU.N >E F> R1*+3 ,T ALL P]SONS1 BL B O!RWISE NORMAL1 >E CAPABLE ( LE>N+ TO P]CV OB/ACLES2 B#CI & T "! IS NO R1SON1 O!R ?AN ! LACK ( C\RAGE OR ! W TO LE>N1 = ANY ( !M L1D+ A VEGETATIVE EXI/;E 9 : HE HAS TO 2 L$ AB0 "<;P4 #EEA">4 -------------------------------------#DJ ,IF E*OLOCA;N C 2 PASSIVELY OR ACTIVELY LE>N$ "U APPROPRIATE 3DI;NS1 !N X /&S TO R1SON T1 GIV5 ! "R 3DI;NS1 E*OLOCA;N C 2 ACTIVELY TAUQU9 "<#BJJJ"> Z 8AUDITORY 9=MA;N . SUPPORTS A BL 9DIVIDUAL'S ABIL;Y TO NAVIGATE "? ! _W0 "<;P4 #C">4 ,H["E1 E*OLOCA;N C 2 "U/OOD & UTILIZ$ 9 A SOPHI/ICAT$ MANN]4 ,TO 2G9 )1 "! >E TWO TYPES ( E*OLOCA;N3 ,ACTIVE & PASSIVE4 ,PASSIVE E*OLOCA;N O3URS :5 S.DS T >E 9CID5TAL 9 ! 5VIRON;T SOLICIT E*OES1 ":AS ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N USES SELF-G5]AT$ SIGNALS #FA TO SOLICIT ! E*OES "<,?OMAS1 A#DJ ,MOSS1 @& ,VAT]1 #BJJD">4 ,PASSIVE E*OLOCA;N RELIES ON 9CID5TAL S.DS 9 ! 5VIRON;T : ELICIT REFLEC;NS1 L A MOV+ C> 9 A TUNNEL1 OR S.DS PRODUC$ 9CID5TALLY BY ! US] S* Z H] [N FOOT/EPS4 ,WEL* "<#AIFD"> WROTE T 8REFLEC;NS ( S.DS 2+ PRODUC$ BY ! SUBJECT Z HE WALKS T[>DS ! OBJECT1 FOOT/EPS1 RU/L+ ( CLO!S1 A CANE'S TAPP+1 OR SNAPP+ ( -------------------------------------#DA F+]S ALL C 2 US$ Z S.D S\RCES0 "<;P4 #A">4 ,! IMAGES CR1T$ 9 ! US]'S M9D :ILE US+ PASSIVE E*OLOCA;N >E USUALLY RELATIVELY VAGUE4 ,:ILE ? TYPE ( E*OLOCA;N C 2 US$ TO GA9 9=MA;N AB L>GE F1TURES OR G5]AL LAY\T1 ! 9CID5TAL NOISES >E N ID1L = DETEC;N ( SMALL F1TURES OR F9E 4CRIM9A;N1 ESPECIALLY AT GRT] 4T.ES4 ,? TYPE ( E*OLOCA;N IS M COMMONLY TAU & IS (T5 US$ BY P :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$ :5 TAPP+ ! 5D ( A CANE ON ! GR.D & LI/5+ TO ! S.D B\NC+ BACK2 9DE$ "S CANE US]S FAVOR "PICUL> TIPS S* Z ! METAL BUTTON1 GLIDE1 OR C]AMIC TIP TO AID ? PROCESS4 A#DA ,ACTIVE SON> 9VOLVES ! USE ( A SIGNAL PRODUC$ BY ! LI/5]4 ,! LI/5] C DIRECT A SELF-G5]AT$1 3SI/5T SIGNAL 9TO ! 5VIRON;T4 ,! GRT] E6ECTIVE;S ( ACTIVE SON> LIES 9 ! BRA9'S 3TROL OV] & FAMILI>;Y ) ! SIGNAL : ALL[S X TO 4T+UI% 2T ! "*I/ICS ( ! SIGNAL X PRODUCES F ^? ( ! RETURN+ SIGNAL "4 ,! RETURN+ SIGNAL IS SY/EMATICALLY *ANG$ BY ! QUALITIES ( :AT"E RETURNS X1 & ^! *ANGES C>RY 9=MA;N AB :AT ! SIGNAL 5C.T]S4 ,?US1 ! QUALITIES ( ! RETURN+ E*O CORRESPOND ) ! QUALITIES ( ! SURFACES T RETURN$ X4 -------------------------------------#DB ,! BRA9'S FAMILI>;Y ) ! SELF-G5]AT$ SIGNAL ALL[S = RELATIVELY EASY RECOGNI;N ( E*OES EV5 9 COMPLEX OR NOISY 5VIRON;TS4 ,X'S L RECOGNIZ+ A FAMILI> FACE OR VOICE 9 A CR[D2 ! M FAMILI> ! VOICE1 ! EASI] X IS TO RECOGNIZE4 ,! IMAGES PRODUC$ >E RELATIVELY %>P 9 FOCUS & DETAIL4 ,X IS L ! DI6];E 2T TAK+ A PICTURE 9 /RICTLY AMBI5T LIGUE T PHOTOS & VIDEO >E ALW CLE>] & CRISP] ) %>P] DETAIL :5 ! SC5E IS BR"\ "U ! 3TROL ( ! PHOTOGRAPH]4 ,! RELATIVE PRECI.N ( ACTIVE SON> COMP>$ TO PASSIVE SON> IS :Y X IS US$ MO/ WIDELY 9 NATURE " & 9 TE*NICAL APPLICA;NS4 ,! "*I/ICS ( AN ACTIVE SIGNAL C AL 2 ADAPT$ BY ! US] TO FIT SITUA;NS4 ,_M SCI5TI/S ACTUALLY REF] TO ! PROCESS Z 8IRRADIAT+ ! 5VIRON;T0 ( SON> CALLS & 9T]PRET+ _! FE$BACK Z 89T]ROGAT+ ! 5VIRON;T40 ,SON> CALLS >E S5T \ ACTIVELY = ! PURPOSE ( SOLICIT+ 9=MA;N 9 A DIRECT$1 9T5;NAL FA%ION4 ,! 5VIRON;T MAY 2 SD TO RESPOND TO ^! CALLS ) 9=MA;N4 ,9 ? -------------------------------------#DC 3NEC;N1 ! M CLE>LY ! E*OLOCATOR ASKS H] "QS1 ! CLE>] W 2 ! ANSW]S4 ,9 ESS;E1 ! E*OLOCATOR IS GIV+ ! 5VIRON;T1 : A#DC WD O!RWISE REMA9 SIL5T OR ^: VOICE WD 2 OBSCURE1 A CLE> & 4T9CT VOICE ) : TO ANSW] QU]IES4 ,? PROCESS IS 9T]ACTIVE4 ,! QUAL;Y & SCOPE ( ! 9=MA;N RETURN$ DEP5DS ON ! QUAL;Y & DELIV]Y ( ! CALLS1 & ! CALLS >E DELIV]$ & ADJU/$ DEP5D+ ON ! 9=MA;N RCVD4 ,"!=E1 ! PREF]R$ T]M US$ "H IS 83V]S+02 E*OLOCATORS 3V]SE ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,EA* CALL ESS5TIALLY MAKES TWO 9QUIRIES1 8": >E Y0 & 8:AT >E Y40 ,Z ! 5VIRON;T RESPONDS1 ! E*OLOCATOR MAY ADJU/ H] QU]IES TO BROAD5 H] SE>* OR SOLICIT M DETAILS4 ,%E MAY RAISE OR L[] ! /R5G? ( H] CALL1 FOCUS X ELSE": BY SCANN+1 9CR1SE OR DECR1SE XS REPETI;N1 & S ON UNTIL ! 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W 2 4CUSS$ 9 GRT] DEP? 9 ,*APT] ,TWO4 ,PASSIVE & ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N MAY 2 US$ TGR 9 AN 9TEGRAT$ FA%ION4 ,PASSIVE E*OLOCA;N IS ALW HAPP5+ TO "S DEGREE1 B ! IMAGES PRODUC$ >E USUALLY MILD & UNFOCUS$4 ,ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N ONLY O3URS :5 APPLI$ BY ! US]1 B ! RESULT+ IMAGES >E RELATIVELY %>P & EXT5D$ TO M* GRT] 4T.ES4 ,9 ? S5SE1 WE MAY ?9K ( A#DD PASSIVE E*OLOCA;N Z L ! P]IPH]AL VI.N SY/EM : MA9TA9S A 3/ANT1 BROAD SCOPE ( ! G5]AL 5VIRON;T1 ACT+ Z A K9D ( AL]T SY/EM4 -------------------------------------#DE ,ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N IS COMP>ATIVELY L ! C5TRAL VI.N SY/EM 9 T X ALL[S = ! DIREC;N ( ATT5;N T[>D SPECIFIC ITEMS OR F1TURES ( 9T]E/ 9 GRT] DETAIL & AT GRT] 4T.ES4 ,! ^W E*OLOCA;N IS 3V5;NALLY US$ R G5]ALLY & HAS COME TO REF] (T5 TO ! COMMONLY APPLI$ =MS ( PASSIVE E*OLOCA;N : IS 3DUCIVE TO P]CVG ! 