,E*OLOCA;N & ,FLA%,SON> ,DANIEL ,KI% ,JO ,HOOK ,VOLUME #B ( #C ,VOLUMES ,BRL PAGES T#A-T#D & #BJC-#DDH ,PR9T PAGES AVI-VIII & #AEG-#CFD ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AVE4 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY #DJBJF-#JJHE T#A ,COPY"R ^C #BJAF ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 ,ALL "RS RES]V$4 ,,,SPECIAL SYMBOLS US$ 9 ? VOLUME,' .= ,DOT LOCATOR = 8M5;N0 .=,8 ,OP5+ S+LE QUOTA;N M>K .=,0 ,CLOS+ S+LE QUOTA;N M>K T#C ,,TRANSCRIB]',S ,,NOTES ,? VOLUME IS TRANSCRIB$ AC TO .7,! ,RULES ( ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL1.' ,SECOND ,$I;N #BJAC & .7,BRL ,=MATS3 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PR9T-TO-,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N1.' #BJAA4 ,BLOCK$ P>AGRAPHS H BE5 9D5T$4 ,NONSPECIFIC QUOTA;N M>KS H BE5 US$ = ! PR$OM9ANT QUOTA;N M>KS 9 ! TEXT4 ,E*OLOCA;N & ,FLA%,SON> AVI ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS ,*APT] #C ,- ,OPTIMIZ+ ,LE>N+ ,3DI;NS """" #AEG ,FACILITAT+ ,3DI;NS = ,OPTIMAL ,DEVELOP;T """""""""""""""""" #AEG ,9/RUC;NAL ,PR9CIPLES """"""""""" #AFA ,ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS APPROA* """" #AFI ,P]CEP;N-BAS$ LE>N+ """"""""""" #AGF ,RAPPORT """""""""""""""""""""" #AGH ,COMMIT;T TO ! SOV]EIGN /UD5T "R TO A3ESS SOCIETAL RES\RCES """""""""""""""""""" #AHA ,PR9CIPLES ( ,DEVELOP;T & ,ADAPTA;N """"""""""""""""""" #AHD ,FRE$OM F/ """""""""""""""""""" #AHD ,NE$ DRIVES LE>N+ & DEVELOP;T #AIJ ,PR9CIPLES ( ,AC;N """""""""""""" #AIB -------------------------------------VII ,9TRODUC;N TO DEVELOP;T & ! BRA9 "<,BRA9 #AJA"> """"""""" #AIC ,R$UC+ EXT]NAL 3TROL """""""""" #AIF #BJC AVII ,R$UC$ RELI.E ON PHYSICAL SURFACES & SPATIAL B.D>IES "" #BAD ,9TRODUC+ ! ,FULL-,L5G? ,CANE """ #BAF ,RE-,9TEGRA;N & ,SOCIAL ,5GAGE;T #BED ,A ,F9AL ,NOTE """""""""""""""""" #BGB #D ,- ,H[ D ,I ,T1* ,FLA%,SON> TO ,MYF & ,O!RS8 """"""""""""""" #BGE ,FLA%,SON>3 ,A ,PR9CIPAL ,TRAVEL ,ME?OD """""""""""""""""""""" #BGE ,H[ TO ,T1* """"""""""""""""""""" #BGH ,H[ ,BRA9S ,LE>N TO ,SEE """""""" #BHD ,NEURAL ,ACTIVA;N ( ,EXT]NAL ,MAPP+ """""""""""""""""""""" #BHF ,SCANN+ """"""""""""""""""""""""" #BID ,/IMULUS ,S5SITIZA;N """""""""""" #BIF ,/IMULUS ,CL>IFICA;N """""""""""" #BIG ,/IMULUS ,COMP>ISON """"""""""""" #BIH ,/IMULUS ,ASSOCIA;N """"""""""""" #BII ,/IMULUS ,%IFT """""""""""""""""" #CJA ,ATT5;N ,/ABILIZA;N """"""""""""" #CJB ,F ,EASY TO ,M ,*ALL5G+ ,TASKS "" #CJC ,PASS+ ,"? ,GAPS & ,HE>+ ,WALLS #CJE ,G5]AT+ ! ,CLICK """""""""""""""" #CJG VIII ,! CLICK MIRROR EX]CISE OR CLICK %AP+ """""""""""""""""" #CAA ,LE>N+ ! ,CLICK """"""""""""""""" #CAB ,US+ ! ,CLICK """"""""""""""""""" #CAG ,%APE_/,TEXTURE ,DI6]5TIA;N """"" #CBJ ,LANGUAGE & ,COMMUNICA;N """""""" #CBD ,3SID]A;NS """""""""""""""""""""" #CBE ,CANE US]S """""""""""""""""""" #CBE ,DOG GUIDE H&L]S """""""""""""" #CBF ,HE>+ LOSS """""""""""""""""""" #CBG ,W1!R & CLIMATE """"""""""""""" #CCA ,P]SONS ) L[ VI.N """"""""""""" #CCC ,*N :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL """""""" #CDB ,"W+ ) V "Y *N """""""""""""""" #CEJ ,"W+ ) /UD5TS ) MULTIPLE *ALL5GES """""""""""""""""""" #CEH ,ADULTS :O >E BL """""""""""""" #CEI #BJE ,*APT] #C ,- #AEG ,OPTIMIZ+ ,LE>N+ ,3DI;NS ,? *APT] IS AB H[ P LE>N & DEVELOP P]CEPTUALLY & ! ME?ODS APPLI$ TO HELP FACILITATE ! P]CEPTUAL LE>N+ PROCESS4 ,FACILITAT+ ,3DI;NS = ,OPTIMAL ,DEVELOP;T ,! AU?ORS HOLD T ! KEY TO OPTIMIZ+ SELF-DIRECT$ A*IEVE;T ) LL COMPROMISE OR 3CES.N IS 9 APPROA*+ 4ABIL;Y F A P]SPECTIVE ( GA9 R ?AN LOSS4 ,A GA9-ADAPTA;N MODEL REG>DS ! 3DI;N /RICTLY 9 T]MS ( A*IEVE;T /YLE1 N IMPAIR;T4 ,! FOCUS IS ON A*IEVE;T BY ADAPT+ TO "O'S 3DI;N & GA9+ A3ESS TO RES\RCES4 ,! EMPHASIS IS N ON :E!R "O C OR C'T A*IEVE1 B ON H[ & :AT "O DOES A*IEVE4 ,:ILE "EY"O FACES LIMITS1 ! AU?ORS ASS]T T LIMITS %D N 2 IMPOS$ OR PRESUM$ ^U ANY"O4 ,WE ALL H ! "R TO 5JOY ! FRE$OM & /R5G? ( "* TO SEEK & 4COV] \R [N LIMITS & /R5G?S1 REG>D.S ( SIN+ PROCESS IS N TO D ALL SORTS ( EXTREME ACTIVITIES UN.S ! /UD5T WANTS T TO 2 ! GOAL4 ,! GOAL IS TO *ALL5GE 8 LIMITS1 2C X IS ALW 2Y "O'S LIMITS T LIFE HOLDS ! GRTE/ LU/]4 ,! AU?ORS REG>D BL;S Z NO M NOR LESS ?AN A 3DI;N ( *ALL5GE T REQUIRES ADAPTA;N4 ,BL;S1 L O!R IMPAIR;TS1 MAY 2 3CEPTUALIZ$ Z J ANO!R 3DI;N REQUIR+ ADAPTA;N4 ,! LIT]ATURE 3TRIBUT+ TO AN "U/&+ ( NEURAL PLA/IC;Y >.D ADAPTA;N TO BL;S IS NEW B QKLY EXP&+4 ,WE MAY1 H["E1 DRAW "S 9F];ES F ! LIT]ATURE P]TA9+ TO /ROKE RECOV]Y & TRAUMATIC BRA9 9JURY1 : IS EXT5SIVE1 & N1TLY SUMM>IZ$ 9 ,DOIDGE "<#BJJG">4 ,X IS CLE> F ? LIT]ATURE T :5 3TROL OV] A LIMB HAS BE5 LO/1 ! LIMB QKLY FALLS 9TO 4USE4 ,9ITIAL ATTEMPTS TO USE ! LIMB FAIL1 & A 8LE>N$ NON-USE0 COMES 9TO PLAY4 ,9 "T ! LIMB MAY SIMPLY HANG IMMOBILE4 ,X W N RECOV] )\T #BJG ACTIVE USE ONCE X HAS R1*$ ! A#AEH PO9T ( LE>N$ NON-USE4 ,H["E1 3SID]ABLE LIT]ATURE %[S T1 :5 ! LIMB IS 9VOLV$ 9 AN 9T5SIVE PROGRAM ( USE & ACTIV;Y1 T LIMB USUALLY RECOV]S "S FUNC;N4 ,TO FACILITATE RECOV]Y1 _M PROGRAMS H F.D X USE;L TO RE/RICT ! USE ( ! OP]ATIVE LIMB 9 ORD] TO ACTIVATE ! NON- ------------------------------------#AEI OP]ATIVE LIMB TO RESUME FUNC;N+4 ,? IS CALL$ 3/RA9T-9DUC$ MOVE;T !RAPY "<,BLANTON1 ,WISLEY1 @& ,WOLF ET ;AL41 #BJJH">4 ,:ILE X DOES N APPE> CRITICAL T ! OP]ATIVE LIMB 2 COMPLETELY 3/RA9$1 X IS CRITICAL T ! LIMB A6ECT$ BY ! BRA9 9JURY IS US$ 9T5SIVELY & EXT5SIVELY1 : MAY 2 FACILITAT$ BY 3/RA9+ ! OP]ATIVE LIMB "<,MURAYAMA ET ;AL41 #BJAA">4 ,9T5SIVE & EXT5SIVE USE IS FUR!R FACILITAT$ BY 9VOLVE;T ( ! IMM FAMILY OR SUPPORT SY/EM TO ASSI/ 9 C>RY+ \ A RI* R\T9E ( ACTIVITIES T 3T9UALLY 5GAGE ! A6ECT$ LIMB "<,USWATTE1 ,TAUB1 ,MORRIS1 ,B>MAN1 @& ,CRAGO1 #BJJF">4 ,IF WE VIEW ADAPTA;N TO BL;S Z A =M ( NEURAL PLA/IC;Y1 !N WE C BORR[ A#AEI 3CEPTS ( LE>N$ NON-USE & 3/RA9T-9DUC$ MOVE;T !RAPY TO HELP U "U/& H[ ? PROCESS MAY A6ECT P :O >E BL4 ,Z ) /ROKE SURVIVORS1 :5 P :O >E BL D N USE _! P]CEPTUAL-MOTOR1 NAVIGA;NAL1 & SPATIAL PROCESS+ SY/EMS1 ^! SY/EMS FALL 9TO LE>N$ NON-USE4 ,LIKEWISE1 !Y C ONLY 2 EXPECT$ TO RECOV] ^! ABILITIES "? 9T5SIVE & EXT5SIVE USE4 ,ANALOG\S TO 3/RA9T-9DUC$ MOVE;T !RAPY1 ? 9T5SIVE & EXT5SIVE USE IS GRTLY FACILITAT$ BY ! R$UC;N ( ! IMPOSI;N ( PHYSICAL & V]BAL GUID+1 DESCRIP;N & N>RA;N1 SIIES4 ,Z ) /ROKE SURVIVORS1 ? APPROA* CATALYZES ! UNLE>N+ ( LE>N$ NON-USE1 & ACTIVATES ! UTIL;Y ( ! P]CEPTUAL-NAVIGA;N SY/EM4 ,?US1 ! T1*] M/ "W TO HELP ! /UD5T 9FUSE 8 CIRCUM/.ES ) ^! 3DI;NS4 ,X IS ,DANIEL ,KI%'S OBS]VA;N T LE>N+ & DEVELOP;T O3UR MO/ RAPIDLY & #BJI E6ICI5TLY & >E MO/ /R;GLY SU/A9$ A#AFJ :5 C]TA9 3DI;NS SURR.D+ ! /UD5T >E 9 PLACE4 ,KI% REF]S TO ? Z A 8,FRE$OM ,=MULA40 ,NEI ,FLA%,SON> NOR ANY O!R SKILL IS LE>N$ 9 A VACUUM4 ,A RI* 3TEXT T PROMOTES OR F]TILIZES LE>N+ W RESULT 9 /R;G]1 M RAPID GA9S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 "O LE>NS A =EIGN LANGUAGE MO/ E6ECTIVELY & RAPIDLY :5 HE IS SURR.D$ BY T LANGUAGE4 ,? IS SIMIL> TO ! PROCESS ( ADAPT+ TO BL;S4 8,HUMAN E*OLOCA;N IS A CAPAC;Y ( ANY HUMAN 2+1 B ! EXTRAORD9>Y SKILL %[N BY EXEMPL>Y PRACTI;N]S L ,DANIEL ,KI% & ,B5 ,"UWOOD REQUIRES M* M ?AN J A HUMAN N]V\S SY/EM & ! "R TRA9+3 ,! SKILL REQUIRES A COMMUN;Y T ,8GETS X,0 & SUPPORTS ! CAPAC;Y4444 ,E*OLOCA;N IS N J ! 