5VIRON;T AT RELATIVELY %ORT 4T.ES & 9 GROSS DETAIL4 ,? T]M HAS AL BE5 CRITICIZ$ BY ,A%M1D & ,WALL "<#AIII"> Z X IS (T5 N ! E*OES ( S.D T C GUIDE ! LI/5] TO WALK P>ALLEL TO A WALL B ! REV]B]ANT S.D & *ANGES 9 ! AMBI5T S.D FIELD4 ,9 ORD] TO PREV5T 3FU.N ) PASSIVE OR M RUDI;T>Y =MS ( E*OLOCA;N1 ,DANIEL HAS CO9$ ! T]M ,FLA%,SON> TO DESCRIBE ! USE ( ADV.ED1 ACTIVE SON>4 ,! ID1L SON> SIGNAL RESEMBLES A FLA% ( S.D1 M* L ! #FG FLA% ( A CAM]A1 & ! BRA9 CAPTURES A#DE ! REFLEC;N ( ! SIGNAL1 SIMIL> TO ! FILM ( A CAM]A4 ,! RE/ ( ? BOOK W USE ! T]M ,FLA%,SON> :5 REF]R+ TO ? =M ( ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N US$ BY P :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$ TO OBTA9 M DETAIL$ 9=MA;N AB ! 5VIRON;T1 BO? NE> & F>4 ,EXPLOR+ ! ,NE$ = ,ACTIVE ,E*OLOCA;N ,9/RUC;N ,AC TO ,EM]SON ,F\LKE "<#AIGA">1 A PROM95T -------------------------------------#DF FIGURE 9 ! FIELD ( P]CEPTUAL PSY*OLOGY :O HMF 0 BL1 8,! ABIL;Y TO TRAVEL SAFELY1 COM=TABLY1 GRACE;LLY1 & 9DEP5D5TLY 444 IS A FACTOR ( PRIM>Y IMPORT.E 9 ! LIFE ( A BL 9DIVIDUAL0 "<;P4 #A">4 ,S9CE ! MID #AHTH C5TURY1 ! ABIL;Y ( "S P :O >E BL TO P]CV OBJECTS F A 4T.E )\T PHYSICAL 3TACT HAS BE5 ( GRADUALLY M.T+ HUMAN 9T]E/1 PROBABLY DUE TO XS APP>5T CAPAC;Y TO 5H.E ^? 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REGUL> USE ( A CANE OR ANY SORT ( GUIDE4 ,A FEW EXP]I;TAL REPORTS H EXAM9$ HIE BL TO S5SE ! _W >.D !M )\T MAK+ PHYSICAL #FI 3TACT4 ,MC,C>TY & ,WOR*EL A#DG "<#AIED">1 = 9/.E1 /UDI$ AN #AA-YE>-OLD BOY :O 0 TOTALLY BL & CD AVOID OB/ACLES PLAC$ 9 8 PA? :ILE RID+ 8 BICYCLE AT TOP SPE$1 ) ALM P]FECT A3URACY4 ,9 #AIGD1 ,MAGRUD] /UDI$ A MAN :O 0 BL :O CD DESCRIBE ) GRT PRECI.N ! 4T.E1 DIREC;N1 DIM5.NS1 & G5]AL NATURE ( NOVEL OBJECTS Z F> Z #AC FEET AWAY 9 UNFAMILI> 5VIRON;TS4 ,P]SONAL 3TACT ) ? "PICIPANT "<;,L4 ,SCADD51 P]SONAL COMMUNICA;N1 ,MAY #E1 #AIIC"> F.D T HE1 TOO1 BL F ! AGE ( #D1 CD RIDE 8 BICYCLE ON A REGUL> BASIS40 8,! BETT] "O 2COMES ACQUA9T$ ) BL P1 OR ! M "O R1DS AB _! ABILITIES1 ! M OBVI\S X IS T "S OBJECTS C 2 DETECT$ WELL 9 ADV.E ( ACTUAL 3TACT0 "<,GRI691 #AIEH1 ;P4 #BII">4 ,_M E*OLOCATORS H LE>N$ TO USE E*OES TO "S ADVANTAGE1 & _M 9/RUCTORS H DEVELOP$ "S WAYS ( T1*+ E*OLOCA;N SKILLS4 ,H["E1 ! 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RI*] TAPE/RY ( DETAIL T FLA% SON> ALL[S WD HELP NEWLY BL9D$ FOLKS FRU/RAT$ BY ! LIMIT$ PICTURE ! CANE PROVIDES4444 ,I'M SIMPLY SU7E/+ T AF 9VE/IGA;N WE MI4 ,! LIT]ATURE IS UNCLE> AB :AT P]C5TAGE ( P :O >E BL ACTUALLY PUT E*OLOCA;N TO E6ECTIVE USE4 8,TO DATE "! >E NO /ATI/ICS AVAILABLE AB H[ _M BL P USE E*OLOCA;N1 B ANECDOTAL REPORTS 9 ! LIT]ATURE SU7E/ T P]H 2T #BJ & #CJ.0 ( TOTALLY BL P MAY D S0 "<,?AL]1 #BJAC;A1 ;P4 #C">4 ,! LIT]ATURE DOES SU7E/1 3SI/5T ) ! AU?ORS' EXP]I;E1 T ! E6ECTIVE USE ( E*OLOCA;N BY P :O >E BL TO 5H.E NAVIGA;N IS HIIABLE "<,HILL1 ,RIES]1 ,HILL1 @& ,HILL1 #AIIC">4 ,= EXAMPLE1 \ ( #EB "PICIPANTS :O 7 BL AG$ #AG-#EJ "<,JUURMAA1 #AIFI">1 #AB.0 7 ABLE TO -------------------------------------#EB P]=M A SIMPLE OB/ACLE DETEC;N ACTIV;Y )\T FLAW OV] DOZ5S ( TRIALS4 ,ANO!R #AC.0 7 N ABLE TO P]=M ? SIMPLE TASK AT ALL4 ,! REMA9+ #GE.0 EVID;ED SCATT]$ P]=M.E4 ,? 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USE ( REFLECT$ S.DS4 ,X IS AL R>E TO F9D BOOK *APT]S AB E*OLOCA;N1 & >TICLES >E RELATIVELY FEW COMP>$ TO O!R MOBIL;Y SKILLS4 ,"O EXCEP;N IS A *APT] 9 ! BOOK ,E>LY ,FOCUS BY ,POGRUND & ,FAZZI "<#BJJB"> : 9CLUDES A FEW DETAILS AB T1*+ E*OLOCA;N TO *N :O >E BL "4 ,FUR!R1 ! AU?ORS C F9D NO LIT]ATURE P]TA9+ TO ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y SKILLS & TE*NIQUES T GIVE M ?AN A PASS+ M5;N ( E*OLOCA;N4 ,E*OLOCA;N IS M5;N$ ONCE1 B V BRIEFLY1 9 ! ,ACADEMY = ,C]TIFICA;N ( ,VI.N A#ED ,REHABILITA;N & ,$UCA;N ,PR(ES.NAL'S (FICIAL ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y ,H&BOOK "<,ACADEMY = ,C]TIFICA;N ( ,VI.N ,REHABILITA;N @& ,$UCA;N ,PR(ES.NALS1 #BJJI1 ;P4 #I">4 ,9 ! ,,USA1 ! ,,A] ,UNIV]S;Y ,ORI5TA;N & ,MOBIL;Y CURRICULUM /&>DS A3R$ITA;N *ECKLI/ DID N MAKE ANY REF];E TO E*OLOCA;N UNTIL -------------------------------------#EE #BJAC4 ,DANIEL ,KI% SAT ON ! OV]SIDS = ,S5SORY ,S]VICES4 ,Z ,DR4 ,GORDON ,DUTTON1 :O "WS CLOSELY ) *N :O >E BL & ! 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C PROCESS REFLECT$ WAVES ( 5]GY4 8,VI.N 9VOLVES ! REFLEC;N ( LI+ 9VOLVES ! P]CEP;N ( VIBRA;NAL 9=MA;N "? ! USE ( ! AUDITORY N]VE C5TRES0 "<,DAVIES1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #G">4 ,VI.N PROCESSES PHOTONS " Z !Y TRAVEL F A S\RCE1 B\NCE (F SURFACES "?\T ! 5VIRON;T1 & 5T] ! EYES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! AUDITORY SY/EM PROCESSES PHONONS " Z !Y TRAVEL F A S\RCE1 B\NCE (F SURFACES1 & -------------------------------------#EI 5T] ! E>S4 ,BO? SY/EMS C EXTRACT A GRT D1L ( 9=MA;N AB ! 5VIRON;T BY 9T]PRET+ ! COMPLEX PATT]NS ( REFLECT$ 5]GY T !Y RCV4 ,Z ,GIBSON PUTS X 8"! IS A FL[ ( 5]GY1 ! AMBI5T >RAY ( RADIANT 5]GY REFLECT$ F E FACE & FACET ( E SURFACE & OBJECT 9 ! 5VIRON;T0 "TZ1 #AIHD1 ;P4 #BG">4 ,AL? ,GIBSON 0 REF]R+ TO LIE CALL$ 8E*OES40 ,E*OLOCA;N HAS BE5 DESCRIB$ Z 8A CRUDE SUB/ITUTE = VI.N1 ALL[+ BL HUMANS TO P]CV ASPECTS ( _! 5VIRON;T T WD A#EI O!RWISE G UNDETECT$0 "<,MILNE1 ,GOODALE1 @& ,?AL]1 #BJAD1 ;P4 #AHBH">4 8,N[ = ! 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SAME BASIC PROBLEMS Z ! VISUAL SY/EM T IS3 ,ID5TIFY PATT]NS OR OBJECTS & DET]M9E ! SPATIAL LOCA;N ( /IMULUS0 "<;P4 #EAF">4 ,IF "S"O NE$S TO RELY M ^U H] HE>+ DUE ! LIMITA;NS ( H] [N VISUAL SY/EM1 X IS ! PROCESS ( 9T]PRET+ ^! SIGNALS T MAY REQUIRE FUR!R TRA9+4 ,AC TO ,GRI69 "<#AIEH"> 8,IF ALL ! PHYSICAL 9=MA;N C>RI$ BY AN ID1LLY SUITABLE S.D CD 2 P]CVD & ANALYZ$ CORRECTLY1 X "\ TO YIELD AN IMAGE ( ! BL MAN'S IMM SURR.D+S : WD P]H 2 Z CLE> & A3URATE Z T OBTA9$ BY A P]SON ) #BJ_/#DJJ VI.N0 "<;P4 #CAD">4 #HG ,AL? VI.N IS COMMONLY TALK$ AB Z #FB 2+ A M USE;L SKILL = ORI5TA;N1 "! >E "S 9/.ES ": S.D C 2 M A3URATE4 ,VI.N IS N Z A3URATE AT JUDG+ DEP? Z BIOSON> SY/EMS1 "PICUL>LY IF ! P]CVR IS "S 4T.E F ! OBJECT1 ":AS 9 3TRA/ 8BIOSON> SY/EMS >E "PICUL>LY SUIT$ TO ? TASK Z ! 4T.E ( OBJECTS IS DIRECTLY 5COD$ 9 E*O DELAY0 "<,SIMON ET ;AL41 #BJAD1 ;P4 #A">4 8,! ANGUL> RESOLU;N ( VISUAL SY/EMS IS M* F9] ?AN T ( BIOSON> SY/EMS 2C ( ! M* %ORT] WAVEL5G? 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SPECTRUM1 E6ECTIVE SON> NAVIGA;N IS (T5 POSSIBLE4 ,UNILAT]AL HE>+ LOSS C MAKE PASSIVE OR ACTIVE SON> V COMPLEX4 ,X IS POSSIBLE TO E*OLOCATE ) HE>+ AIDS IF ! AIDS D N 9T]F]E ) ! ABIL;Y ( ! P9NA ""> TO PICK UP DIREC;NAL S.D4 ,"S /UD5TS H LE>NT TO "PLY ADAPT TO E*OLOCAT+ E6ECTIVELY ) 82H ! E>0 AIDS4 -------------------------------------#HJ ,VIGIL.E IS P]H ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR4 ,2C "! >E _M CUES T M/ 2 ANALYZ$ & 9TEGRAT$ = SU3ESS;L NAVIGA;N BY P]SONS :O >E BL1 3C5TRA;N IS (T5 DIVID$ AM;G _M ELE;TS4 ,S9CE SON> 9=MA;N IS RELATIVELY SUBTLE1 X REQUIRES AT L1/ A MOD]ATE DEGREE ( 3T9U$ 3C5TRA;N = E6ECTIVE USE4 ,TRA9+ AWAK5S ! NATURAL CAPAC;Y = S.D ORI5TA;N & HELPS DEVELOP X TO MAXIMUM E6ICI5CY "<,KOHL]1 #AIFD">4 ,IS ,E*OLOCA;N ,M ,E6ECTIVE ,:5 ,MOV+8 ,"! HAS BE5 "S RESE>* AB :E!R P #AJI US+ E*OLOCA;N >E BETT] AT LOCAT+ A#HJ OB/ACLES & JUDG+ 4T.ES :5 MOV+ OR :5 /A;N>Y4 ,ROS5BLUM ET ;AL4 "<#BJJJ"> 9VE/IGAT$ :E!R ! LI/5]'S MOVE;T FACILITATES E*OLOCA;N ( SURFACE 4T.ES4 ,"! 7 SIXTE5 FEMALE & F\R MALE "PICIPANTS & ALL 7 SIY TRIALS4 ,! RESULT 0 T 8E*OLOCAT$ 4T.E A3URACY 0 "S:AT 5H.ED DUR+ MOV+ V]SUS /A;N>Y TRIALS = "S 4T.ES0 -------------------------------------#HA "<,ROS5BLUM ET ;AL41 #BJJJ1 ;P4 #AE">4 ,H["E1 X 0 AL NOT$ T 8! FACT T \R LI/5]S 4PLAY$ "S SU3ESS 9 BO? MOV+ & /A;N>Y 3DI;NS SU7E/ T BO? CLASSES ( AC\/IC DIM5.NS 7 USABLE = E*OLOCAT+ 4T.E0 "<,ROS5BLUM ET ;AL41 #BJJJ1 ;P4 #AF">4 ,"O POSSIBLE EXPLANA;N = ? IS T 8ID5TIFY+ ! LOCA;N ( /ATIC S.D A#HA S\RCES F A FIX$ LI/5+ LOCA;N IS A 3DI;N T PROBABLY O3URS LESS (T5 ?AN M DYNAMIC EXAMPLES ( LOCALIZA;N TASKS0 "<,NEUH(F1 #BJJD1 ;P4 #HH">4 ,"!=E BETT] MO;N 4T.E DETEC;N MAY REFLECT "PICIPANTS 2+ M PRACTIC$ & A3U/OM$ TO JUDG+ 4T.ES :5 MOV+4 ,DOLPH9S & BATS >E ! MO/ /UDI$ E*OLOCATORS 9 ! ANIMAL _W4 ,X HAS BE5 OBS]V$ BY ,/R(FREG5 & ,PITT5B]G "<#AIIE"> T ! M IMPRESSIVE E*OLOCA;N SKILLS ( BATS & DOLPH9S >E ^? US$ 9 MO;N & RELAT$ TO AC;N TASKS S* Z 9T]CEPT+ PREY & NEGOTIAT+ OB/ACLES4 ,RESE>* 3DUCT$ BY ,A%M1D ET ;AL4 "<#AIIE"> 3CLUD$ T 8"PICIPANTS 7 M A3URATE & 3SI/5T :5 !Y HE>D ! S.D :ILE WALK+ ?AN :ILE /&+ /0 "<;P4 #BDC">4 ,! EXPLANA;N GIV5 = ? IS T ! 9DIVIDUAL :5 MOV+ C MAKE 8AVAILABIL;Y ( MO;N-RELAT$ *ANGE 9 S.D -------------------------------------#HB PRESSURE0 "<;P4 #BDC"> & T ? MAY 2 8IN L>GE "P TO ! USE ( A NATURALI/IC LOCOMOTOR TASK0 "<;P4 #BDD">4 ,"! #AAA IS1 H["E1 A RANGE 9 : E*OLOCA;N 0 A#HB SU7E/$ TO 2 MO/ E6ECTIVE2 8= NORMAL WALK+ SPE$S & FAIRLY BRIEF S.DS1 4T.E WD 2 P]CVD BE/ = ?+S )9 AB #BJ ;M0 "<;P4 #BEE">4 ,! AU?ORS NOTE ? 4T.E MAY 2 EXT5D$ TWO- OR ?REE-FOLD = ^? :O >E PR(ICI5T 9 E*OLOCA;N4 ,9 PRACTICAL T]MS1 E*OLOCA;N WD 2 MO/ USE;L IF US$ :ILE MOV+ 2C P]SONS :O >E BL C WALK & ANALYZE ! 5VIRON;T R ?AN /OP & ANALYZE !N WALK ON1 GIV+ !M A M 3SI/5T FL[ ( MOVE;T4 ,H["E1 Z E LE>N] IS DI6]5T1 "S P MAY 2 M SUIT$ TO />T+ ) MOVE;T BAS$ AC;N EX]CISES :ILE O!RS >E M SUIT$ TO />T+ ) /A;N>Y EX]CISES4 ,X IS1 H["E1 IMPORTANT T E*OLOCATORS >E FREE TO MOVE _! H1D1 EV5 IF _! BODY IS /A;N>Y1 2C ! ABIL;Y TO DET]M9E ! %APES ( SIMIL> OBJECTS 8IS CRITICALLY DEP5D5T ON ! USE ( H1D MOVE;TS0 "<,MILNE ET ;AL41 #BJAD1 ;P4 #AHCD">4 ,G5]AT+ ,E*O ,SIGNALS ,AN ACTIVE SIGNAL IS ! BASIS ( ! ,FLA%,SON> APPROA*4 8,NOISES G5]AT$ BY ! BL P]SONS B#HB -------------------------------------#HC !MVS 444 >E F> M E6ECTIVE ?AN NOISES ORIG9AT+ F ! SURR.D+S0 "<,KOLH]1 #AIFD1 ;P4 #CA">4 ,KELLOGG NOT$ 9 #AIFB T ! "PICIPANTS :O 7 BL 9 8 RESE>* 9TO E*OLOCA;N 8EMPLOY$ T;GUE-CLICK+ TO "S EXT5T,-A S.D REM9ISC5T ( ! SON> ,8P+S,0 ( ! PORPOISE4 ,"S"TS !Y SNAPP$ _! F+]S A FEW "TS4 ,!Y AL RESORT$ TO HISS+ &1 ON R>E O3A.NS1 TO :I/L+0 "<,KELLOGG1 #AIFB1 ;P4 #EI">4 ,BATS USE _! [N G5]AT$ E*O SIGNALS = E*OLOCA;N & 8ACTIVELY PROBE _! 5VIRON;T ) %ORT PULSES ( HI< FREQU5CY S.DS0 "<,GRI691 #AIEH1 ;P4 #GG">4 ,GRI69 !N COMP>ES ! %ORT DURA;N ( BATS' SON> TO ! 