3JUNC;N ( A HUMAN BRA91 M\?1 E>S & OBJECTS TO REFLECT BACK ------------------------------------#AFA S.D2 X'S AL ! PRODUCT ( A SOCIAL GR\P & SOCIETY T HAS XS [N ATTITUDES & APPROA*ES TO D1L+ ) BL;S4 ,AT ! SAME "T T P L ,KI% >E HELP+ TO SPR1D TE*NIQUES L E*OLOCA;N TO AN UNPREC$5T$ NUMB] A#AFA ( 9DIVIDUALS1 WE C SEE T O!R SOCIAL =CES MI4 ,KI%'S APPROA* IS DIVID$ 9TO ?REE SETS ( PR9CIPLES3 ,9/RUC;N1 DEVELOP;T & ADAPTA;N1 & AC;N4 ,9/RUC;NAL ,PR9CIPLES ,! /UD5T IS C5TRAL 9 ! PROCESS4 ,AC TO LE>N+ & MOTIVA;N !ORY & PRACTICE1 ! FACTORS 9FLU5C+ LE>N+ & DEVELOP;T BOIL D[N TO ?REE MA9 3DI;NS3 " MOTIVA;N "2 "<;B"> REGUL> PRACTICE & APPLICA;N2 & "<;C"> 9CR1S+LY *ALL5G+ ACTIVITIES OR CIRCUM/.ES4 ,ABV ALL1 X IS ID1L = ! /UD5T TO H & APPLY A POSITIVE & HOPE;L ATTITUDE AB 8 [N CAPABILITIES4 ,! AU?ORS 2LIEVE ! LE>N] IS ! C5T] ( ! 9/RUC;NAL PROCESS4 ,:5 T1*+ 9 A LE>N]-C5T]$ /YLE Z PROMOT$ BY ,DR4 ,K>L ,ROG]S1 ! T1*] MAKES E 5D1VOR TO PLACE PRIM>Y #BAA EMPHASIS ON ! /UD5T'S /YLE & NE$ #AFB ( LE>N+1 R ?AN ON ! T1*]'S [N AG5DA OR BODY ( K "<,SMI?1 #AIIG">4 ,9 ? VIEW1 X IS N AB TRY+ TO T1* A LE>N] ! T1*]'S K1 B FO/]+ A /UD5T'S ABIL;Y TO LE>N4 ,X IS "U/OOD T K C 2 3/RUCT$ BY & )9 ! LE>N] "? NATURAL EXP]I;ES & 9T]AC;NS ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,? LE>N+ MAY 2 FACILITAT$ & 5RI*$ BY A C>EGIV] OR 9/RUCTOR "? /IMULAT+ EXP]I;ES & ACTIVITIES4 ,H["E1 ? IS "U/OOD TO SUPPORT ! PROCESS2 X DOES N MAKE ! PROCESS4 ,! T1*]'S ROLE IS 8N TO T1* BL;S SKILLS P] SE1 B TO T1* ! /UD5T H[ TO LE>N BL;S SKILLS 9DEP5D5TLY0 "<,METTL]1 #AIID1 ;P4 #CDG">4 ,X IS IMPORTANT TO PLACE ! EMPHASIS ON H[ /UD5TS LE>N & :AT SEEMS SALI5T TO !M1 R ?AN ON :AT ! T1*] FEELS %D 2 TAU+ _! BODY ( K & P]SPECTIVE Z APPROPRIATE4 ,TWO-WAY COMMUNICA;N M/ 2 C>E;LLY FO/]$ ) ! /UD5T TO "U/& ! /UD5T'S PH5OM5OLOGICAL FRAME ( REF];E,-H[ DOES A /UD5T P]CV 8 _W1 HMF1 & O!RS >.D HM "? 8 S5SES & 8 M5TAL;Y8 ,VAN D] ,POEL "<#AIIG"> A#AFB ------------------------------------#AFC M5;NS T X IS 8IMPORTANT TO 9TRODUCE LEVEL APPROPRIATE SKILLS R ?AN AGE-APPROPRIATE SKILLS0 "<;P4 #AE"> TO 5ABLE ! /UD5T TO LE>N MO/ E6ECTIVELY4 ,? SEEMS TO 2 ! MO/ NATURAL WAY = ! BRA9 TO LE>N4 ,X ALL[S ! MO/ G5]ALIZA;N TO ! MO/ V>I$ SITUA;NS 9 ! WIDE/ V>IETY ( /UD5TS4 ,E6ECTIVE T1*+ IS AB HELP+ /UD5TS DEVELOP A DYNAMIC M1NS ( E/ABLI%+ A RELA;N%IP ) ! _W = !MVS BAS$ ON _! DIRECT AW>E;S ( ! 5VIRON;T "? _! [N S5SES1 N DICTAT+ OR E/ABLI%+ T RELA;N%IP = ! /UD5T4 ,! =M] PROCESS RESULTS 9 A /UD5T-C5T]$ RELA;N%IP ) ! _W4 ,! LATT] C ONLY RESULT 9 ANO!R-C5T]$ RELA;N%IP1 TO : ! /UD5T IS A ?IRD "PY4 ,! /UD5T'S 9TR9SIC P]CEPTUAL FE$BACK & COMPREH5.N PROCESSES >E ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( LE>N+ R ?AN EXTR9SIC FE$BACK F ! 9/RUCTOR4 ,?US1 3TROL ( ! LE>N+ PROCESS RE/S PRIM>ILY ) /UD5T-C5T]$ FACTORS4 ,X IS (T5 M RI*LY N\RI%+ TO T\* ! FLAME = "OF ?AN TO HE$ ! W>N+ ( #BAC ANO!R4 ,9 ,_W ,A3ESS = ! ,BL'S A#AFC PROGRAM1 /UD5TS LIT]ALLY R1* 9TO ! FLAMES ) ! T1*]S S !Y "U/& ! H1T1 B AL LE>N TO 3SID] :AT IS BE/ TO T\* OR N T\*4 ,? IS M1NT ------------------------------------#AFD LIT]ALLY 9 COOK+ CLASSES1 B AL FIGURATIVELY 9 ALL O!R CLASSES4 ,:ILE HIK+1 = 9/.E1 /UD5TS >E N"E PHYSICALLY GUID$1 & R>ELY V]BALLY PROMPT$ ON ": TO G4 ,!Y >E 9/RUCT$ ON H[ TO DECIDE = !MVS ": TO G & H[ TO GET "!4 ,EV5 IF !Y FOLL[ ! S.DS ( ANO!R AH1D ( !M1 !Y D S "U _! [N P]CEPTUAL-MOTOR ABILITIES1 & N "U ! HELP+ H& ( ANO!R4 8,IN LE>N+ ANY?+ NEW "! SEEMS TO 2 A PATT]N3 ,WE D X = ! *1 !N ) ! *1 & !N ALL[ ! * TO D X AL"O0 "<,CUTT]1 #BJJC;B1 ;P4 #B">4 ,9 ? WAY1 !Y =M _! [N COMPREH5.N ( :AT IS A3URATE1 E6ECTIVE1 ADAPTIVE1 & :AT FO/]S )9 !M ! MO/ E6ECTIVE & ADAPTIVE A3ESS TO :AT !Y WANT & NE$4 ,? PROCESS ( SCA6OLD+ (T5 NECESSITATES FAC+ /UD5TS ) SITUA;NS : >E UNCOM=TABLE4 ,*ALL5G+ SITUA;NS TYPICALLY >E UNCOM=TABLE4 ,? IS 2C ! N]V\S SY/EM "UGOES A P]IOD ( 4EQUILIBRIUM :5 A#AFD FAC+ A NOVEL SITUA;N UNTIL ! NEW 9=MA;N IS ASSIMILAT$1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL 2COMES FAMILI> ) ! FACTORS ( ! *ALL5GE,-BR++ X BACK 9TO EQUILIBRIUM4 ,ON "O O3A.N1 ,KI% 0 "W+ ) A V B"R #E-YE>-OLD GIRL 9 ! ,,UK4 ,%E EXHIBIT$ ALM NO SELF-DIRECT$ MOBIL;Y 9 H] [N HOME4 ,Z %E 0 HOME S*OOL$1 %E AL _H LL OPPORTUN;Y TO APPLY ------------------------------------#AFE H]F ON H] [N T]MS \TSIDE ! HOME4 ,%E 0 3/ANTLY GUID$ OR C>RI$ F PLACE TO PLACE4 ,:5 9T]ACT+ ) H]1 ,DANIEL NOTIC$ T %E WDN'T EV5 R1* \ TO EXPLORE ANY?+1 UN.S H] H&S 7 MOV$ TO ! OBJECT4 ,^U F/ >RIV+ AT ! HOME ) ! GIRL'S "M & ,O@&,M 9/RUCTOR1 ! GIRL NE$$ TO USE ! TOILET4 ,H] 9/RUCTOR1 :O _H 5?USIA/ICALLY >RANG$ = ,DANIEL TO "W ) H]1 IMMLY TOOK ! GIRL BY ! H&1 L$ H] 9TO ! BA?ROOM1 & MOTOR$ H] "? E /EP ( ! PROCESS F TOILET+ TO WA%+ TO DRY+ H] H&S4 ,! GIRL 0 !N L$ BACK TO ,DANIEL BY ! H&1 ": HE 2GAN 8 "W4 ,? 9VOLV$ PROVID+ H] ) A #BAE CANE1 F/ & =EMO/4 ,Z %E DIDN'T A#AFE "K H] WAY >.D H] HOME OR G>D5 & LACK$ 3FID;E 9 MAK+ ANY MOVE;TS ON H] [N EV5 9 H] [N HOME1 ,DANIEL RECOMM5D$ T %E USE H] CANE >.D H] HOME4 ,"W 2GAN IMMLY ) ,DANIEL %[+ H] H[ %E CD HE> ": DI6]5T ROOMS 7 BY ! E*OES !Y S5T BACK :5 %E CLICK$4 ,AT F/1 %E MADE NO MOVE;TS1 CLE>LY EXPECT+ "S"O TO GUIDE H] F PLACE TO PLACE4 ,B1 %E QKLY GOT ! HANG ( X1 & 2GAN SL[LY F9D+ H] WAY TO ! DI6]5T ROOMS Z REQUE/$4 ,DUR+ "W \ 9 ! G>D51 ,DANIEL %[$ H] H[ TO F9D ! H\SE F H] SW+S1 J BY CLAPP+ & HE>+ ! CLAP E*O ------------------------------------#AFF F ! H\SE4 ,AL? ! GIRL ?REW TANTRUMS ! 5TIRE WAY1 CALL+ = H] "M1 %E DID F9D H] WAY4 ,! GIRL'S "M DEF9ITELY SAW & APPRECIAT$ ! LE>N+ DEVELOP;T 9 AC;N F ? PROCESS ( ACTIVAT+ SELF-EXECU;N4 ,%E EXPLA9$ T %E DID N FEEL T %E 0 TR1T+ H] DAU4 ,H] 9T]AC;NS 7 W>M1 A6EC;NATE1 & PHYSICAL 9 ! =M ( H&HOLD+1 HU7+1 & C>RY+1 & ? PHYSICAL MANN] ( 9T]AC;N 0 A#AFF RE9=C$ BY H] MOBIL;Y (FIC]1 ALL 9 GD 3SCI;E4 ,T1*]S C HELP /UD5TS TO ACQUIRE A SET ( A*IEVE;T-ORI5T$1 SELF-DIRECTIVE ABILITIES "? ! *N'S ACTIVE "PICIPA;N 9 & DIREC;N ( ! LE>N+ PROCESS4 ,? C O3UR 9 *ALL5G+ SITUA;NS : MAY 2 5G9E]$ OR FACILITAT$ BY ! T1*] & BY : ! /UD5T M/ 4COV] A WAY TO ADDRESS4 ,?US1 ! 9/RUCTOR C HELP TO RE9=CE & G5]ALIZE ! DEVELOP;T ( ? >RAY ( SELF DIRECTIVE ABILITIES4 ,! /UD5T'S 9TR9SIC P]CEPTUAL FE$BACK & COMPREH5.N PROCESSES 2COME ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( LE>N+ R ?AN EXTR9SIC FE$BACK F ! 9/RUCTOR "<,NYMAN1 #BJJH">4 ,3TROL ( ! LE>N+ PROCESS "!BY COMES TO RE/ ------------------------------------#AFG PRIM>ILY ON /UD5T-C5T]$ FACTORS4 ,METTL] "<#AIID"> ADVOCATES ! T1*] 8H9T+ AT WAYS ! LE>N] C ACQUIRE 9=MA;N TO SOLVE ! PROBLEM1 B )\T "E 2+ S EXPLICIT Z TO REMOVE ANY DEGREE ( *ALL5GE = ! LE>N]0 "<;P4 #CDJ">4 ,X IS A MATT] ( #BAG /IMULAT+ COMPREH5.N )9 !M1 R ?AN A#AFG IMPOS+ COMPREH5.N ON !M4 ,9 ! CASE ( V]BAL PROMPTS1 ! AU?ORS USUALLY F9D X BE/ TO ASK "QS R ?AN GIVE ANSW]S4 ,"QS 5GAGE M* M ( ! BRA9 ?AN DOES FURNI%+ ANSW]S = _M R1SONS T >E 2Y ! SCOPE ( ? 