4CREET CLICKS ( HUMANS MAK+ _! [N E*OLOCA;N SIGNALS4 ,SON> SIGNALS FALL 9 A RANGE ( :AT WE MAY CALL 8ACTIVE;S10 DEF9$ BY ADAPTABIL;Y & AM.T ( 3TROL T ! US] HAS OV] ! SIGNAL4 ,GRI69 "<#AIEH"> SP1KS TO ! NE$ = US] 3TROL OV] ! E*O SIGNAL4 8,BACKGR.D NOISES WD ORD9>ILY 2 #AAC \TSIDE ! BL MAN'S 3TROLS1 B 8 [N A#HC EMITT$ SIGNALS %D 2 DESIGN$ ) ALL ! WISDOM T C 2 BR"\ TO BE> ^U ! PROBLEM0 "<;P4 #CAG">4 -------------------------------------#HD ,ACLY1 ,ROJAS1 ,H]MOSILLA1 ,MONT]O1 & ,ESPI "<#BJJI"> ID5TIFI$ ! FOLL[+ SIGNAL "*I/ICS OV] : ! US] MAY EX]CISE 3TROL = OPTIMAL RESULTS3 ,9T5S;Y "1 REPRODUCIBIL;Y "1 DURA;N "1 9T]VAL 2T SIGNAL PRODUC;NS "1 SPECTRAL 3T5T "<:AT DOES ! SIGNAL S.D L">1 USABIL;Y "1 ADAPTIVE;S "1 NOISE IMMUN;Y "1 & DIREC;NAL;Y "4 ,ONLY A FULLY ACTIVE SON> SIGNAL C 5SURE ^! CRIT]IA4 ,KOHL] "<#AIFD"> /ATES T 8S.D IMPULSES >E M FAVORABLE 9 A FUNDA;TAL RESPECT ?AN 3T9U\S S.D0 "<;P4 #CG">4 ,? IS 2C ! L;G] ! SIGNAL1 ! M X W OV]LAP ) ! A#HD RETURN+ E*O1 ?US MASK+ ! E*O4 ,Z ,GRI69 "<#AIEH"> TELLS U1 8,"O IMM SU7ES;N WE C D]IVE F ! BATS IS ! USE ( PULS$ S.DS,-CLICKS ) A %ORT 5 DURA;N TO ALL[ E*OES TO RETURN AF ! \TGO+ S.D HAS 5D$4444 PULS$ ORI5TA;N S.DS >E US$ BY ALL ! BATS1 "<& ! TWO "KN TYPES ( BIRD"> : 5GAGE 9 E*OLOCA;N4 ,9 ! GRT MAJOR;Y ! PULSES LA/ ONLY A FEW MILLI-SECONDS10 "<;P4 -------------------------------------#HE #CAH">4 ,SIGNALS T >E BRIEF] 9 DURA;N GIVE M OPPORTUN;Y = ! E*O TO RETURN SEP>ATE F ! SIGNAL4 ,Z E>LY Z #AIEH1 ,GRI69 OBS]V$ T 8S.D S\RCES = USE 9 E*OLOCA;N BY ! BL SEEM TO "W BE/ :5 !Y >E B1M$1 T IS1 :5 ! EMITT$ S.D IS 3C5TRAT$ 9TO A FAIRLY N>R[ ANGLE1 & :5 ! B1M C R1DILY 2 MOV$ BACK & =? BY ! 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ACTIVE EXP]I;E4 ,S* ACTIV;Y LIT]ALLY BUILDS NEURAL 3NEC;NS1 J Z PHYSICAL ACTIV;Y BUILDS FIB] 9 MUSCLES1 B"OS1 & 3NECTIVE TISSUE4 ,3V]SELY1 Z IS TRUE ) MUSCUL> DEVELOP;T1 T : IS N US$ DIM9I%ES1 OR ATROPHIES4 ,= A * :O IS BL1 ACTIVITIES 9VOLV+ DIRECT1 PHYSICAL EXP]I;ES >E CRITICAL4 ,! IMPORT.E ( SELF DIREC;N LIES 9 ! 9TEGRAT$ ACTIVA;N ( ! BRA9'S ?REE MA9 OP]A;NS : 3C]N 5VIRON;TAL 9T]AC;N4 ,^! 9CLUDE P]CVG1 ": S5SORY 9=MA;N IS PRIM>ILY RCVD & #ADC IMAG$2 AC;N & 9T]AC;N1 : C>RIES A#AJI \ & GOV]NS ! BODY'S MOVE;TS2 & ?9K+1 : IS PRIM>ILY RESPONSIBLE = COMPREH5.N & DET]M9+ AC;N4 ,:5 "O IS DIRECT$ BY O!RS1 ACTIVA;N ( ! BRA9 IS LIMIT$ TO REACTIVE R ?AN ACTIVE ME*ANISMS & 3/ITUTES M LIMIT$ BRA9 ACTIV;Y1 MO/LY S1T$ 9 L[] R ?AN HI<] BRA9 FUNC;NS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 WE >E GUID$1 ! ACTIVE ME*ANISMS MAY 2COME PASSIVE1 M* Z !Y D 9 ANY PASS5G]4 ,TO 2 A PASS5G] IS N ! SAME Z 2+ ------------------------------------#AAJ ! DRIV] ( \R ACTIVITIES4 ,J ! ^W 8PASS5G]0 IMPLIES 8PASSIV;Y40 ,:5 WE DIRECT \R [N AC;NS1 ALL ( ! MA9 >1S ( ! BRA9 >E ACTIVAT$1 & "!=E EX]CIS$1 9 AN 9TEGRAT$ WAY4 ,?US1 SELF-DIRECT$ AC;N PROMOTES :OLE BRA9 DEVELOP;T 2C X RECRUITS :OLE BRA9 FUNC;N4 ,NEURAL DEVELOP;T DEP5DS L>GELY ON SELF-DIRECT$1 4COV]Y-BAS$ 9T]AC;N ) \R 5VIRON;T4 ,DIRECT+ \R [N 9T]AC;NS1 R ?AN PASSIVELY SUBMITT+ OR RESPOND+ TO O!RS' DIRECTIVES1 5GAGES ! ?9K+1 P]CVG1 & MOVE;T REGIONS ( ! N]V\S SY/EM MO/ COMPLETELY4 ,! N]V\S SY/EM A#AAJ MATURES BE/ BY "U/&+ XS RELA;N%IP TO ! _W "? SELF-9ITIAT$1 SELF-DIRECT$ EXPLORA;N4 ,A /R;G P]CEPTUAL PROCESS HELPS DEVELOP /R;G 9T5;NAL AC;N4 ,! ADDI;NAL ASSI/.E T A P]SON :O IS BL MAY NE$ SIMPLY 3/ITUTES ANO!R SET ( RES\RCES T %E C LIKEWISE 5GAGE 9 A SELF-DIRECT$ MANN] T[>D A*IEV+ A QUAL;Y ( LIFE ( H] [N *OOS+4 ,E AC;N T A HUMAN "UTAKES REQUIRES A COMPLEX SET ( DECI.NS TO 2 MADE 9 ORD] TO GOV]N H[ WE >E TO EXECUTE T AC;N & H[ X RELATES TO O!R AC;NS1 & ! %ORT- & L;G-T]M IMPACT ( ALL ^! AC;NS ON \RVS1 ! 5VIRON;T1 & O!RS4 ,! MYRIAD ( SELF-DIRECT$ ------------------------------------#AAA AC;NS 9 : WE 5GAGE 3T9UALLY DRIVES ! REF9E;T ( DECI.N MAK+ & ORGANIZA;N F ! MO/ FUNDA;TAL TO ! MO/ COMPLEX LEVELS4 ,X IS A R1L H&;L = ! BRA9 TO MANAGE4 ,=TUNATELY1 X HAS _M ME*ANISMS = DO+ S1 B ALL ^! ME*ANISMS C ONLY DEVELOP "? EXP]I;E ( ACTUALLY DO+ X & GAUG+ #ADE XS SU3ESS4 ,9 ORD] = ? COMPLEX ( A#AAA DECI.N MAK+ TO DEVELOP 9TO MATURE EXECUTIVE FUNC;N+1 E AC;N WE TAKE NE$S TO 2 SUPPORT$ BY \R [N DECI.NS & EXECUT$ FREELY4 ,? DOES N M1N T P :O >E BL %DN'T 5GAGE ASSI/.E2 R1 X M1NS T1 :5 ASSI/.E IS 5GAG$1 X %D ID1LLY 2 9ITIAT$ & DIRECT$ BY ! /UD5T :O IS BL1 N ASSIGN$1 IMPOS$1 OR O!RWISE DIRECT$ BY O!RS4 ,MOVE;T ,)\T ,SI1 ! PROCESS ( BL MOVE;T C 2 DIVID$ 9TO TWO FUNC;NS3 ,WALK+ T[>D & WALK+ AL;G4 ,TWO KEY ASPECTS ( MOVE;T & NAVIGA;N MAY 2 >GU$,-SECUR;Y & E6ICI5CY4 "<,! AU?ORS USE ! T]M 8MOV+0 9/1D ( 8WALK+10 2C MOV+ "? ! 5VIRON;T C TAKE _M =MS4"> ,MOV+ T[>D 9VOLVES ! PROCESS ( MA9TA9+ "O'S ORI5TA;N T[>D A GOAL4 ,? MAY 2 A PROXIMATE OR 4T.E GOAL4 ,MOV+ AL;G REF]S TO ! ONGO+ PROCESS ( 3TROLL+ "O'S C\RSE & DIREC;N,-PROCESS+ ------------------------------------#AAB 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES & ACT+ 9 A3ORD.E ) !M4 A#AAB ,! ABIL;Y TO MA9TA9 "O'S ORI5TA;N & E6ECTIVE 3TROL OV] "O'S DIREC;N 3/ITUTES E6ICI5T TRAVEL1 B E6ICI5CY M/ AL G AL;G ) SECUR;Y4 ,/UDIES 9 BL MOBIL;Y H PO9T$ TO TWO KEY REQUIRE;TS = SAFE1 E6ICI5T1 & 9T5;NAL MOVE;T,-REMA9+ ON A *OS5 PA?1 & AVOID+ UN9T5;NAL 3TACT ) ! 5VIRON;T "<,LEON>D1 #AIGB">4 "<,! AU?ORS USE ! T]M 8C\RSE0 9/1D ( 8PA?10 2C "O'S *OS5 C\RSE OR DIREC;N NE$ N REQUIRE T "O KEEP TO A PRESCRIB$ OR DEL91T$ PA? OR WALKWAY4"> ,MOBIL;Y C AL 2 DESCRIB$ Z HAV+ TWO MA9 FUNC;NS4 ,! EXECUTIVE FUNC;N IS NE$$ TO GET F "O PLACE TO ANO!R2 & ! EXPLORATORY OR 9=MA;N-GA!R+ FUNC;N IS = 9T]AC;N ) ! 5VIRON;T "<,GIBSON @& ,S*MUCKL]1 #AIHI">4 ,! P]CEPTUAL IMAG+ SY/EM NATURALLY 5D1VORS TO REF];E & PREVIEW SURR.D+ 3DI;NS 9 ORD] TO PLAN 9T]AC;NS4 ,Z AN ALT]NATIVE1 "U _M CIRCUM/.ES1 ,FLA%,SON> & ! L;G CANE C NATURALLY PROVIDE REF];E & PREVIEW 9=MA;N TO ADDRESS ^! MOVE;T #ADG REQUIRE;TS4 B#AAB ------------------------------------#AAC ,= P :O >E SILY E 9T]AC;N ) ! BODY OR ! 5VIRON;T IS /IMULAT$ VISUALLY4 ,P :O >E SI.D & AH1D ( !M & DIRECT _! BODIES AC TO :AT IS SE54 ,X HAS BE5 >GU$ T1 9 T]MS ( SPATIAL P]CEP;N & 9T]AC;N1 8VI.N IS ! MO/ A3URATE & E6ICI5T S5SE T HUMANS POSSESS2 T IS1 X C 2 US$ TO P]CV OBJECTS & O!R ASPECTS ( ! 5VIRON;T T >E N )9 >M'S R1*0 "<,FAZZI @& ,PET]SMEY]1 #BJJA1 ;P4 #II">4 ,4RUPT$ VI.N1 OR LOSS ( VI.N1 C *ALL5GE ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM ) A M T5U\S 3NEC;N TO ! EXT]NAL SPATIAL 5VIRON;T4 ,! NONVISUAL P]CEPTUAL SY/EM MAY N PROVIDE SPATIAL RESOLU;N COMP>ABLE TO VI.N4 ,VI.N PROVIDES 2T #E TO #AJ ?\S& "TS ! RESOLU;N ( ! SPATIAL AUDITORY SY/EM "ATIVE M1SURES US$">1 & AB #BB "TS ! RESOLU;N ( ! H& ( AN EXP]I;ED BRL R1D] "<,VAN ,BOV51 ,HAMILTON1 ,KAU6MAN1 ,KE5AN1 @& ,PASCUAL-,LE"O1 #BJJJ">4 ,X IS1 "!=E1 IMPORTANT T ! A#AAC P]CEPTUAL SY/EM ( P :O >E BL IS OPTIMIZ$ TO P]CV Z M* ( ! REMA9+ DATA Z POSSIBLE1 Z WELL Z TO A3ESS & APPLY ALL O!R SY/EMS ( SELF DIREC;N "4 ,NONVISUAL P]CEP;N C1 & %D1 2 RECRUIT$ TO SUPPLE;T ! PREVIEW ------------------------------------#AAD & SPATIAL REF]5C+ PROCESS4 ,:5 ? HAPP5S E6ECTIVELY1 NONVISUAL MODALITIES & /RATEGIES C RE/ORE A P]SON :O IS BL'S ABIL;Y TO ADAPT & FUNC;N4 ,?US1 A H1L?Y PROCESS ( SELF DIREC;N C REE/ABLI% ! FUNC;NAL;Y ( 3NEC;N ) ! EXT]NAL 5VIRON;T4 ,! VISUAL SY/EM C 2 RECRUIT$ TO HELP ORGANIZE & 9T]PRET NONVISUAL 9=MA;N 9 P :O >E BL "4 ,= _M 9DIVIDUALS :O >E BL1 9T5;NAL1 9T]ACTIVE MOVE;T C 2 PUT ON HOLD 2C REF]5C+ & PREVIEW SY/EMS MAY 2 VIRTUALLY NONOP]ATIVE1 UN.S DEVELOP;T ( ^! SY/EMS IS SUPPORT$1 ACTIVAT$1 & APPLI$ BY O!R M1NS4 ,9FANTS :O >E BL MAY EV5 2 RELUCTANT TO R1* \ OR MOVE 9 _! #ADI 5VIRON;T 9 AN EXPLORATIVE WAY 2C A#AAD LL 9=MA;N MAY 2 AVAILABLE TO /IMULATE MOVE;T4 ,:5 9FANTS :O >E SIEGIV]S NATURALLY T5D TO BACK (F & ALL[ & 5C\RAGE ! 9FANT TO 5JOY M AUTONOMY4 ,BY 3TRA/1 9 ! CASE ( 9FANTS :O >E BL1 X (T5 HAPP5S T C>EGIV]S 3T9UE DIRECT+ OR MANIPULAT+ ! 9FANT :O IS BL'S 9T]AC;N ) ! 5VIRON;T1 OR 3T9UE TO M$IATE ! 5VIRON;T TO ! 9FANT :O IS BL1 L;G AF ? WD 2 AGE APPROPRIATE4 ,9 ------------------------------------#AAE ! AU?ORS' EXP]I;E1 ? G5]ALLY RESULTS 9 A 4RUP;N TO ! DEVELOP;T ( SELF-DIRECT$1 9T5;NAL MOVE;T 9 ! 9FANT :O IS BL1 : W H IMPLICA;NS = ! L;G T]M DEVELOP;T ( ! *4 ,X IS AL TRUE T )\T VISUAL 9=MA;N *N :O >E BL MAY F9D X DI6ICULT TO RECOGNIZE A SITUA;N ": _! MOVE;T W ATTRACT ANO!R'S ATT5;N2 (T5 !Y MAY N RCV ANY DIRECT FE$BACK TO _! 2HAVIOR "<,TRO/] @& ,BRAMBR+1 #AIIB">4 ,? R1*+ \ MAY !N 2 P]CVD BY ! * :O IS BL Z 2+ UNNEC 2C X MAY N APPE> TO H] TO RESULT 9 A SOCIAL 9T]AC;N1 &1 "!=E1 %E MAY N F9D X A#AAE USE;L OR /IMULAT+ TO R1* \ AG4 ,MOVE;T IS DIRECT$ & HID & ANTICIPATORY ME*ANISMS1 "PICUL>LY ) REG>D TO ! REF]5C+ & PREVIEW SY/EMS4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 ^! SY/EMS ALL[ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO "K 9 ADV.E :AT ELE;TS EXI/ 9 ! 5VIRON;T & TO PREP>E = ! NATURE ( ! 5C.T]4 ,*N :O >E SID X4 ,"? REP1T$ 5C.T]S ) ! 5VIRON;T1 ^! *N LE>N TO ADJU/ ! NATURE ( _! MOVE;TS TO A3OMMODATE "S?+ S(T1 L>GE1 PRICKLY1 NE>1 F>1 AT AN ODD ANGLE1 OR :AT"E4 ,X HAS BE5 SD T *N :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ 8>E ------------------------------------#AAF M LIMIT$ 9 _! ABIL;Y TO LE>N 9CID5TALLY F _! 5VIRON;T0 "<,SPECIALI/ ,S*OOLS & ,ACADEMIES ,TRU/1 #BJAB1 ;P4 #A">4 ,)\T E>LY P]CEPTUAL TRA9+ OR A3ESS TO P]CEPTUAL TOOLS1 S* Z ! CANE OR ,FLA%,SON> TE*NIQUES1 *N :O >E BL MAY /RU7LE TO ACTIVATE ^! FE$-=W>D OR ANTICIPATORY ME*ANISMS4 #AEA ,ESS5TIALLY ? LACK ( FE$-=W>D A#AAF ADAPTA;N MAY =CE ! * :O IS BL 9TO A SITUA;N ": 9 E 5C.T] IS A SURPRISE1 A 8JOLT0 TO H] SY/EM1 S TO SP1K1 POT5TIALLY =C+ ! * 9TO A DEF5SIVE OR REACTIVE1 R ?AN PROACTIVE1 RELA;N%IP ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,? C 2 ESPECIALLY DEMORALIZ+ = *N :O >E BL ) ADDI;NAL NEUROLOGICAL OR S5SORY 4RUP;NS1 S* Z >E COMMONLY OBS]V$ 9 *N :O H EXP]I;ED ANY =M ( 9VASIVE M$ICAL TR1T;TS Z 9FANTS OR TODDL]S4 ,RUTT] "<#AIHD"> 4COV]$ T *N :O _H BE5 9 ! HOSPITAL 7 M CL+Y & DI6ICULT ?AN ^? :O _H N4 ,HE WROTE ( ! 8SURPRIS+LY LA/+ E6ECTS ( RECURR5T HOSPITAL ADMIS.N0 "<;P4 #EG">4 ,S* AN ADV]S>IAL & T5TATIVE RELA;N%IP ) ! 5VIRON;T C 2 EXPECT$ TO PLACE _M *N :O >E BL 9TO A /ATE ( MOVE;T APPREH5.N : IMPOSES A 3DI;N ( DEP5D5CY4 ,? 