4CUS.N4 ,! BRA9 MO/ NATURALLY WANTS TO LE>N BY ASK+ "QS ( XS 5VIRON;T1 ACTIVELY DRAW+ 9=MA;N F ! 5VIRON;T1 N BY WAIT+ = ! 5VIRON;T OR PASSIVELY RCVG 9=MA;N Z X IS PU%$ IN4 ,IF ! /UD5T 8COPS \0 BY ANSW]+1 8,I DON'T "K10 ! T1*] C 9SI/ T 8,I DON'T "K0 ISN'T AN ANSW]1 & REFUSE FUR!R COOP]A;N UNTIL ! /UD5T IS WILL+ TO COOP]ATE BY FURNI%+ PRODUCTIVE ANSW]S4 ,( C\RSE1 IF ! /UD5T R1LLY DOESN'T "K ! ANSW]1 !N FURNI%+ /RATEGIC H9TS MAY 2 HELP;L4 ,! >T ( "Q+ V]SUS ANSW]+ /IMULATES /UD5TS TO ?9K PRO-ACTIVELY1 R ?AN REACTIVELY4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! MO/ E6ECTIVE ANSW] F A /UD5T IS PRODUC$ Z A RESULT ( ?"\ PROVOK+ "QS ------------------------------------#AFH S* Z3 8,:AT C Y TELL ME AB T8 ,:AT D Y ?9K X IS8 ,": D Y ?9K X COMES F8 A#AFH ,:AT DOES X SEEM L80 & S ON4 ,R ?AN GIV+ AWAY 9=MA;N BY N>RA;N OR SPOON FE$+1 ! AU?ORS USUALLY F9D X BE/ " TO 5C\RAGE ! /UD5T TO 4COV] ANSW]S "? 9VE/IGA;N & CRITICAL ?9K+4 8,% WE G F9D \80 ,BY EXPLOR+ ! 5VIRON;T & 4COV]+ ELE;TS ( X = HMF1 ! /UD5T TAKES A M "PICIPATIVE ROLE 9 ! LESSON1 : IS M ACTIVE & 5GAG+ = HM "<,FAZZI @& ,PET]SMEY]1 #BJJA">4 ,? APPROA* IS (T5 REF]R$ TO Z LE>N+ "? PROBLEM-SOLV+ "1 : NURTURES ! /UD5T'S CAPAC;Y TO LE>N & GR[ F 9=MA;N HE ACQUIRES = HMF "? 8 [N SELF-DIRECT$ 4COV]IES & 9T]AC;NS ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,! AU?ORS REFRA9 F US+ ! T]M 8PROBLEM SOLV+0 2C !Y PREF] TO ?9K ( LIFE Z A S]IES ( OPPORTUNITIES = 4COV]Y R ?AN PROBLEMS TO 2 SOLV$4 ,/RATEGIC "QS TO /UD5TS T PROMOTE 4COV]Y T5D TO 5GAGE & DEVELOP ! HI<] BRA9 FUNC;NS ( COGNI;N & P]CEPTUAL PROCESS+1 ":AS 9=MATIVE FE$BACK #BAI OR DIRECTIVE PROMPTS B#AFH ------------------------------------#AFI ".D & :AT TO D"> T5DS TO TRI7] & RE9=CE M PRIMITIVE BRA9 ACTIV;Y ASSOCIAT$ ) AC;N & REAC;N4 ,/IMULAT+ HI<] BRA9 FUNC;N FO/]S ! DEVELOP;T ( M E6ECTIVE SELF DIREC;N T[>D HI<] A*IEVE;T 9 A COMPLEX1 MOD]N _W4 8,^? GR.D$ 9 A HUMANI/IC PHILOSOPHY POSIT T SELF-DIRECT$ LE>N+ %D H Z XS GOAL ! DEVELOP;T ( ! LE>N]'S CAPAC;Y TO 2 SELF-DIRECT$0 "<,M]RIAM1 #BJJA1 ;P4 #G">4 ,SUPPORT$ 4COV]Y LE>N+ IS ADVOCAT$ BY ,METTL] "<#AIIE"> 2C X 5C\RAGES ! /UD5T TO TAKE RESPONSIBIL;Y = 8 [N LE>N+ & 9TR9SIC FE$BACK V E>LY 9 8 TRA9+4 ,? IS 2C O!RWISE 8! 9/RUCTOR :O ASSUMES ! RESPONSIBIL;Y = MONITOR+ /UD5T SAFETY & :O 3T9UES TO 2 ! AU?OR;Y REG>D+ /UD5TS P]=M.E PROMOTES /UD5TS DEP5D5CY :1 9 TURN1 IS AN OB/ACLE TO SELF-ASSUR$ A*IEVE;T0 "<,METTL]1 #AIIE1 ;P4 #AG">4 ,TO ? 5D1 Z A RULE1 \R 9T]AC;NS T5D TO TAKE ! =M ( "QS AB ?REE "TS M (T5 ?AN ANSW]S OR DIRECTIVE PROMPTS4 A#AFI ,ECOLOGICAL SY/EMS APPROA* ,9 RESPECT+ ! /UD5T Z ! NUCLEUS ( ! 9/RUC;NAL PROCESS1 X IS NEC TO ADDRESS ------------------------------------#AGJ DYNAMICS ( ! 5TIRE SY/EM 3NECT$ TO ! /UD5T4 ,? 9CLUDES ! /UD5T'S IMM FAMILY "1 EXT5D$ FAMILY1 FRS & ASSOCIATES1 IMM COMMUN;Y "1 & ANY"O "W+ ) ! /UD5T 9 A PR(ES.NAL CAPAC;Y4 ,! T1*+ ( ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS IS L ANY O!R LE>N+ EXP]I;E2 X _C 2 TAUN]'S CURR5T K1 8 MOTIVA;N1 & 8 FAMILY SITUA;N4 ,Z VAN D] ,POEL "<#AIIG"> REM9DS U1 8A VISUAL IMPAIR;T IS NO DYSFUNC;N-9-ISOLA;N4 ,X C N"E 2 SEP>AT$ F ! IMPAIR$ *1 8 FAMILY1 ! SOCIETY & 8 LIV+ _W0 "<;P4 #AA">4 ,AL? ! AU?ORS D N REG>D VISUAL IMPAIR;T A PRIORI Z 9H]5TLY 8DYSFUNC;NAL10 !Y H OBS]V$ T ! S5TI;T EXPRESS$ BY VAN D] ,POEL ) REG>D TO ! ECOLOGICAL RELEV.E ( FAMILY & #BBA COMMUN;Y TO /UD5TS IS WELL A#AGJ 3SID]$4 ,! DYNAMICS ( ! SY/EM W ALW MA9TA9 M IMPACT ON A /UD5T ?AN A S+LE 9/RUCTOR4 ,"!=E1 X IS ESS5TIAL TO ADDRESS ! 5TIRE SY/EM TO CULTIVATE A F]TILE1 BROADLY SUPPORTIVE 3TEXT = /UD5T LE>N+ & GR[?4 ,MO/ LE>N+ DOES N O3UR DUR+ 9/RUC;NAL SES.NS1 B 9 ! APPLICA;N \TSIDE 9/RUC;NAL SES.NS4 ,:5 ! ------------------------------------#AGA SY/EM DYNAMIC IS OP5 TO & SUPPORT+ ( ! LE>N+ PROCESS1 OPPORTUNITIES = LE>N+ GRTLY 9CR1SE 9 QUAL;Y & QUANT;Y4 8,P>5T-PR(ES.NAL COLLABORA;N1 RESPOND+ TO ! 3C]NS & PRIORITIES ( FAMILIES1 & O!R FAMILY SUPPORT ACTIVITIES T >E HALLM>KS ( FAMILY-C5T]$ 9T]V5;N1 >E UND\BT$LY CRUCIAL = 5GAG+ P>5TS 9 ! 9T]V5;N PROCESS0 "<,MAH"OY1 ,BOYCE1 ,FEWELL1 ,SPIK]1 @& ,:E$51 #AIIH1 ;P4 #AE">4 ,:5 "W+ ) *N1 X IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT TO 9VOLVE ! P>5TS 9 ! LE>N+ PROCESS4 ,Z ,POGRUND & ,FAZZI "<#BJJB"> /ATE1 8PR(ES.NALS "W+ ) VISUALLY IMPAIR$ *N W H A GRT] IMPACT IF !Y H AN A#AGA "U/&+ (1 S5SITIV;Y T[>D1 & RESPECT = ! FAMILY0 "<;P4 #AF">4 ,! T1*+ ( ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS 3/ITUTES A PROCESS ( 5GAG+ ! /UD5T 9 ! V>I\S ACTIVITIES & EX]CISES 9 A MANN] T RESPECTS ! /UD5T'S LE>N+ /YLE4 ,H["E1 X IS 9 ! REGUL> & SELF-DIRECT$ PRACTICE & APPLICA;N ( ^! SKILLS 9 DAILY LIFE T ! LE>N+ IS A*IEV$ BY ! /UD5T4 ,9 ? S5SE1 ?9K ( LE>N+ Z A PROCESS ( FACILITAT+ NATURAL DEVELOP;T1 N ! IMPOSI;N ( A 3TRIV$ SY/EM OR /RUCTURE4 ,SIN TO SEE1 N BY /RUCTUR$ SY/EMS & CURRICULA1 B BY A NATURAL UNFOLD+ ( DEVELOP;T "? 4COV]Y LE>N+ BY TRIAL & ]ROR1 G5TLY GUID$ & SUPPORT$ BY ------------------------------------#AGB FAMILY & COMMUN;Y4 ,WE REG>D *N :O >E BL LE>N+ TO P]CV & 9T]ACT ) _! 5VIRON;T 9 ! SAME _S4 ,9 ? S5SE1 ! T1*] IS R1LLY M A FACILITATOR & W N 2 PRES5T 9 ALL SITUA;NS ( DAILY APPLICA;N2 B O!R FAMILY MEMB]S OR FRS C SUPPORT & ASSI/ ! /UD5TS 9 _! LE>N+ & DEVELOP;T4 8,P>5TS #BBC >E 3SID]$ KEY T1M MEMB]S ) FULL A#AGB DECI.N-MAK+ P[] ( :AT ! GOALS ( ! PROGRAM W 2 & H[ !Y C 2 BE/ R1*$0 "<,POGRUND @& ,FAZZI1 #BJJB1 ;P4 #CCJ">4 ,:5 ! T1*] 9TEGRATES ^! SUPPORTIVE FAMILY OR FRS 9TO ! T1*+ PROCESS1 ! /UD5T EXP]I;ES & B5EFITS F M OPPORTUNITIES = LE>N+ & NATURAL GR[?4 ,= _M *N1 ! FAMILY IS _! COMMUN;Y4 ,!Y LE>N AB _! RELA;N%IP ) ! COMMUN;Y Z MODEL$ BY _! RELA;N%IP ) & ROLE 9 _! FAMILY4 ,!Y LE>N H[ TO 9T]ACT 9 A MUTUALLY 3TRIBUTORY FA%ION "? _! FAMILY DYNAMIC4 ,IF ! /UD5T IS OV]LY CAT]$ TO1 OV]LY %ELT]$1 OR OV] PROTECT$1 ! /UD5T IS D5I$ ! OPPORTUNITIES TO 9T]ACT ) ! FAMILY Z AN EQUAL & 3TRIBUTORY MEMB]1 & ?US D5I$ ! OPPORTUN;Y TO LE>N MUTUAL 9T]AC;N ) ! COMMUN;Y AT L>GE4 ,Z ,DANIEL'S MOM WRITES1 8,"! >E _M ?+S ------------------------------------#AGC *N C D TO HELP 444 TO 3TRIBUTE4 ,*N NE$ TO EXP]I;E F/H&3 ,FAILURE1 SU3ESS1 HELP+ O!RS1 RESPECT = !MVS Z WELL Z RESPECT = O!RS4 ,!Y M/ LE>N TO TAKE A#AGC RESPONSIBIL;Y = _! AC;NS4 ,WE NE$ TO LET !M GR[ TO ALL[ !M ! ABIL;Y TO MAKE *OICES4 ,ALL P DES]VE ! "R TO MAKE *OICES4 ,? IS 9DEP5D;E0 "<,KI%1 #BJJJ">4 ,X IS N J A MATT] ( PR(ES.NALS C\NSEL+ FAMILIES H[ TO SUPPORT _! *N :O >E BL4 ,! 9CULCA;N ( PASSIV;Y & DEP5D5CY 3DI;N+ C 2 J Z M* IMPOS$ BY PR(ES.NALS & 9/ITU;NS Z BY FAMILIES4 8,! OV]ANXI\S ATTITUDE ( T1*]S1 P>5TS1 & C>EGIV]S MAY AL 3TRIBUTE TO ! SL[] DEVELOP;T ( BL *N1 Z MAY ! LACK ( /IMULA;N F ! 