3DI;N ( DEP5D5CY1 9 TURN1 COMPELS !M TO ATTA* TO ------------------------------------#AAG PE]S :O >E SIEGIV]S = ASSI/.E & ASSUR.E4 ,?US1 = ^! *N1 A HUMAN GUIDE C 2COME A K9D ( SURROGATE = SELF-DIRECT$1 P]CEP;N-GUID$ MOVE;T 9 : ! A#AAG ASSI/ANT 2COMES A PROXY P]CVR4 ,IF ! DEVELOP;T ( P]CEPTUAL TOOLS & MOVE;T /RATEGIES "<: >E 4CUSS$ 2L"> IS SUPPORT$ & AVAILABLE DUR+ 9FANCY OR IMMLY AF VI.N LOSS AT :AT"E ! AGE ( ONSET1 ? TRAP ( APPREH5.N C 2 L>GELY CIRCUMV5T$ = _M 9DIVIDUALS :O >E BL 9 ^! AU?ORS' EXP]I;ES4 ,LACK ( E6ECTIVE & AGE-APPROPRIATE TRAVEL SKILLS IS "KN TO PRES5T A MAJOR B>RI] TO FULL "PICIPA;N 9 ALL ASPECTS ( SOCIETY 9CLUD+ EMPLOY;T1 RECR1;N1 $UCA;N1 SOCIAL 9T]AC;N1 & COMM]CE4 ,9 #AIFH1 RESE>*]S "<,GRAHAM1 ,ROB9SON1 ,L[REY1 ,S>*91 @& ,TIMS"> F.D AN ALM L9E> RELA;N%IP 2T MOBIL;Y COMPET;E & GA9;L EMPLOY;T 9 A /UDY ( #HFA VET]ANS :O 7 BL4 ,9 #AIGD1 HI< CORRELA;NS 7 4COV]$ 2T A RANGE ( PSY*OLOGICAL ADJU/;T V>IABLES & E*O DETEC;N ABIL;Y "<,DE L',AUNE1 ,S*EEL1 @& ,NE$HAM1 #AIGD">4 ,?AL] "<#BJAC;A"> F.D1 8E*OLOCA;N 0 ASSOCIAT$ ) HI<] SAL>Y & MOBIL;Y 9 UNFAMILI> PLACES0 "<;P4 #A">4 #AEC ,?US1 ! 9ABIL;Y TO MANAGE & #AAH DIRECT "O'S MOBIL;Y C %>PLY CURTAIL A P]SON'S ABIL;Y TO OBTA9 & APPLY RES\RCES &1 3SEQU5TLY1 TO A*IEVE AC TO "O'S *OOS+4 ,! ABIL;Y TO DIRECT "O'S MOVE;T 9 A GOAL DIRECT$ WAY IS DIRECTLY 3NECT$ TO ! QUAL;Y & E6ECTIVE;S ( ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM & XS AUTONOM\S DIREC;N ( MOVE;T4 ,AC TO A "M ( A #E-YE>-OLD1 8,UNTIL WE MET ,DANIEL .<,KI%.> & ,BRIAN .<,BU%WAY.> \R IMAGE ( ,LUCAS' FUTURE 0 POSITIVE B X 0 FAIRLY ASSI/$4 ,N[ WE 2LIEVE ANY?+ IS POSSIBLE4 ,! BE/ ?+ AB ! TRA9+ IS 8 PRIDE :5 HE A*IEVES "S?+ = HMF & IS ABLE TO SAY ,8,I DID X ALL ON MY [N6 ,WASN'T ,I CL"E6 ,HAV5'T ,I LE>N$ ? WELL6,0 ,HE IS A *ANG$ BOY & M* M 3FID5T0 "<,LOCKWOOD1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #DA">4 ,LE>N+ ,)\T ,SIATUS AVAILABLE1 S DOES A BL P]SON0 "<,METTL]1 #AIIE1 ;P4 #IF">4 ,= A P]SON :O IS BL1 ? 9=MA;N W 2 BUILT UP ( K9ES!TIC1 AUDITORY1 & TACTILE P]CEP;N R ?AN VISUAL IMAGES4 A#AAH ,DUE TO LACK ( VISUAL 9=MA;N1 ! DYNAMIC1 COMPOSITE IMAG]Y ( A P]SON :O IS BL W NECESS>ILY 3TA9 A L>G] P]C5TAGE ( NONVISUAL 9=MA;N,-9=MA;N T MAY 2 ------------------------------------#AAI ELUSIVE TO1 UNRECOGNIZ$ BY1 OR IRRELEVANT TO PE]S :O >E SID;T ( /IMULI C AL PROVIDE ! P]SON :O IS BL ) AN OPPORTUN;Y TO 2COME EXTREMELY FOCUS$ ON ANY DETAIL OR MATT] ( 9T]E/ )\T VISUAL 4TRAC;N OR 3FU.N4 ,AL? LE>N+ TO P]CV & IMAGE ! _W ) COMPROMIS$ EYESIS TO 2 NATURAL = ! BRA91 ? PROCESS MAY 2 EASILY 4RUPT$ BY EXT]NAL =CES T IMPOSE 3DI;NS ( RE/RIC;N OR EXP]I5TIAL DEFICITS4 ,*IEF AM;G ^! MAY 2 ! IMPOSI;N ( SURROGATE FUNC;N+ "<: WE H CALL$ PROXY P]CEP;N OR DEP5D5CY 3DI;N+">1 9 : ! FUNC;N+ ( ! /UD5T #AEE IS TAK5 OV] BY EXT]NAL AG5TS BY A#AAI IMPOSI;N ( PHYSICAL GUID+ & MANIPULAT+1 V]BALLY DIRECT+1 N>RATIVE SPOON FE$+ ( 5VIRON;TAL 9=MA;N1 & M$IAT+ & MODIFY+ ! 5VIRON;T TO MAKE X M 8BL FRLY40 ,/UD5TS ) S5SORY IMPAIR;TS (T5 REMA9 RELATIVELY PASSIVE :ILE O!RS "5TS OR _! PE]S"> MAY TAKE OV]4 ,? MAY RESULT 9 ------------------------------------#ABJ ! /UD5T LE>N+ 8E>LY ON T ! RESPONSIBIL;Y = MOVE;T & TRAVEL 2L;GS TO "S"O ELSE0 "<,CUTT]1 #AIIG1 ;P4 #A">4 ,? MAY ESPECIALLY 2COME A PROBLEM IF ! /UD5T 3T9UES TO 2 ! PASSIVE TRAVEL] ) HUMAN GUIDE 2COM+ 8A CU/ODIAL PRACTICE0 "<;P4 #C">4 ,"S P MAY PHYSICALLY MANIPULATE ! /UD5T1 REMOTE 3TROL ! /UD5T ) EXCESSIVE V]BAL OR PHYSICAL GUID.E1 OR *OOSE DIREC;N = ! /UD5T4 ,? C DIM9I% OPPORTUNITIES = SELF-DIRECT$ 9T]AC;N : IS A KEY CATALY/ = _M >1S ( DEVELOP;T,-ESPECIALLY = ! P]CEPTUAL & PSY*O-EMO;NAL SY/EMS4 ,"U ^! 3DI;NS1 ^! SY/EMS C EI ATROPHY OR 2COME O!RWISE 4RUPT$4 A#ABJ ,SELF ,GUID.E ,V]SUS ,SELF ,DIREC;N ,Z ) MO/ PRACTIC$ ACTIVITIES1 ! M "O MOVES BY "O'S [N SELF DIREC;N 9 AN 9T5;NAL WAY1 ! BETT] "O'S SELF-DIRECT$ MOVE;T 2COMES4 ,! BETT] "O'S P]CEPTUAL NAVIGA;N & 9T]AC;N SY/EMS 2COME1 ! M 9CR1S$ OPPORTUNITIES "! >E = ACTIVE 5GAGE;T ( ALL RES\RCES1 9CLUD+ SOCIAL RES\RCES ": NEC = ASSI/.E & SUPPORT4 ,H["E1 SELF-GUID$ NAVIGA;N & MOBIL;Y IS ONLY "O FACET ( SELF DIREC;N1 & "! >E O!R WAYS TO A3ESS ! ------------------------------------#ABA 5VIRON;T T MAY 2 M E6ICI5T ?AN SELF-GUID$ MOVE;T4 ,"! IS AN IMPORTANT DI6];E 2T SELF GUID.E & SELF DIREC;N4 ,SELF DIREC;N REF]S TO ! MA9T5.E ( "O'S [N AUTONOMY1 PURPOSE1 & 9T5;N4 ,GUID.E F O!RS C FACILITATE SELF DIREC;N1 Z L;G Z "O DOES N LOSE DIREC;N ( ! GUID.E PROCESS4 ,:5 SIE 5GAG$ 9 A SELF-9ITIAT$1 #AEG SELF-DIRECT$ WAY1 ! P]CEPTUAL A#ABA SY/EM MAY 2 L>GELY APPLI$ TO MANAGE ! 9T]AC;N & PROCESS ! RESULT+ EXP]I;E4 ,:5 HUMAN GUID+ IS RCVD PASSIVELY OR )\T MUTUAL 5GAGE;T1 P]CEPTUAL & COGNITIVE SY/EMS C REMA9 "U/IMULAT$4 ,"O NE$ N 2 ALW SELF-GUID$ 9 ORD] TO 2 SELF-DIRECT$4 ,IMPORT.E ( ,SELF-,DIRECT$ ,MOVE;T ,ALL HUMANS SEEK /IMULA;N4 ,! BRA9 IS ALW R1*+ = 9=MA;N 9 XS 9SATIABLE DESIRE TO MAKE M ( XF & MAKE S5SE ( XS SURR.D+S4 ,*N 9 "PICUL> >E DRIV5 TO 4COV] "? MOVE;T & 9T5;N1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! F/ FIVE YE>S ( LIFE4 8,F ! E>LIE/ S5SORIMOTOR S*EMES TO ! =MA;N ( 9T5;NAL ?"\ & COMPLEX PROBLEM SOLV+1 ! DRIVE TO WANT M & TO MAKE M \ ( :AT R1L;Y AT ------------------------------------#ABB ANY GIV5 MO;T HAS TO (F] W 2 "P ( ! 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VISUAL CORTEX0 9 ! BRA9 "<,BURTON1 #BJJC1 ;P4 #DJJE">4 8,:5 9VE/IGAT+ NEURAL ACTIV;Y ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$1 RESE>*]S >E 9T]E/$ PRIM>ILY 9 H[ ! O3IPITAL & P>IETAL LOBES FUNC;N0 "<,HANNAN1 #BJJF1 ;P4 #CIH">4 ,Z VISUAL FUNC;N+ DROPS1 TACTUAL-K9ES!TIC & AUDITORY *ANNELS M/ 2 M 9T5SIVELY US$ TO APPLY DI6]5T MODES ( 9=MA;N A3ESS4 ,BAVELI] & ,NEVILLE "<#BJJB"> ------------------------------------#ACH H WRITT5 AB ! 8REM>KABLE CAPAC;Y ( BO? ! JUV5ILE & ! ADULT BRA9 TO 2 %AP$ BY 5VIRON;TAL 9PUT0 "<;P4 #DDC">4 ,REC5T /UDIES ( BRA9 PLA/IC;Y H 4COV]$ T >1S ( ! BRA9 USUALLY ASSOCIAT$ ) VISUAL FUNC;N+ 9 ANIMALS T >E SIE BL "<,BAVELI] @& ,NEVILLE1 #BJJB">4 ,9 RESE>* BY ,KUJALA ET ;AL4 #AGG "<#AIIE"> ! VISUAL CORTEX ( A#ACH HUMANS :O >E BL 0 F.D TO 2 ACTIVAT$ BY AUDITORY 4CRIM9A;N4 ,S5SORY DEPRIVA;N APPE>S TO RESULT 9 REORGANIZA;N ( >1S ( ! BRA9 EXP&+ ^? REMA9+ S5SORY >1S T W 2 ( MO/ B5EFIT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 SUBJECTS :O 7 BL 7 F.D TO H BETT] TWO-PO9T TACTILE 4CRIM9A;N SKILLS & SUP]IOR AUDITORY RECOGNI;N MEMORY ?AN SI4 ,RESE>* HAS %[N T1 9 P :O >E BL1 VISUAL CORTICAL >1S H BE5 RECRUIT$ = AUDITORY PROCESS+1 B 9T]E/+LY 8SIIK1 ,TIMMIS1 ,CIR/EA1 ,P>DHAN1 @& ,MOORE1 #BJAD1 ;P4 #FF">4 8,C]EBRAL PLA/IC;Y . OPTIMAL DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S0 "<,G\G\X ET ;AL41 #BJJD1 ;P4 #CJI">1 & 8M SIGNIFICANT DUR+ ! E>LY /AGES ( LIFE ?AN X IS ------------------------------------#ACI 9 ADULTHOOD0 "<,SEGOND1 ,WEISS1 @& ,SAMAIO1 #BJJG1 ;P4 #CC">4 8,! VISUAL CORTEX 2COMES 9VOLV$ 9 NONVISUAL S5SORY FUNC;NS & HI<] COGNITIVE TASKS Z A#ACI A FUNC;N ( BL;S ONSET3 ,! FUNC;NAL REORGANIZA;N IS "PICUL>LY PRON\NC$ 9 E>LY ONSET BL;S0 "<,NOP5NY1 #BJJG1 ;P4 #AAGJ">4 ,? M1NS T *N :O >E 3G5ITALLY VISUALLY IMPAIR$ MAY POSSESS ! POT5TIAL TO ADAPT M QKLY TO _! LACK ( VI.N4 ,A /UDY BY ,RAUS*ECK] & ,KNIEP]T 9 : ANIMALS 7 DEPRIV$ ( SIS "<,BAVELI] @& ,NEVILLE1 #BJJB">4 ,HANNAN "<#BJJF"> P]CVS 8! POSSIBIL;Y ( ! BRA9 RE/RUCTUR+ AT ANY AGE Z ! MO/ OPTIMI/IC HOPE = ^? ) DEG5]ATIVE EYE 3DI;NS OR LATE-ONSET BL;S0 "<;P4 #DJF"> 9 LE>N+ NEW SKILLS & 9T]PRET+ 5VIRON;TAL 9=MA;N4 8,! CURR5T VIEW REG>D+ PLA/IC;Y IS N "O ( A F9ITE W9D[ ( OPPORTUN;Y1 B R "O 9 : ! BRA9 RETA9S A HI< LEVEL ( NEUROPLA/IC;Y WELL 9TO ADULTHOOD1 AL? N TO ! SAME EXT5T Z 9 ! "Y DEVELOP+ BRA90 "<,M]ABET @& ,PASCAUL-,LE"O1 #BJAJ1 ;P4 #DI">4 ,A COMP>ISON ( BRA9 FUNC;NS 9 SUBJECTS :O 7 BL9D$ E>LY & LATE %[$ 9 SUBJECTS #AGI :O 7 E>LY BL9D$ 8SIGNIFICANT B#ACI VOLUME DEFICITS 9 DORSAL VISUAL CORTICES 444 .<&.> SIGNIFICANT ------------------------------------#ADJ B LESS WIDESPR1D DI6];ES 7 F.D 9 ! LATE BL9D$ Z EXPECT$0 "<,LEPORE ET ;AL41 #BJAJ1 ;P4 #ACF">4 ,! POT5TIAL TO ADJU/ TO ! LOSS ( VI.N IS "!=E AL POSSIBLE 9 OLD] P1 B ! P]IOD ( READJU/;T MAY 2 L;G]4 ,"! >E ?REE >1S ( SU7E/$ IMPROVE;T 9 ! BRA9 ( "S"O :O IS VISUALLY IMPAIR$ AC TO ,M]ABET & ,SAN*EZ "<#BJJI">3 ,TACTILE 4CRIM9A;N1 HE>+ LOCALIZA;N SKILLS1 & V]BAL RECALL4 8,? 444 NEUROPLA/IC;Y 444 ( ! BRA9 MAY ?US EXPLA9 ! COMP5SATORY &1 9 "S CASES1 5H.ED 2HAVIORAL ABILITIES REPORT$ 9 9DIVIDUALS :O >E BL1 S* Z F9] TACTILE 4CRIM9A;N ACU;Y 444 S.D LOCALIZA;N & V]BAL MEMORY RECALL0 "<;P4 #ACE">4 ,AUDITORY P]CEP;N IS "PICUL>LY IMPORTANT 9 ! ABS;E (1 OR RE/RIC;N (1 VI.N4 8,TO A VISUALLY IMPAIR$ TRAVEL]1 S.D LOCALIZA;N EM]GES Z A P]CEPTUAL SKILL ( P>AM.T IMPORT.E1 "O T GOES 2Y ! USUAL LI/5+ SKILLS ( A SI4 8,9DIVIDUALS :O 2CAME BL E>LY 9 LIFE 444 C PROCESS S.DS FA/]1 LOCALIZE S.DS M A3URATELY & H %>P] AUDITORY SPATIAL TUN+ 444 ?AN SI4 ------------------------------------#ADA 8,BL LI/5]S H BE5 %[N TO H IMPROV$ SPATIAL TUN+ 9 ! AUDITORY P]IPH]Y :5 COMP>$ ) SI4 ,RESE>* BY ,ROD] EXAM9ES 8COMP5SATORY REORGANISA;N ( BRA9 >1S 9 ! BL T MAY 3TRIBUTE TO ! IMPROV$ SPATIAL RESOLU;N = P]IPH]AL S.D S\RCES0 "<,ROD] ET ;AL41 #AIII1 ;P4 #AFC">4 8,! ADVANTAGE = BL SUBJECTS 0 F.D ONLY AT SPATIAL POSI;NS ": AUDITORY LOCALIZA;N IS POORE/ 9 SI LAT]AL LOCA;NS0 "<,ROD] ET ;AL41 #AIII1 ;P4 #AFE">4 ,? IS ( C\RSE "PICUL>LY IMPORTANT = ,FLA%,SON> 2C ! LE>N] NE$S TO H"O 9 ON ": SPECIFIC S.DS >E COM+ F TO AID #AHA H] ORI5TA;N4 ,! 8F9D+S SU7E/ T1 A#ADA :5 VISUAL 9PUT IS 3G5ITALLY ABS5T 9 HUMAN DEVELOP;T1 ! E>LY AUDITORY SPATIAL REPRES5TA;NS 3T9UE TO DEVELOP & 2COME 9CR1S+LY REF9$0 "<,ROD] ET ;AL41 #AIII1 ;P4 #AFE">4 8,"O POSSIBIL;Y IS T S5SORY DEPRIVA;N L1DS TO M PRON\NC$ *ANGES 9 RELATIVE 3NECTIV;Y 2T CORTICAL >1S0 "<,M]ABET @& ,PASCAUL-,LE"O1 #BJAJ1 ;P4 #DH">4 ,9T]E/+LY1 EVOLU;N SEEMS TO H CR1T$ "S?+ SIMIL> 9 BATS ) REG>D TO ! SIZE ( ! "P ( _! BRA9 T IS US$ = PROCESS+ S.DS4 8,! BRA9S ( 9SECTIVOR\S BATS %[ AN ------------------------------------#ADB EXTREME SPECIALIZA;N = HE>+ Z OPPOS$ TO VI.N1 ) A L>G] PROPOR;N ( ! 3TROL N]V\S SY/EM 2+ DEVOT$ TO AUDITORY TRACTS & NUCLEI ?AN 9 ANY O!R ANIMAL0 "<,GRI691 #AIEH1 ;P4 #ADG">4 ,RESE>* BY ,?AL] ET ;AL4 "<#BJAA"> SU7E/S T 8! BRA9 /RUCTURES T PROCESS VISUAL 9=MA;N 9 SI4 ,FUR!R 8X IMPLIES T ! PRES;E ( L[-AMPLITUDE E*OES ACTIVATES ,8VISUAL,0 CORTEX 9 ! A#ADB BL "PICIPANTS .<"PICUL>LY ! "PICIPANT ) E>LY ONSET BL;S.>1 )\T ANY DETECTABLE ACTIVA;N 9 ! AUDITORY CORTEX0 "<;P4 #F">4 ,? SU7E/S T ! VISUAL CORTEX C 2 DEPLOY$ Z A SPATIAL S.D PROCESSOR4 ,"O POSSIBLE EXPLANA;N IS T ^? P :O >E BL :O USE E*OLOCA;N DAILY Z A PR9CIPAL M1NS ( NAVIGA;N ACQUIRE HI< LEVEL SKILLS "? PRACTICE4 8,X'S ! SAME PR9CIPLE T GOV]NS ANY MUSCLE 9 ! HUMAN BODY3 ,! M Y USE X1 ! BETT]0 "<,KELL]1 #BJAE">4 ,X IS N T BETT] HE>+ SKILLS 9 P :O >E BL MAKE !M BETT] AT E*OLOCA;N 2C BO? ! 