5VIRON;T " & H;E ! DECR1S$ MOTIVA;N TO MOVE 2C ! VISUAL 3TROL IS :OLLY OR "PLY ABS5T0 "<,SLEEUW5HOEK @& ,BOT]1 #AIIE1 ;P4 #CFB">4 ,PR(ES.NALS [E X TO _! /UD5T'S L;G T]M DEVELOP;T TO MONITOR ALL ! WAYS 9 : _! T1*+ /YLES & P>ADIGMS1 P]SONALITIES1 MOTIVES1 & AG5DAS MAY IMP$E R ?AN IMPEL ! NATURAL DEVELOP;TAL PROCESS4 ,Z A T\* /"O1 X IS USE;L TO ASK TWO "QS3 8,DOES ? APPROA* HELP TO LIB]ATE OR RE/RICT A /UD5T'S %ORT #BBE & L;G T]M FRE$OM ( *OICE & B#AGC A*IEVE;T80 & 8,H[ C ,I ------------------------------------#AGD HELP ! MO/ BY HELP+ ! L1/80 ,KI% PROVIDES ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE4 ,ON "O O3A.N1 ,I 0 "W+ ) A #I-YE>-OLD BOY TO LE>N ! WAY F 8 H\SE TO ! NE>E/ PO/ BOX4 ,? REQUIR$ WALK+ S"EAL L;G BLOCKS AL;G A FOOTPA? : RAN P>ALLEL TO A V BUSY ROAD4 ,? FOOTPA? 0 FAIRLY WIDE & 0 WELL DESIGNAT$ BY A 4T9CTIVE RAIS$ CURB4 ,8 "M 9SI/$ T %E & 8 9/RUCTOR _H BE5 "W+ ) HM = MON?S ON ! R\TE1 8,B HE J ISN'T GETT+ X40 ,9ITIALLY1 ! BOY VE]$ (T5 F ! FOOTPA? & /EPP$ 9TO ! ROAD1 REP1T$LY FAIL+ TO HE$ & RESPOND TO CLE> 9=MA;N F BO? 8 CANE & 8 FEET4 ,DESPITE ! ABJECT GASP+ S.DS F 8 MUM :OM ,I ASK$ TO WALK 2H ME1 ,I ALL[$ ! BOY TO /EP F ! FOOTPA? 9TO ! ROAD EA* "T4 ,EA* "T1 ,I MA9TA9$ MY POSI;N 2T HM & MOV+ TRA6IC1 & EA* "T1 ,I 9QUIR$ 3G5IALLY1 8,H[ DID T HAPP58 ,7 Y LI/5+ TO YR CANE80 ,I _H MADE V CLE> TO HM Z "P ( \R TRA9+ T1 8\R CANE N"E LIES TO U4 ,WE J NE$ TO LI/5 TO X40 ,8 "M 9 "S?+ ( A F"R EXPLA9$1 8,OH1 A#AGD WE J N"E LET HM G NE> ! ROAD4 ,WE ALW _H HM %OREL9E ! SIDE AWAY F ! ROAD4 ,= ! F/ S"EAL WEEKS1 8 9/RUCTOR HELD 8 H& ! :OLE "T & J %[$ HM E DETAIL AL;G ! WAY S HE WD "K ALL 8 ------------------------------------#AGE L&M>KS4 ,N[1 WE J WALK 2T HM & ! ROAD :ILE HE %OREL9ES40 ,B Z ! BOY'S WAYW>D V5TURES 9TO ! ROAD DECR1S$ PRECIPIT\SLY ( 8 [N A3ORD )\T NE$ = MY DIRECT 9T]V5;N1 8 "M QKLY "U/OOD ! RA;NALE 2H MY APPROA*4 8,H[ W HE LE>N TO 9T]ACT ) ! ROAD IF HE N ONLY N"E 9T]ACTS ) ! ROAD1 B IS AL 3DI;N$ TO FE> X8 ,:5 HE HAS DEVELOP$ 8 [N CAPAC;Y TO 9T]ACT ) ! ROAD ON 8 [N T]MS1 !N "! IS NO NE$ = HM OR Y TO FE> X40 ,X IS IMPORTANT = ! T1*] TO LIAISE & "W ) O!R PR(ES.NALS & IMPORTANT P 9 ! /UD5T'S LIFE4 8,E6ECTIVE COLLABORA;N .<) O!R PR(ES.NALS.> (T5 9CR1SES OPPORTUNITIES = CR1TIVE 9/RUC;NAL APPROA*ES "? ! %>+ ( ID1S & 5]GY0 "<,FAZZI @& ,PET]SMEY]1 #BJJA1 #BBG ;P4 #CBG">4 A#AGE ,BY 9VOLV+ ! /UD5T'S FAMILY1 "! IS M LIKELIHOOD ( FOLL[ "? AT HOME4 ,"!=E1 "! >E M LE>N+ OPPORTUNITIES = ! /UD5T & M ACTIVE "PN]S & ADVOCATES 9 ! PROCESS "<,FAZZI @& ,PET]SMEY]1 #BJJA">4 ,? IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT :5 T1*+ *N4 8,FAMILY C "UM9E OR GRTLY 5H.E :AT WE D Z S]VICE PROVID]S4 ,)\T SUPPORT F ! FAMILY1 :AT WE D HAS LL IMPACT0 "<,KI%1 ,BLEI]1 @& ,MOS]1 #AIIH1 ;P4 ------------------------------------#AGF #AI">4 ,MAH"OY ET ;AL4 "<#AIIH"> /ATE T 8\R F9D+S SU7E/ T ! IMPACT ( 9T]V5;NS ON *N'S DEVELOP;T 0 DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO _! E6ECTIVE;S AT SUPPORT+ & 5C\RAG+ P>5TS TO 5GAGE 9 RESPONSIVE 9T]AC;NS ) _! *N0 "<;P4 #AE">4 ,SCOTT "<#BJAJ"> WRITES AB A CASE /UDY ": ! * RCVD ,O@&,M TRA9+ F ! AGE ( #AD MON?S UNTIL #D #A_/#B YE>S OLD4 8,? PROGRAM 0 SU3ESS;L 2C ;,T'S FAMILY1 H] T1*]S1 & O!R E>LY 9T]V5;N PR(ES.NALS 7 /R;G 2LIEV]S IN1 & ADVOCATES =1 ! DEVELOP;T ( E>LY ,O@&,M SKILLS1 & 9 "PICUL>1 ! "R ( "Y *N TO LE>N TO USE ! CANE4 ,X AL ALL[$ A#AGF = T]M9OLOGY & TE*NIQUES TO 2 US$ 3SI/5TLY0 "<;P4 #BI">4 ,P]CEP;N-BAS$ LE>N+ ,P]CEP;N-BAS$ LE>N+ T>GETS ACTIVA;N ( ! P]CEPTUAL IMAG+ SY/EM ( ! BRA94 ,? RESULTS 9 ! BRA9'S ABIL;Y TO CODE DATA F NONVISUAL S5SORY 9PUTS1 S* Z HE>+ & T\*1 TO PROCESS ? DATA TO 3/RUCT IMAGES SIMIL> 9 FUNC;NAL "* TO VISUAL IMAGES1 & !N TO DIRECT 9T]AC;N ) ! 5VIRON;T ) "U/&+ & PRECI.N4 ,3TRA/ ? ) ME*ANICS-BAS$ LE>N+ : PRIM>ILY 9VOLVES ROTE MEMORIZA;N ( MOTOR SEQU;ES & IMPLE;TA;N ( ME*ANICAL SKILLS 9 SPECIFI$ SITUA;NS S* Z R\TE TRAVEL "? ------------------------------------#AGG FAMILI> PLACES4 ,X DOES N NECESS>ILY ACTIVATE ! NEURAL SUB/RATES T "ULIE P]CEPTUAL IMAG+4 ,ME*ANICS LE>N+ T5DS TO RELY ^U SKILLS DEVELOP$ "? PRESCRIB$ MOTOR SEQU;ES T PREP>E /UD5TS TO REACT TO PR$ET]M9$ SITUA;NS1 :ILE P]CEP;N BAS$ LE>N+ ALL[S P]SONAL 3TROL OV] #BBI "U/&+ & 9ITIAT+ 9T]AC;N ) ! A#AGG SPATIAL 5VIRON;T 9 ALL SITUA;NS1 FAMILI> OR UNFAMILI>1 "U FULL 3TROL ( ! LE>N]4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ME*ANICS LE>N+ T5DS TO REQUIRE RELI.E ON EXT]NAL FACTORS TO SUPPORT FUNC;N+1 S* Z GUID.E F O!RS1 PRESCRIB$ SKILL SETS TAUN+ PLACES CAPAC;Y & RESPONSIBIL;Y 9 ! H&S ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E BL1 ALL[+ !M TO A3ESS ANY 5VIRON;T ) LESS NE$ TO RELY ON EXT]NAL SUPPORTS OR SPECIAL A3OMMODA;NS4 ,! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM IS ! C5T] ( \R 9T]E/4 ,R ?AN TRY+ TO PU% A 3TRIV$ SET ( SKILLS 9TO ! /UD5T1 Y C ACTIVATE ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM TO MANIFE/ SKILLS Z !Y >E NE$$ "? SELF-DIRECT$1 SOLU;N-ORI5T$ 9T]AC;NS ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,Z ,KI% "<#BJAJ"> /ATES1 ? IS D"O BY 8,5GAG+ ! :OLE BRA9 9 A DEVELOP;TALLY ------------------------------------#AGH NATURAL MANN] T ACTIVATES ! P]CEPTUAL IMAG+ SY/EM BY FO/]+ A#AGH SELF-DIRECT$ FRE$OM ( 4COV]Y0 "<;P4 #CH">4 ,X IS N A COLLEC;N ( SKILLS T MAKES P]CEP;N HAPP52 X IS P]CEP;N T COMPELS SKILLS TO DEVELOP Z CIRCUM/.ES REQUIRE4 ,"? ? APPROA*1 RELEVANT SKILLS T5D TO EM]GE NATURALLY ) EA* SITUA;N T IS 5C.T]$4 ,A * :O IS SIISE F P]CEP;N & DESIRE4 ,SKILL SETS D N1 !MVS1 DRIVE AC;N4 ,:AT SKILLS M/ 2 TAUE SIE BL8 ,RAPPORT ,"! IS A NECESS;Y = RAPPORT 2T ! T1*] & /UD5T BAS$ ON TRU/1 RESPECT1 & AMIABIL;Y4 ,? IS IMP]ATIVE 2C ? PROVIDES ! /UD5T ) ! SECUR;Y TO HELP HM #BCA FACE *ALL5GES ) IMPROV$ B#AGH ADAPTA;N4 ,"! IS A DI6];E 2T T5.N & /RESS4 ,! H1L?Y T5.N ( FAC+ ------------------------------------#AGI *ALL5GES C HELP U A3ESS ! PSY*OLOGICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL RES\RCES TO ASSIMILATE NEW 9=MA;N 9 ORD] TO MEET *ALL5GES4 ,/RESS OR 4TRESS C IMP$E A3ESS TO ^! SAME RES\RCES4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 A 4TRESS$ P]SON T5DS N TO 2 ABLE TO ADAPT TO A NOVEL SITUA;N & REGA9 EQUILIBRIUM4 ,:5 "! IS GD RAPPORT1 ! /UD5T C TUNE 9TO ! RELATIVE /ABIL;Y ( ! T1*] & LE>N TO A3ESS ^! RES\RCES BY A K9D ( EMPA?IC MODEL+4 ,! T1*] C AL SCA6OLD ! 4COV]Y PROCESS & PROVIDE REASSUR.E ": APPROPRIATE4 ,BY PROVID+ A K9D ( SECUR;Y "? CAM>AD]IE1 ! T1*] FREES ! /UD5T TO 5GAGE ! EQUILIBRA;N PROCESS TO FACE ! *ALL5GE M ADAPTIVELY4 ,RAPPORT IS ESPECIALLY KEY :5 "W+ ) *N 8IF ! * DOES N FEEL SAFE & COM=TABLE ) T P]SON1 ! * W H GRT DI6ICULTY LE>N+ ANY?+ F T P]SON0 "<,KI% ET ;AL41 #AIIH1 ;P4 #E">4 8,LUCAS . HAS ,SEPTO-,OPTIC ,DYSPLASIA "<,,SOD"> & ,RET9AL A#AGI ,APLASIA4 ,HE HAS A LL P]CEP;N 9 ONLY 8 LEFT EYE1 ,ASP]G]'S SYNDROME1 & A FEW 2HAVIORAL ISSUES ASSOCIAT$ ) ,,SOD4 ,LUCAS' "M ,S>AH DESCRIBES ,DANIEL .<,KI%'S.> & ,BRIAN .<,BU%WAY'S.> VISIT4 ,8,! F/ "D 0 J AB GETT+ TO "K ,LUCAS & BOND+ ) HM 444 ,DANIEL TOLD U WE _H TO /OP HOLD+ 8 H& :1 Z ! "M ( A BL *1 0 R1LLY SC>Y4 ,B :5 Y C SEE ------------------------------------#AHJ :AT IS POSSIBLE1 T GIVES Y ! 9C5TIVE TO D X4 ,"S"TS ,LUCAS 0 V SC>$ Z X 0 S M* = HM TO D1L )1 B HE =M$ A GRT BOND ) BO? ,BRIAN & ,DANIEL & :AT"E !Y DID ,LUCAS WANT$ TO COPY S T "W$ R1LLY WELL4444 ,!Y TAUE WALK+ "? A CR[D$ %OPP+ C5T]1 WE NO L;G] HOLD ,LUCAS' H&1 HE IS J HAPPY TO WALK ) 8 CANE,00 "<,LOCKWOOD1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #DA">4 ,! MO/ E6ECTIVE T1*]S >E ! MO/ WILL+ LE>N]S4 ,T1*]S M/ OP5 !MVS TO LE>N+ F & ) _! /UD5TS Z M* Z !Y T1*4 ,!Y M/ #BCC REMA9 ALW 5GAG$ 9 ! 4COV]Y A#AHJ PROCESS ) ! /UD5T1 R ?AN 3DUCT+ ! PROCESS = HM4 ,IF T1*]S >E N LE>N+ Z M* Z !Y'RE T1*+1 !N !Y MAY N 2 T1*+ Z M* Z !Y 2LIEVE !Y >E4 ,= "S "Y] *N1 UP TO AB ! AGE ( SEV51 & = *N ) MULTIPLE *ALL5GES1 X MAY 2 USE;L TO TRA9 A * :O IS TWO OR ?REE YE>S OLD] TO 2 A COA* & M5TOR4 ,! OLD] * W 2 OLD 5 TO 2 WAT*;L & RESPONSIBLE1 YET "Y 5 / TO 2 A * & ACT Z A FR & COMPANION4 ------------------------------------#AHA ,*N (T5 LE>N BETT] "U ^! 3DI;NS 2C *N C T1* ?+S TO O!R *N T ADULTS _C4 ,ABV ALL1 ! KEY IS TO MA9TA9 ! /UD5T'S 9T]E/ 9 ! TASKS & MOTIVA;N TO LE>N4 ,"S /UD5TS MAY SEEM AV]SE TO SELF-DIRECT$ TRAVEL1 B X IS VITAL T ? AV].N 2 REPLAC$ BY A DESIRE TO EXPLORE & 4COV]1 EV5 IF ASSI/$ TO D S4 ,! T1*] %D REMEMB] T 8POSITIVE EMO;NS ALL[ P TO RECALL EXP]I;ES ) GRT] CL>;Y0 "4 ,HELP+ ! /UD5T MA9TA9 9T]E/ & MOTIVA;N IS WOR? F> M ?AN ! MO/ C>E;LLY DESIGN$ HI]>*Y ( TASKS4 A#AHA ,COMMIT;T TO ! SOV]EIGN /UD5T "R TO A3ESS SOCIETAL RES\RCES ,! AU?ORS ASSUME A PRIORI T ALL /UD5TS H ! SOV]EIGN "R TO OPPORTUNITIES TO "PICIPATE EQUITABLY 9 SOCIETY AT ALL LEVELS1 AC TO 9=M$ *OICE & P]SONAL RESPONSIBIL;Y4 ,^! "RS >E BROK5 D[N AC TO A3ESS TO ! PHYSICAL1 SYMBOLIC1 SOCIAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 PHYSIOLOGICAL1 & _SUAL 5VIRON;TS ) REF];E TO SOCIETAL 5GAGE;T4 ,? DOES N M1N T X IS SOCIETY'S RESPONSIBIL;Y TO FACILITATE ! ABIL;Y TO 5GAGE E ASPECT ( ! _W EQUIVAL5T TO "EY"O ELSE = A P]SON :O IS BL4 ,! AU?ORS RECOGNIZE ------------------------------------#AHB T BL;S C PRES5T FUNDA;TAL *ALL5GES TO A3ESS+ _M ASPECTS ( ! 5VIRON;T4 ,VI.N MAKES USE ( LILY USE;L4 ,X IS N NECESS>ILY SOCIETY'S RESPONSIBIL;Y TO *ANGE #BCE OR ADDRESS T BASIC FACT4 ,H["E1 A#AHB TO ! EXT5T TO : SOCIETY MAKES XF & XS EX*ANGE ( GDS1 S]VICES1 & COMPANION%IP AVAILABLE TO XS MEMB]S1 X IS 9 SOCIETY'S BE/ 9T]E/ TO MAKE E EF=T TO 9VOLVE ALL XS MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ P :O >E BL1 EQUITABLY 9 ? EX*ANGE PROCESS4 ,?US1 ! AU?ORS 3SID] A3ESS TO SOCIETAL RES\RCES TO 2 A SOV]EIGN "R4 ,FULL A3ESS TO ^! RES\RCES OPTIMIZES SELF-DIRECT$ A*IEVE;T 9 SOCIETY & QUAL;Y ( LIFE4 ,\R GOALS & OBJECTIVES >E N AB :AT A /UD5T NE$S 2C ! NE$S >E ALR SELF EVID5T 9 _! UNIV]SAL;Y,-ALL /UD5TS 8NE$0 TO H _! SOV]EIGN "R TO A3ESS SOCIETAL RES\RCES HONOR$1 RESPECT$1 & FACILITAT$ Z NEC & APPROPRIATE4 ,\R GOALS & OBJECTIVES >E AB /RATEGIES TO MEET ^! UNIV]SAL NE$S4 ,^! NE$S C 2 ADDRESS$ RESPECT;LLY = ALL /UD5TS ^: LE>N+ /YLE IS "U/OOD1 REG>D.S ( ! EXT5T ( IMPAIR;T1 GIV5 APPROPRIATE /RATEGIES & RECOGNI;N ( BASIC *ALL5GES4 ,MO/ /UD5TS >E CAPABLE ( LE>N+ :5 ! LE>N+ /YLE IS "U/OOD1 & ! MOTIVA;N ( MO/ /UD5TS #AHC C 2 5C\RAG$ OR TRI7]$ BY A RESPECT;L RECOGNI;N ( ! /UD5TS' POT5TIAL & COMMIT;T TO _! NE$ = A3ESS4 ,9 ? _S1 T1*]S M/ REMA9 COMMITT$ TO /UD5T CAPAC;Y4 ,SAY1 8YES &10 TO /UD5T CAPAC;Y1 N 8NO1 2C40 ,! 8NO1 2C0 CR$O IS ALL TOO (T5 ! FALLBACK POSI;N ( _M 9/RUCTORS & FAMILY MEMB]S4 ,"O BY "O1 EXCUSES >E MADE Z TO :Y A /UD5T :O IS BL _C OR %D N "PICIPATE1 P>+ D[N ! RANGE ( 8A3EPTABLE0 ACTIVITIES UNTIL LL IS LEFT B TO SIT QUIETLY ) FOLD$ H&S1 :ILE "O IS DRAWN "? LIFE BY O!RS4 ,KI% WRITES3 ,I 0 "W+ ) AN #AA-YE>-OLD BOY 9 ,SCOTL&1 & ! SUBJECT CAME UP AB :AT HE'D L TO D ) 8 LIFE4 8,I WANT TO G 9TO LAW 5=CE;T10 HE 9=M$ ME1 8B !Y SD ,I C'T1 2C ,I C'T SEE40 ,^U FUR!R 9VE/IGAT+1 8 R1L 9T]E/ 0 CRIM9AL JU/ICE1 & 9 "PICUL>1 CRIM9AL PSY*OLOGY4 ,X IS (T5 N DI6ICULT TO TURN A 8NO0 9TO A 8LET'S SEE40 ,:AT"E A /UD5T'S 9T]E/ IS1 ! T1*] %D 2 COMMITT$ TO HELP HM F9D A WAY TO #BCG MEET X1 OR XS NE>E/ SATISFACTORY A#AHC EQUIVAL5T4 ,:ILE RESPECT+ SAFETY & R1SON1 ! FOCUS IS ON F9D+ SOLU;NS1 N PROBLEMS4 ------------------------------------#AHD ,2 9T]E/$ 9 ! 8H[10 N S M* ! 8:Y N40 ,! RESULTS ( ? APPROA* >E MO/ REW>D+4 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,DEVELOP;T & ,ADAPTA;N ,FRE$OM F/ ,! R1* = FRE$OM IS A F.DA;NAL DRIVE 2H DEVELOP;T & ADAPTA;N AT ANY AGE4 ,F ! F/ "DS ( LIFE1 9FANTS /RIVE TO MOVE1 TO OBTA91 TO "U/&4 ,? SAME ?IR/ = FRE$OM 3T9UES TO DRIVE \R ADAPTA;N "?\T ! LIFE-SPAN1 AL? X MAY N ALW MANIFE/ S CLE>LY 9 ADULTS4 ,? PRIMAL ?IR/ = FRE$OM DRIVES E DEVELOP;TAL /AGE "?\T ! LIFESPAN :1 9 TURN1 GR[S T[>D GRT] FRE$OM4 ,FRE$OM IS F/ & =EMO/ 2H ! DEVELOP;TAL PROCESS4 ,YET1 = P :O >E BL1 ESPECIALLY *N1 X IS COMMONLY HELD T FRE$OM C ONLY HAPP5 ONCE A C]TA9 GR.D-"W IS F/ METICUL\SLY LAID4 ,?US1 FRE$OM IS (T5 3DI;NAL AC TO C]TA9 /RUCTURES & 3TRIV.ES T >E FELT M/ 2 PUT 9 A#AHD PLACE BY O!RS,-:5 TO USE A CANE1 H[ TO USE A CANE1 :AT TO "K1 :AT N TO "K1 H[ & ": TO MOVE & N MOVE4 ,KI% SAYS 8,IN "O CASE DUR+ MY 9T]N%IP1 ,I 0 "W+ ) AN ADULT CLI5T 9 A REHAB FACIL;Y :O _H 2COME Q DEP5D5T4 ,I IMMLY 2GAN ------------------------------------#AHE %[+ HM H[ TO GET HMF >.D ! FACIL;Y S HE CD EXP]I;E 8 [N FRE$OM Z QKLY Z POSSIBLE )\T NE$ = SUP]VI.N4 ,X 0 N MY 9T5;N TO ORI5T HM TO ! FACIL;Y1 B TO %[ HM H[ HE C ORI5T HMF4 ,MY 9T]N SUP]VISOR EXPRESS$ H] PREF];E T ,I ASSESS HM F/ 2F PROVID+ 9/RUC;N4 ,I ASSUR$ H] T ASSESS;T 9CLUD$ ASPECTS ( LE>N+ & 9=MA;N PROCESS+ /YLE1 & = ? ,I NE$ TO SP5D "T ACTUALLY 9/RUCT+ HM4 ,8,2SS1,0 ,I 9SI/$1 ,8HE HAS NO CAPAC;Y TO GET >.D ? PLACE4,00 8,8,"! >E P TO C>T HM >.D UNTIL Y C ORI5T HM1,0 0 M OR LESS H] EXACT RESPONSE4 ,H["E1 %E DID N 9T]F]E ) \R PROGRESS40 ,9 _M C.TRIES 9FANTS & TODDL]S #BCI :O >E BL RCV AMPLE 9/RUC;N F A#AHE E>LY 9T]V5;NI/S :O MAY COME WEEKLY TO VISIT ! * & FAMILY4 ,! PURPOSE IS TO PREP>E ! * TO MEET ALL 8 DEVELOP;TAL MILE/"OS S T HE W 2 R1DY TO 2G9 S*OOL ON P> ) 8 PE]S4 ,M* ATT5;N IS GIV5 TO _M >1S ( DEVELOP;T "4 ,! * IS 5GAG$ 9 _M ACTIVITIES TO /IMULATE GR[? & K4 ,! EMPHASIS IS (T5 ON PROVID+ ! * :O IS BL ) A SET ( EXP]I;ES & ACTIVITIES DEEM$ NEC OR SUITABLE TO DEVELOP 3CEPTS AB ! ------------------------------------#AHF _W4 ,? PRESUPPOSES T ! NONVISUAL BRA9 DOES N H ! CAPAC;Y TO 4COV] ? NATURALLY4 ,! RESULT C BE1 M (T5 ?AN N1 T A * :O IS BL BY ! AGE ( #F MAY 2 Q *ATTY1 *>M+1 & FULL ( K1 B _C MOVE ON 8 [N & DOES N H A SELF 3CEPT ( SELF RELI.E4 ,HE MAY H BE5 C>E;LLY PREP>$ TO 2 DEP5D5T ON O!RS TO BR+ ! _W TO HM OR BR+ HM TO ! _W4 ,HE DOES N H FRE$OM TO DEVELOP 8 [N RELA;N%IP ) 8 [N 5VIRON;T 9 8 [N WAY ON 8 [N T]MS4 ,:5 ? IS QU]I$1 ! ANSW] IS (T5 T ! * W LE>N TO D ? :5 HE IS R1DY OR T ! * IS ALR DO+ ?1 :5 9 FACT HE A#AHF IS DO+ ? ONLY "U ! GUID.E & SUP]VI.N ( O!RS4 ,! 