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BL HAS BE5 CORRELAT$ ) A L>G] VOLUME ( ! HIPPOCAMPUS0 .<9 _! BRA9S.> "<,M]ABET @& ,PASCAUL-,LE"O1 #BJAJ1 ;P4 B#ADC #DEJJ">4 ------------------------------------#ADD ,9 AN EXP]I;T BY ,DUF\R1 ,DESPRES1 & ,C&AS "<#BJJE">1 ! SUBJECTS :O 7 BL 8%[$ SIGNIFICANTLY BETT] "R_/LEFT 4CRIM9A;N P]=M.E ?AN SID ON ! BASIS ( S.DS T >E REFLECT$ BY ! BO>D0 "<;P4 #EAE">4 ,A COMP>ISON ( ! "PICIPANTS :O 7 BL1 E>LY V]SUS LATE1 %[$ NO ADVANTAGE = EI GR\P4 ,! RESE>*]S SU7E/ T 8HI<] S5SITIV;Y TO E*O CUES MI4 ,! "PICIPANT :O 0 BL 9 ,?AL] ET AL4'S RESE>* :O _H LO/ ALL SI9E CORTEX 9 SI4 ,3TRALAT]AL BIAS REF]S TO ! FACT T ! VISUAL CORTEX %[S ACTIVA;N 9 A MANN] T MIRRORS ! LOCA;N ( PRES5T$ /IMULI4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 A /IMULUS IS PRES5T$ TO ! LEFT SIDE ( A SUBJECT :O IS SIEA4 ,! AUDITORY CORTEX1 = EXAMPLE1 DOES N EVID;E ? BIAS NE>LY S /R;GLY4 ,? BIAS S]VES Z A K9D ( MAPP+ ME*ANISM ON ! VISUAL CORTEX4 ,"O C SAY T ! VISUAL CORTEX LIT]ALLY MAPS XS SURR.D+S 9 XS NEURAL NET"W4 ,! VISUAL SY/EM ( ! BRA9 IS 2LIEV$ TO 2 ! ONLY "P ( ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM T REPRES5TS ! EXT]NAL 5VIRON;T DIRECTLY )9 ! NEURAL NET"W4 ,?US1 9 A V /RICT S5SE1 ! EXT]NAL 5VIRON;T IS REPRES5T$ )9 ! NEUROLOGY 9 A MANN] T IS 2LIEV$ TO 2 CORRESPOND5T ) ! EXT]NAL _W4 ,:5 AN OBJECT IS PRES5T$ TO ! A#ADE VISUAL FIELD1 X ACTIVATES A 4T9CT "P ( ! BRA9 T CORRESPONDS TO ! POSI;N ( ! ITEM4 ,! AUDITORY SY/EM DOES N ACTIVATE ! SY/EMATIC SPATIAL PATT]N 9 ? WAY4 ,! TACTILE SY/EM DOES1 B ONLY = /IMULI T ACTUALLY T\* ! SK94 ,"!=E ? IS N CALL$ EXT]NALIZA;N4 ,ONLY ! VISUAL SY/EM IS "KN TO REPRES5T OR 8MAP0 EXT]NAL SPACE )9 ! BRA94 ,?US1 ! /UDIES F.D T E*O /IMULI >E MAPP$ ONTO ! VISUAL CORTEX 9 A MANN] SIMIL> TO VI.N1 ":AS S\RCE S.DS >E N "<,?AL] ET ;AL41 #BJAA">4 ,! RESE>*]S >E UNSURE AT ? "T IF ? IS 2C ( PLA/IC;Y ( ! BRA9 DUE TO BL;S OR IF ------------------------------------#ADF X IS DUE TO E*OLOCA;N SPECIFICALLY4 ,BO? "PICIPANTS US$ 8E*OLOCA;N 9 A WAY T SEEMS UNCANNILY SIMIL> TO VI.N0 "<,?AL] ET ;AL41 #BJAA1 ;P4 #AJ">4 ,? IS 9T]E/+ 2C 8! PROCESS+ ( E*OES MAY %[ F1TURE-SPECIFIC;Y SIMIL> TO ! NORMAL FUNC;NS ( S* BRA9 >1S = ! PROCESS+ ( VI.N0 "<,MILNE1 #BJAD1 ;P4 #AHG #AJB">1 M1N+ T PROCESS+ ( %APE1 A#ADF TEXTURE1 MOVE;T & S ON %[ A SIMIL> PATT]N ( ACTIVA;N 9 ! CALC>9E CORTEX = E*OLOCATORS & SUBJECTS :O 7 SI9E CORTEX ( ! BRA9 HAS BE5 L9K$ ) BO? E*OLOCA;N & VIVID;S ( VISUAL IMAG]Y1 ,?AL] ET ;AL4 "<#BJAD"> 9VE/IGAT$ ! RELA;N%IP 2T !M4 ,!Y F.D A 8POSITIVE RELA;N%IP 2T ! VIVID;S ( A SI+ A BLFOLD"> & _! ABIL;Y TO MAKE A3URATE SIZE-4CRIM9A;N JUDG;TS US+ E*OLOCA;N0 "<;P4 #AIBA">4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! /R;G] ! ACTIV;Y ( ! CALC>9E CORTEX 9 ! SUBJECT :O 0 SI & E*OLOCA;N 444 MI9E CORTEX.> = TASKS REQUIR+ NON-VISUAL 9PUT0 "<;P4 #AIBC">4 ,RESE>* ) SUBJECTS :O 7 BL ON A #ADG SIZE-WEI4 ,!Y 4COV]$ T 8! BL E*OLOCATORS EXP]I;ED A SIZE-WEIGE/ CUBES0 "<,BUCK+HAM ET ;AL41 #BJAD1 ;P4 #D">4 ,! E*OLOCATORS 9 ? /UDY EXP]I;ED ! SAME SIZE-WEIISONS 2T AN E>LY E*OLOCATOR :O IS BL1 AN E*OLOCATOR F >.D #DJ YE>S ( AGE ) VI.N LO/ AT BIR?1 & AN E*OLOCATOR F >.D ! AGE ( #AG ) SIS ( AGE %[$ "S 9T]E/+ DI6];ES 9 ! WAY _! BRA9S PROCESS$ ! 9=MA;N4 ,! RESE>* SU7E/S T 8EXT5SIVE E*OLOCA;N F A #AHI "Y & P]H EV5 CRITICAL /AGE ( A#ADG NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOP;T PLAYS A /R;G ROLE 9 E/ABLI%+ H[ E*O-PROCESS+ IS 9/ANTIAT$ 9 ! BRA90 "<,>NOTT1 ,?AL]1 ,MILNE1 ,KI%1 @& ,GOODALE1 #BJAC">4 8,OV]PRODUC;N ------------------------------------#ADH ( SYNAPSES 9 ! HUMAN VISUAL CORTEX R1*ES A P1K AT #H-#AB MON?S AF BIR?0 "<,GRE5\< @& ,S*W>K1 #AIHD1 ;P4 #HF">4 ,X IS P]H NO CO9CID;E T ! SUP]IOR E>LY E*OLOCATOR :O 0 BL _H LO/ ALL VI.N BY ! AGE ( #AC MON?S4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 9 ! BRA9 ( ! E>LY E*OLOCATOR :O 0 BL1 X 0 4COV]$ T 8"! IS 3V]G+ EVID;E = ! IDEA T E*OLOCA;N-RELAT$ ACTIV;Y 9 .LY BL'S.> CALC>9E CORTEX MAY 2 ORGANIZ$ 9 A MANN] SIMIL> TO ! WAY T LI9E CORTEX1 I4E4 BY E35TRIC;Y & ANGLE0 "<,>NOTT ET ;AL41 #BJAC">4 ,RESE>* COMP>+ SPATIAL HE>+ TASKS 2T 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SIISE AM;G LI/5]S :O H "S RESIDUAL VI.N0 "<,KOL>IK1 ,CIR/EA1 @& ,P>DHAN1 #BJAC1 ;P4 #FCJ">4 ,AL? ? TEXT PRIM>ILY FOCUSES ON H[ P ORI5TATE !MVS )\T VI.N1 X IS 9T]E/+ TO NOTE T A /UDY BY ,NEVILLE SU7E/S T ^? ) HE>+ LOSS EVID;E 5H.ED VISUAL ATT5;N "<,NEVILLE1 #AIIJ">4 ------------------------------------#ADI ,/UDIES ( ! SIE;S ( ! EXT]NAL _W,-IS ASSOCIAT$ ) REGIONAL BRA9 ACTIVA;N PATT]NS T >E ESS5TIALLY SIMIL> 9 SI4 ,HE>+ 8,AUDI;N IS "PICUL>LY IMPORTANT #AIA TO P]SONS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS N A#ADI ONLY 2C X FACILITATES SPOK5 COMMUNICA;N1 B AL 2C X ASSI/S ) ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y0 "<,WI5] ET ;AL41 #BJAJ1 "P ,I1 ;P4 #HE">4 ,= P :O >E BL1 HE>+ C 2COME ! DOM9ANT S5SE = 3VEY+ SPATIAL 9=MA;N AB ! _W AT 9T]M$IATE 4T.ES & = FACILITAT+ DYNAMIC 9T]AC;NS ) ! _W4 ,Z DET]M9$ BY BRA9 SCAN RESE>*1 ! 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