5VIRON;T IS BR"\ TO HM1 OR HE IS BR"\ TO ! 5VIRON;T4 ,E DETAIL IS SPOON-F$ TO HM1 E EXP]I;E C>E;LLY MONITOR$ OR PRES5T$ TO HM BY H&4 ,:5 "O IS DIRECT$ BY O!RS 9 ? FA%ION1 ACTIVA;N ( ! P]CEPTUAL-MOTOR SY/EMS 9 ! BRA9 IS LIMIT$ TO REACTIVE R ?AN ACTIVE ME*ANISMS & T5DS PRIM>ILY TO 3/ITUTE BRA9 ACTIV;Y MO/LY LIMIT$ TO L[] R ?AN HI<] BRA9 FUNC;NS4 ,LET'S 3SID] ANO!R EXAMPLE4 ,KI% WRITES3 8,": >E WE8 ,:O IS "!8 ,:AT'S T NOISE8 ------------------------------------#AHG ,H[ D Y SPELL X80 ,! 5D.S /R1M ( ANIMAT$ QU]IES RANG BELL-L F A #C-YE>-OLD BOY "ND ,TWAM :O 0 TOTALLY BL F BIR?4 ,Z ,I 5T]$ ! CLASSROOM1 ,I 4C]N$ T HE SAT Q / 9 8 "F'S LAP1 AU?ORITATIVELY GA!R+ & ABSORB+ 9=MA;N AB 8 SURR.D+S "? A GRASP ( LANGUAGE ADV.ED WELL 2Y 8 YE>S4 ,I CD TELL ?1 EV5 ?\< ,TWAM'S #BDA WELL-CRAFT$ 9QUIRIES CAME 9 A#AHG ,DUT*1 TRANSLAT$ TO ME BY 8 E>LY 9T]V5;N 9/RUCTOR4 ,AF A BRIEF 9TRODUC;N ,TWAM IMMLY 2GAN EAG]LY DIGE/+ & APPROPRIATELY US+ MY VOCABUL>Y 9 MY A35T4 ,9 M9UTES 8 ,5GLI% GREW BETT] ?AN MY ,DUT* _H GR[N 9 ?REE "DS ( DELIV]+ ,FLA%,SON> "W%OPS AT ,S5SIS,-A MAJOR BL;S 9/ITUTE 9 ,HOLL&4 ,TWAM US$ LANGUAGE F A /A;N>Y POSI;N TO EXPLORE 8 _W "? ! P]CEP;N ( O!RS4 ,HE DID N SEEM TO TAKE PHYSICAL 9T]E/ 9 ANY?+ UN.S X 0 PUT 9TO 8 H&S OR 8 H&S 7 GUID$ TO ! ITEM4 ,L MO/ BL *N 8 AGE 9 MO/ C.TRIES1 HE _H NO CANE1 & HE _H N"E TAK5 A S+LE /EP \TSIDE 8 HOME )\T A H& HELD OR "S"O HOV]+ OV] 8 E MOVE1 POIS$ TO DIRECT1 9/RUCT1 CAT]1 OR O!RWISE RESCUE HM F ANY 3FRONTA;NAL 5C.T]4 ,:5 ,I POSI;N$ HM NE> A WALL & 5C\RAG$ HM TO F9D X BY CLICK+ ------------------------------------#AHH & SCANN+ ) 8 H1D1 HE ONLY /OOD ROOT$ TO ! SPOT & ASK$1 8,": IS ! WALL80 AT : PO9T 8 E>LY 9T]V5;NI/ WD HA/5 TO TAKE 8 H& & L1D HM "!4 8,AH60 ,HE WD EXCLAIM ) GLEE;L R1LIZA;N4 8,"! IS ! A#AHH WALL40 8,I "K Y "K ": ! WALL IS10 ,I ADMONI%$ 8 9/RUCTOR ) ! BI7E/ & FRLIE/ SMILE ,I KNEW H[ TO MAKE4 8,? IS AB ,TWAM LE>N+ TO D ? HMF40 ,AT T PO9T1 ALL ( ,TWAM'S TYPICAL /RATEGIES = DRAW+ 9=MA;N "? SURROGATE P]CVRS 7 G"O1 L1V+ HM P5SIVELY BA6L$4 ,HE REMA9$ /OCK-/ & SPOKE WI/;LLY Z IF P]PLEX$ AB :AT TO D & ": TO G4 ,T5.N HUNG ?ICK 9 ! ROOM Z BR1?S 7 HELD ALL->.D 9 ANTICIPA;N ( :AT ,TWAM WD D1 N[ T 8 /R+S 7 CUT4 ,9 ESS;E )\T A PUPPETE]1 ,TWAM SIMPLY DID N "K :AT TO D4 ,B1 ,I AM N UNSYMPA!TIC TO ! /RESSES ( ? TRANSI;N TO P]SONAL FRE$OM1 & WE PROCE$$ ) M* *E];L 5C\RAGE;T1 : ,TWAM SEEM$ TO APPRECIATE ) GD SPORTSMAN%IP4 ,\TSIDE ON A PLAYGR.D : 0 NEW TO HM1 LL ,TWAM 3T9U$ 8 PLANT-L ADH];E TO A S+LE SPOT ( GRASSY E>?4 ,HE WD N S M* Z /EP T[>D A VOICE CALL+ TO HM F )9 A TUNNEL TWO Y>DS AWAY4 ,9 ! 5D1 9* BY PA9STAK+ #BDC 9*1 HE F9ALLY TIPTO$ T[>D ! #AHI TUNNEL1 ALL ! :ILE ASK+ PLA9TIVELY1 8,": IS ! TUNNEL80 !N B1M+ %EEPI%LY AMID %[]S ( APPLAUSE & 3GRATULA;NS Z HE F9ALLY /EPP$ )9 XS WALLS4 8,WE BR"\ ! _W TO ,TWAM10 !Y EXPLA9$ LAT] AT A SYMPOSIUM ( HUNDR$S ( 9/RUCTORS F ALL OV] ! ,NE!RL&S1 8OR WE BR"\ HM TO ! _W4 ,HE DID N "K H[ TO MANAGE 8 [N WAY 9 8 _W4 ,HE 0 4CONNECT$4 ,WE MADE 8 _W = HM4 ,HE DID N MAKE X = HMF L SI A3OMPLI%;TS ) LANGUAGE & CL"E;S 7 MO/ 9SPIR+1 :ILE 8 9CAPAC;Y TO GOV]N 8 [N FRE$OM 0 HE>T-BR1K+4 ,:AT WD 2 8 FATE8 ,BUILD+ 8 SI & A HALF LAT] :5 ,I REVISIT$ ,HOLL& = A FOLL[-UP "W%OP4 ,I "!^U 5C.T]$ AN ]ECT & POIS$1 /RAPP+ FIVE YE> OLD BOY ,I H>DLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,DANC+ AB U Z WE SET A#AHI \ TO 2G9 \R EX]CISES1 ,TWAM BUR/ ) ! ANTICIPA;N ( GO+ "S":4 ,8 CANE1 ------------------------------------#AIJ : _H BE5 PROVID$ HM SOON AF MY LA/ VISIT Z ,I 0 ASSUR$1 GLID$ EASILY ) A LI.D HM ) A S.D VI.N4 8,FOLL[ ME60 ,HE HE>TILY CALL$ BACK TO ! TROOP ( 9/RUCTORS1 8 P>5TS "S": AM;G U1 /R1M+ 2H HM Z HE SKIPP$ FREELY AH1D ) SEEM+LY C>E.S AB&ON4 8,? WAY60 ,HE SPOKE HALF 9 ,AM]ICAN ,5GLI% = MY B5EFIT1 HAV+ RESOLV$ TO PICK X UP :5 HE _H LE>N$ ( MY RETURN4 8,NO10 HE R.DLY REPROA*$ ANY"O HE HE>D MOV+ AH1D ( HM4 8,Y FOLL[ ME4 ,I G 9 FRONT4 ,I AM ! L1D]60 ,& S HE WAS1 N[ T HE _H F.D 8 FRE$OM4 ,? 3TRIV$ 4CONNECT WD ONLY HAPP5 AM;G *N :O >E BL L ,TWAM1 & ONLY DUE TO A P>ADIGM T >TIFICIALLY 5=CES ? /ATE ( A6AIRS4 ,9 NE>LY E O!R CR1TURE1 FRE$OM IS P>AM.T F ! F/ "DS ( LIFE4 #BDE ,NE$ DRIVES LE>N+ & A#AIJ DEVELOP;T ,MO/ "KN ORGANISMS LE>N MO/ NATURALLY "? EXP]I;ES & ACTIVITIES T SATISFY OR ADDRESS A NE$,-NE$ TO EAT1 NE$ = COMPANION%IP1 NE$ = %ELT]1 NE$ = FRE$OM1 NE$ = SECUR;Y1 NE$ = 3T5T;T OR FULFILL;T OR S5SE ( DIGN;Y1 OR :AT"E4 ,HUMANS D N LE>N WELL F 3TRIV$ CIRCUM/.ES OR FABRICAT$ SITUA;NS4 ,3SEQU5TLY1 ------------------------------------#AIA WE ATTA* \R ACTIVITIES & EX]CISES TO A 3TEXT T EMB$S ! NE$ TO LE>N4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A /UD5T W N"E LE>N TO SELF-NAVIGATE :ILE TAK5 BY ! H&4 ,"! IS NO NE$ TO LE>N TO SELF-NAVIGATE :ILE ! NAVIGAT+ IS 2+ D"O = U4 ,"!=E1 WE REMOVE ! H& S T ! NE$ TO SELF-NAVIGATE 2COMES ADDRESS$4 ,Z AN EXT5.N ( ?1 DEP5D5CY & LIMITA;NS _C L1D TO 9DEP5D;E & FRE$OM4 ,X IS A SIMPLE =MULA1 ALM L AN EQUA;N3 ,IF WE PUT 9 SELF RELI.E & AUTONOMY 9 ! FRONT 5D1 ) A H1L?Y DOSE ( NURTUR+ SUPPORT1 WE C WELL EXPECT SELF RELI.E & AUTONOMY TO COME \ ! O!R 5D4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF WE FE$ RELI.E ON O!RS = SU3ESS 9 ! A#AIA FRONT 5D1 : IS :AT IS G5]ALLY D"O TO P :O >E BL1 T'S EXACTLY :AT WE C EXPECT \ ! O!R 5D4 ,L A MA!MATICAL EQUA;N1 :5 WE PUT 9 DEP5D5CY & RELI.E ON O!RS1 T IS EXACTLY :AT WE C EXPECT TO COME \ ( ! EQUA;N4 ,X IS N LOGICAL TO SUPPOSE T WE C T1* 9DEP5D;E BY M1NS ( DEP5D5CY4 ,WE CALL ? 8DEP5D5CY 3DI;N+01 A PROCESS SIMIL> TO ! M POPUL> NO;N ( LE>N$ HELP.S;S4 ,AN A?LETE1 = 9/.E1 DOESN'T USUALLY EXCEL )\T 3SID]ABLE PREP>A;N AT ! FRONT 5D4 ,:AT WE PUT 9 L>GELY A6ECTS :AT WE GET \4 ,? T5DS ------------------------------------#AIB TO 2 ESPECIALLY TRUE = *N :O >E BL 2C !Y T5D TO LE>N MO/ F DIRECT PHYSICAL & V]BAL 9T]AC;N ) _! 5VIRON;T4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 !Y T5D TO LE>N ! MO/ F _! IMM SURR.D+S & ! QUAL;Y ( SELF-DIRECT$ 9T]AC;NS ) ^? SURR.D+S4 ,( C\RSE C]TA9 P]SONAL;Y "*I/ICS MAY SKEW ! RESULTS "O WAY OR ANO!R4 ,A /R;G1 9DEP5D5T P]SONAL;Y ) A /R;G DRIVE #BDG TO EXPLORE W 2 M RESILI5T TO A#AIB DEP5D5CY 3DI;N+ ?AN "S"O :O IS NATURALLY M 9CL9$ TO LOOK TO O!RS4 ,N"O!.S1 NATURE V]SUS NURTURE >GU;TS ASIDE1 WE'VE OBS]V$ T HUMAN DEVELOP;T T5DS TO 2 R L9E> 9 ? WAY4 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,AC;N ,DEL91;N ( AN 5TIRE MODEL IS 2Y ! SCOPE ( ? BOOK4 ,B WE H ELUCIDAT$ S"EAL KEY PRACTICAL ELE;TS T WE ADDRESS MO/ ( ! "T :5 WE "W ) /UD5TS & _! SUPPORT SY/EM4 ,^! H BE5 3SOLIDAT$ 9TO :AT ,KI% A6EC;NATELY CALLS 8 ,FRE$OM ,=MULA4 ,^! 9CLUDE3 ,PROVI.N ( DEVELOP;TAL 9=MA;N & 9TRODUC;N TO BRA9 DEVELOP;T2 R$UC;N ( EXT]NAL 3TROLS OV] ! /UD5T2 R$UC;N ( TACTILE DEP5D5CY ON PHYSICAL SURFACES "2 9TRODUC;N ( A NEW =M ( CANE TRA9+ WE CALL 8P]CEP;N CANE TRA9+02 SY/EMS RE-9TEGRA;N 9TO FAMILY & ------------------------------------#AIC COMMUN;Y DYNAMICS2 & ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N TRA9+ : WE CALL 8,FLA%,SON>40 ,ALL ( ^! COMPON5TS RUN P>ALLEL TO EA* O!R A#AIC & >E 9TEGRAT$4 ,!Y >E P>ALLEL SUPPORTS4 ,!Y >E N /EPS 9 A SEQU;E1 B R AN 9T]ACTIVE & DYNAMIC SY/EM ( P]CEP;N & AC;N4 ,HUMANS D N LE>N BE/ BY SEQU;ED 9/RUC;N1 B BY :AT WE CALL 8RELEV.E10 : SIMPLY REF]S BACK TO NE$4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT1 M1N+;L1 RELEVANT TO ! 9DIVIDUAL AT ANY GIV5 "T IS :AT /IMULATES 8 LE>N+4 ,9TRODUC;N TO DEVELOP;T & ! BRA9 "<,BRA9 #AJA"> ,"O ( ! F/ ?+S T MAY 2 USE;L TO D ) /UD5TS & FAMILIES IS TO LAY \ FUNDA;TAL 9=MA;N AB HUMAN DEVELOP;T & ! N]V\S SY/EM4 ,? 9VOLVES A W>M1 FRLY 3V]SA;N ) ! /UD5T & RELEVANT O!RS AB ! HUMAN N]V\S SY/EM4 ,! T1*] C EXPLA9 9 CLE>1 3CRETE1 GRAPHIC T]MS AB ! N]V\S SY/EM XF1 XS DEVELOP;T1 XS FUNC;N1 & H[ XS DEVELOP;T & FUNC;N >E FUNDA;TAL TO E >EA ( AC;N & 9T]AC;N4 ,WE C'T D ANY?+ )\T ! BRA9'S K & CAPAC;Y TO D X1 & L9K+ /UD5T FUNC;N TO BRA9 DEVELOP;T GRTLY ASSI/S #BDI /UD5TS & _! FAMILIES 9 "U/&+ ! B#AIC 5TIRETY ( ! /UD5T'S SITUA;N Z WELL Z ! E6ICACY ( A P]CEP;N BAS$ ------------------------------------#AID APPROA*4 ,:5 REMOV$ F ! AB/RACT1 ! DEVELOP;TAL PROCESS RELATIVE TO BRA9 FUNC;N 2COMES EXPON5TIALLY M HELP;L TO /UD5TS1 _! FAMILIES1 & _! SUPPORT T1M4 ,X IS SIMIL> TO ! ADV]TISE;T1 8? IS YR BRA92 ? IS DRUGS2 ? IS YR BRA9 ON DRUGS40 ,ONCE ! IMPACT ON ! BRA9 IS CLE>LY SPELL$ \1 ! R1LIZA;NS >E BO? SOB]+ & HOPE;L4 ,ALL ( ^! PR9CIPLES 7 COV]$ 9 DEP? 9 ,*APT] ,TWO1 S J ! KEY PO9TS >E SUMM>IZ$ "H1 ) A VIEW T[>D H[ A T1*] MITS ) ! BRA91 & IS GOV]N$ BY ! BRA94 ,"! >E ACTUAL NEURAL ME*ANISMS T >E RESPONSIBLE = ALL[+ U TO MOVE FREELY4 ,^! M/ 2 DEVELOP$4 ,IF !Y >E N1 !N FRE$OM ( MOVE;T W 2 COMPROMIS$4 ,! BRA9'S PRIM>Y PURPOSE IS TO RELATE,-TO 9T]ACT ) & "U/& XF & XS SURR.D+S4 ,= PURPOSES ( ? 4CUS.N1 ! BRA9'S FUNC;NS >E SUMM>IZ$ 9TO ?REE PRIM>Y CATEGORIES3 ,?9K+ A#AID "2 AC;N "2 & P]CVG "4 ,^! FUNC;NS >E FUNDA;TAL TO GR[? & DEVELOP;T "?\T BODY & M9D4 ,! ------------------------------------#AIE BRA9 P]=MS ^! FUNC;NS BY US+ 9=MA;N GA!R$ "? XS P]CEPTUAL SY/EM TO MAKE DECI.NS & GUIDE ! BODY TO A3ESS & 9T]ACT ) ! 5VIRON;T,-TO RELATE TO ! _W4 ,WE P]CV1 WE ATTRIBUTE OR 3/RUCT M1N+ TO :AT WE P]CV1 & WE !N TAKE AC;N4 ,! F/ PR9CIPLE ( NEURAL SCI;E IS 8USE X OR LOSE X40 ,! BRA9 IS L A MUSCLE2 X DEVELOPS "? ACTIVE EXP]I;E4 ,S* ACTIV;Y LIT]ALLY BUILDS NEURAL 3NEC;NS1 J Z PHYSICAL ACTIV;Y BUILDS FIB] 9 MUSCLES4 ,= P :O >E BL1 ACTIVITIES T 9VOLVE _! [N DIREC;N ( PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES & EXP]I;ES >E CRITICAL4 ,! IMPORT.E ( SELF DIREC;N LIES 9 ! 9TEGRAT$ ACTIVA;N ( ! BRA9'S ?REE MA9 OP]A;NS4 ,= ?1 WE M/ ACTUALLY USE ^! BRA9 >1S4 #BEA ,:5 WE >E GUID$1 ! ACTIVE A#AIE ME*ANISMS 2COME PASSIVE1 M* Z !Y D 9 ANY PASS5G]4 ,TO 2 A PASS5G] IS N ! SAME Z 2+ ! DRIV] ( \R ACTIVITIES4 ,DEVELOP+ ! IMAG+ SY/EM REQUIRES ALL P1 *N ESPECIALLY1 REGUL>LY TO 5GAGE 9 ACTIVITIES T >E RI*LY EXP]I5TIAL & SELF-DIRECT$4 ,! CLE>] ! IMAGE1 ! EASI] X IS TO "U/& ! 5VIRON;T1 & ! M 3TROL WE H OV] \R ------------------------------------#AIF 9T]AC;N4 ,*N :O >E SIE G5]ALLY NATURALLY SUPPORT$ TO DEVELOP _! IMAG+ SY/EM "? ! 5C\RAGE;T ( SELF-DIRECT$ ACTIVITIES4 ,:5 VI.N IS 4RUPT$1 ! BRA9 / TRIES TO 3/RUCT DYNAMIC IMAGES "? XS ABIL;Y TO ADAPT & P]CV4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! T1*] MAY SIMPLY ASK ! /UD5T OR P>5T1 8,H[ M* FRE$OM D Y WANT80 ,R$UC+ EXT]NAL 3TROL ,! FACTOR T IS P]H ! MO/ 4RUPTIVE TO EXT]NAL DEVELOP;T IS ! IMPOSI;N ( EXT]NAL DIREC;N OR 3TROL S* T ! /UD5T LE>NS TO RCV & FOLL[ PASSIVELY R ?AN 5GAGE & L1D ACTIVELY4 ,\ ( ! BE/ A#AIF ( 9T5;NS1 P :O >E BL >E (T5 ]RONE\SLY SUBJECT$ TO A GRT D1L ( EXT]NAL PHYSICAL & V]BAL DIREC;N IMPOS$ ON !M BY O!RS "?\T _! E>LY YE>S & "?\T ! /AGES ( E>LY ADAPTA;N 9 REC5TLY BL9D$ ADULTS4 ,^! TAKE ! =M ( EXCESSIVE PHYSICAL & V]BAL GUID.E & UNDUE RE/RIC;N ( MOVE;T & SELF C>E ACTIV;Y4 ,P :O >E BL >E (T5 C>RI$ AL;G ON "S"O'S >M = M* ( _! MOVE;T ACTIV;Y4 8,! EXCESSIVE USE ( GUID$ 9/RUC;N DEPRIVES ! /UD5TS ( Z DEEP AN "U/&+ ( A SKILL OR 9=MA;N Z IS USE;L 9 5VIRON;TS 9 : HE OR %E W 5C.T] ------------------------------------#AIG 3T+5CIES T _C 2 ANTICIPAT$0 "<,METTL]1 #AIIE1 ;P4 #CCI">4 ,M* ATT5;N %D 2 FOCUS$ ON HELP+ ! /UD5T :O IS BL & CR1T+ RELEV.E TO O!RS TO R$UCE EXT]NAL 3TROLS OV] ! /UD5T4 ,IMPOS+ EXT]NAL 3TROL )\T ACTIVE 9VOLVE;T ( ! P]SON :O IS BL L1DS TO DEP5D5CY & RE/RIC;N 2C HE IS =C$ TO RELY ON & RESPOND TO ! P]CEP;N ( O!RS R ?AN 8 [N4 ,? IS ESPECIALLY TRUE = V "Y #BEC *N :O >E =M+ SELF-3CEPT & MOVE;T A#AIG PATT]NS4 ,TO 3TROL ! /UD5T IS TO RE/RICT HM F MAK+ & EX]CIS+ 8 [N FRE$OM ( *OICE 9 ! %ORT & L;G T]M4 ,! T]M 83TROL0 IS US$ "?\T ? 4CUS.N4 ,P :O EX]CISE ^! 3TROLS OV] ! /UD5T MAY G5U9ELY 2LIEVE T !Y >E DO+ ? 9 ! /UD5T'S BE/ 9T]E/4 ,H["E1 AT ! HE>T ( S* PRACTICES (T5 LIES A 3C]N AB 3TROLL+ ! /UD5T & 8 RELA;N%IP TO ! _W4 ,:E!R OR N ? IS 3SCI\SLY 9T5D$1 X IS1 N"O!.S1 :AT IS A*IEV$ "? S* PRACTICES4 ,9/1D1 ! EMPHASIS %D 2 ON SUPPORT+ ! /UD5T TO DEVELOP 8 [N RELA;N%IP ) ! _W )\T NE$ = O!RS TO DICTATE OR USURP T RELA;N%IP4 ,AG1 ? SP1KS TO A FUNDA;TAL "R TO FRE$OM4 ------------------------------------#AIH ,R$UC+ EXT]NAL 3TROL 9VOLVES ?REE >1S ( 3C]N,-V]BAL GUID.E1 PHYSICAL GUID.E1 & SPECIALIZ$ 5VIRON;TAL MODIFICA;N4 ,X IS ! AIM TO HELP ! /UD5T ACQUIRE ! FRE$OM TO *OOSE ":1 :51 H[1 & :Y HE GOES ": HE GOES4 ,M* ( ? PROCESS 9VOLVES ALT]+ ! /UD5T'S CURR5T 3CEPT ( :AT X M1NS TO 2 RELIANT ON O!R'S DEF9I;N ( GUID.E V]SUS 8 FRE$OM TO *OOSE4 A#AIH ,G5]ALLY1 R$UC+ ! AM.T ( GUID+ A /UD5T RCVS HELPS ! /UD5T 9CR1SE 8 MANAGE;T OV] 8 5GAGE;T & USE ( GUID.E & ASSI/.E4 ,! AM.T ( R$UC;N DEP5DS ON ! /UD5T'S SY/EM1 5VIRON;T1 AGE1 NE$S1 & CULTURE1 B X IS (T5 >.D A #GE.0 R$UC;N4 ,9 ORD] = SKILLS TO DEVELOP1 ! BRA9 & BODY NE$ TO DEVELOP ! CAPAC;Y TO APPLY ^? SKILLS4 ,9 ORD] = ? TO HAPP51 ! /UD5T M/ MANAGE HMF "?\T 8 5VIRON;T1 MAK+ *OICES = HMF & C>RY+ \ ^! *OICES BY 8 [N 9ITIATIVE & SELF DIREC;N4 ,? _C HAPP5 :5 ! /UD5T IS KEPT "U PHYSICAL OR V]BAL GUID.E = ANY L>GE "P ( 8 EXI/;E4 ,AG1 ? DOES N M1N ELIM9AT+ GUID.E1 B R BR++ GUID.E "U ! ACTIVE 3TROL ( ! /UD5T4 ------------------------------------#AII ,5GAG+ HUMAN ASSI/.E C 2 A V P[];L WAY ( E/ABLI%+ 3NECTIV;Y ) ! EXT]NAL 5VIRON;T4 ,9 ESS;E1 A HUMAN GUIDE C HELP TO BRIDGE ! P]CEPTUAL GAP T MAY AT "TS /& 2T ! P]SON :O IS BL & ! 5VIRON;T BY HELP+ TO 3NECT ! DOTS ( 8 EXP]I;E ": APPROPRIATE4 ,= 9DIVIDUALS :O >E #BEE BL :O /RU7LE ) _! [N P]CEPTUAL A#AII REF]5C+ & PREVIEW 9 SPECIFIC SITUA;NS OR 9 G5]AL1 HUMAN GUID+ C HELP TO ACTIVATE ! REF]5C+ & PREVIEW SY/EMS BY PROVID+ VISUAL 9=MA;N "? LANGUAGE OR PHYSICAL GUID.E4 ,) ? VISUALLY M$IAT$ 9=MA;N1 A P]SON :O IS BL MAY FEEL LESS ANXI\S & M MOTIVAT$ TO R1* \ & TO MOVE 9TO ! 5VIRON;T M4 ,? C HELP HM FUNC;N M E6ECTIVELY OR 3V5I5TLY 9 5VIRON;TS T HE MAY F9D DI6ICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE TO A3ESS )\T VI.N4 ,SIY AM;G 9DIVIDUALS & ACTIVITIES4 ,SELF-DIRECT$ 5GAGE;T ( HUMAN ASSI/.E NE$ N IMPAIR BRA9 DEVELOP;T1 B REGUL> PASSIVE ------------------------------------#BJJ DEP5D;E ON HUMAN ASSI/.E C IMPAIR BRA9 DEVELOP;T "? LACK ( EQUITABIL;Y A#BJJ & LACK ( SELF DET]M9A;N4 ,IF ! P]SON :O IS BL IS N DIRECTIVE ( 8 9T]AC;NS ) ! 5VIRON;T1 :E!R HE IS GUID$ OR N1 !N ! BRA9'S DECI.N MAK+ & P]CEPTUAL PROCESSES MAY BR1K D[N4 ,PRACTICALLY SP1K+1 GET ! H&S (F ! /UD5T1 & GET RID ( ! 8GD FAIRY40 ,! /UD5T %D 2 HELD RESPONSIBLE = 8 [N SELF DIREC;N4 ,TRADI;NALLY1 /UD5TS & _! FAMILIES 7 USUALLY TAU1S ( DAILY LIFE MAY H BE5 9CONCEIVABLE2 2+ GUID$ MAY H BE5 SE5 Z ! MO/ E6ICI5T OR PREF]R$ OP;N4 ,"! IS1 9DE$1 A "T & PLACE = GUID+2 ALL BL P1 9CLUD+ ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ & EXP]I;ED TRAVEL]S1 W *OOSE TO MAKE ACTIVE USE ( X Z SITUA;NS W>RANT4 ,H["E1 ? PRACTICE HAS 2COME EXTREMELY OV]US$ & IS IMPLE;T$ 9 A MANN] T T5DS TO PLACE ! BL /UD5T 9TO A ROLE ( PASSIVE RECIPI5T R ?AN ACTIVE MANAG] OR 3TRIBUTOR4 ,! IMPLICA;NS ( ? >E MIS"U/OOD F A DEVELOP;TAL #BEG P]SPECTIVE4 ,X ?R1T5S ! 9TEGR;Y B#BJJ ( SELF-DIRECT$ FRE$OM BY ]OD+ ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM4 ,GUID+ IS EASY,-TOO EASY,-AT L1/ 9 ! %ORT T]M4 ------------------------------------#BJA ,OV]USE ( A HUMAN GUIDE C L1D TO PASSIVE 2HAVIOR ON 2HALF ( ! /UD5T & RE9=CE;T BY O!RS T ! FUNC;N+ ( P :O >E BL IS BE/ FACILITAT$ BY P :O >E SIN] T ! APPROPRIATE SOCIAL ROLE ( A BL P]SON IS A PASSIVE "O0 "<,ALTMAN @& ,CUTT]1 #BJJD1 ;P4 #GD">4 ,HUMAN GUID+ C CAUSE "S"O TO 2 :ISK$ "? ! 5VIRON;T )\T ! OPPORTUN;Y TO 5GAGE :AT PASSES BY OR TO TAKE 8 [N 9ITIATIVE TO 4COV]4 ,"S P :O >E BL REF] TO HUMAN GUID.E Z 8HIT*+ A RIDE0 DUE TO ! IMPASSIVE NATURE ( ! EXP]I;E = !M :ILE 2+ GUID$4 8,GUID+ T5DS TO 2 OV]-US$4 ,AN OV]-RELI.E ON ? SKILL ) *N DOES LL TO IMPROVE _! 3FID;E & 9DEP5D5T MOBIL;Y4 ,*N :O >E GUID$ "EY": DON'T GET ! *.E TO PRACTICE & DEVELOP _! ,O@&,M SKILLS & C 2COME OV]-DEP5D5T ON O!RS0 "<,SCOTT1 #BJAB1 ;P4 A#BJA #BD">4 ,R ?AN FOCUS ON T1*+ "EY"O H[ TO GUIDE1 /UD5T E6ICACY IS QKLY & DRAMATICALLY IMPROV$ :5 WE FOCUS ATT5;N ON T1*+ H[ N TO GUIDE4 ,T1* ME?ODS TO ALL[ A /UD5T TO WALK ) "S"O1 OR ) A GR\P1 )\T A NE$ TO HOLD ON4 ,DEVELOP APPROA*ES TO 9CR1SE WALK+ SPE$ & IMPROVE GAIT PATT]N4 ,"W ON US+ AUDITORY ------------------------------------#BJB CAPACITIES TO MONITOR ": P >E >.D ! /UD5T & WALK ) !M Z P NATURALLY WALK TGR4 ,? PROCESS ( SELF GUID.E IS ?US PUT 9 ! H&S ( ! /UD5T R ?AN KEPT 9 ! H&S ( O!RS DEEM$ RESPONSIBLE = ! /UD5T4 ,! M /UD5TS C 3DUCT !MVS QKLY & COMPET5TLY1 ! LESS O!RS W FEEL ! NE$ TO GUIDE4 ,! M ! /UD5T IS P]MITT$1 5C\RAG$1 & SUPPORT$ TO GUIDE HMF1 ! M HE W DEVELOP & H"O 8 CAPAC;Y TO SELF NAVIGATE4 ,X MAY 2 NEC = A T1*] TO R$UCE ! AM.T ( 8HELP0 ! /UD5T IS RCVG S T HE C 2G9 TO 2COME M SELF-DIRECT+4 ,X MAY 2 B5EFICIAL = A /UD5T TO FOLL[ A S.D S\RCE " 2C ? PRACTICE A#BJB PROMISES M R1LI/IC APPLICA;N & W HELP ) AUDI;N SKILLS T >E NEC = 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL4 ,! P]SON ) :OM ! /UD5T IS WALK+ MAY *OOSE TO MA9TA9 A S.D S\RCE1 S* Z A SET ( KEYS1 OR GD 3V]SA;N4 ,? ISN'T TO SAY T ? %D 2 ! ONLY M1NS ( TRAVEL ) O!RS1 B X %D 2 COMMONLY PRACTIC$ = V>IETY & EXPAN.N ( P]CEPTUAL SKILLS4 ,3SID] ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLES4 ,ON "O O3A.N1 A MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ APPROA*$ ,KI% & 3FID$ TO HM T HE'D HE>D AB A "Y BOY 9 A NEI5TS MADE HM FOLL[ _! KEYS :5 HE WALK$ R ?AN US+ ------------------------------------#BJC PROP] SIK4 8,T'S J N FAIR60 ! MOBIL;Y SPECIALI/ EXCLAIM$4 ,KI% HAPP5$ TO "K ! BOY & 8 CIRCUM/.ES 2C ! BOY 0 "O ( ! "PICIPANTS 9 ,KI%'S 9ITIAL E*OLOCA;N RESE>*4 ,KI% KNEW1 = EXAMPLE1 T ? BOY 0 BL F ,RET9OPA?Y ( ,PREMATUR;Y1 : (T5 RESULTS 9 P]CEPTUAL-MOBIL;Y *ALL5GES4 ,YET1 ? BOY R\T9ELY WALK$ HMF TO S*OOL & >.D 8 [N NEI5TS & T 8 MOM TOOK TO HANG+ H] C> KEYS F ! /RAP ( H] PURSE :5 !Y 7 \4 ,KI%'S ONLY RESPONSE TO ? 9/RUCTOR WAS1 8,:Y D Y ?9K ? BOY'S TRAVEL SKILLS >E S GD80 ,ON ANO!R O3A.N1 _M YE>S LAT] B AL 9VOLV+ A !ME P>K1 ,KI% 0 PRES5T$ ) A #AJ-YE>-OLD GIRL1 BL F BIR?4 ,! GIRL 0 AFRAID ( AMUSE;T P>KS4 ,YET H] FAMILY _H TAK5 _! VACA;N AT A !ME P>K = ! LA/ #B YE>S DUR+ : "T ? GIRL 8MADE LIFE MIS]ABLE = "EY"O40 ,KI%'S MIS.N 0 TO HELP ? GIRL APPRECIATE H] EXP]I;ES AT ! P>K1 :ILE RESPECT+ O!R'S EXP]I;ES4 ,%E />T$ ) A L;G LI/ ( ALL ! RIDES %E 0 8N"E GO+ TO G ON40 ,KI% SIMPLY FITT$ H] GR&DAD ) A SET ( KEYS T J+L$ :5"E HE MOV$ "5TS ( ? "Y BOY OV] #AB YE>S 2F">1 & HE GAVE BO? ( !M A H&HELD CLICK] SIMIL> TO ^? US$ BY ANIMAL TRA9]S4 ,! GIRL 0 ASK$ SIMPLY TO KEEP TRACK ( H] GR&DAD #BFA BY ! S.D ( 8 KEYS & "? CASUAL A#BJD 3V]SA;N4 ,:5"E %E 2CAME ANXI\S OR 3FUS$ AB ": HE MIT$ TO FALL 2H1 HE CD CLICK ! CLICK]1 NOTIFY+ H] IMMLY ": HE WAS4 ,! CLICKS C>RY M* M AUDIBLY "? NOISE ?AN YELL+ OR CALL+1 :ILE ACTUALLY DRAW+ LESS ATT5;N F ! G5]AL PUBLIC4 ,DUR+ ! "D TRIP1 ,DANIEL COA*$ ! GIRL ON H[ TO 9CR1SE H] WALK+ PACE & FOCUS H] ATT5;N TO KEEP UP ) H] GR&DAD4 ,! PROCESS ( MANAG+ H]F "? ! CR[DS 9VOLV$ S M* HI<] BRA9 FUNC;N "? MA9T5.E ( ATT5;N & ACTIVE GOV]N.E ( H] [N MOVE;T T LL 5]GY 0 GIV5 TO ANXIETIES OR APPREH5.NS4 ,) LL 3C]N1 %E W5T ON & 5JOY$ ALM E RIDE 9 ! P>K4 ,!Y SD X 0 L HAV+ A DI6]5T GIRL,-ATT5TIVE1 DELI.D4 ,! M /UD5TS TRAVEL & 9T]ACT ) ! 5VIRON;T ON _! [N1 ! M !Y W DEVELOP ! CAPAC;Y TO D S Z !Y WI%4 ,? MAY SEEM L COMMON S5SE TO "S1 B X IS A PIECE ( COMMON S5SE T IS UNCOMMONLY PUT 9TO PRACTICE ) DAMAG+ L;G T]M 3SEQU;ES4 ,9 S #BJE DO+1 ! /UD5T %D 2 EXPECT$ & REQUIR$ TO MA9TA9 ! PACE ( 8 COMPANION OR GR\P1 N TO SET ! PACE = ! GR\P4 ,! LESS A BL P]SON IS ABLE TO KEEP 9 /RIDE ) O!RS1 ! M LIKELY X IS T HE'LL 2 GRA2$ & HURRI$ AL;G1 82C X'S J EASI]40 ,:5 ! /UD5T :O IS BL IS ABLE TO KEEP PACE ) 8 COMPANIONS1 HE IS M LIKELY TO 2 ALL[$ ! FRE$OM TO MOVE "U 8 [N GUID.E4 ,D N ALL[ ! P]SON :O IS BL 9 ! GR\P TO SET ! PACE ( ! GR\P4 ,! GR\P M/ SET XS [N PACE1 : ! /UD5T :O IS BL IS EXPECT$ TO MA9TA94 ,CALL ! /UD5T'S ATT5;N TO ! S.DS ( ! GR\P IF X MOVES AH1D OR TAKES A C\RSE T ! /UD5T ISN'T FOLL[+4 8,":'S YR GR\P8 ,": >E Y8 ,D Y WANT TO 2 LEFT 2H8 ,:AT D Y NE$ TO D TO CAT* UP ) YR GR\P80 ,/UD5TS W (T5 PUT =? ! EF=T :5 !Y "K ! EF=T IS REQUIR$ & EXPECT$4 ,IF N1 "S"TS1 ,KI% PLACES ! BACK ( 8 H& CASUALLY AG/ ! /UD5T'S BACK1 N TO DIRECT1 B G5TLY TO COMPEL !M =W>D4 ,9 S* CASES1 ! /UD5TS W USUALLY MA9TA9 A PACE T KEEPS !M J 9 FRONT ( 8 H&1 Z !Y PREF] N TO 2 #BFC 8NUDG$0 9 ? WAY1 H["E G5TLY4 ,ON A#BJE O!R O3A.NS1 ,KI% PLACES 8 9DEX F+] AG/ ! *'S BACK1 AG1 N TO DIRECT1 B ONLY TO COMPEL4 ,/UD5TS W USUALLY ------------------------------------#BJF REMON/RATE AG/ ?1 B ,KI% W G5TLY SAY1 8,"EY"O'S GETT+ AWAY F Y4 ,I'M J HELP+ Y TO KEEP UP40 ,! /UD5T MAY SAY1 8,I C D X MYF40 ,KI% MIE BL FEEL ! NE$ = GUID.E M* ( ! "T1 ESPECIALLY :5 TRAVEL+ ) "S"O1 : MO/ P D MO/ ( ! "T4 ,:5 ! /UD5T FEELS ! NE$ TO 2 GUID$1 ? ISN'T R1LLY A P]SONAL *OICE ANYMORE4 ,9 ORD] = FRE$OM TO 2 PRES]V$1 GUID.E %D 2 REG>D$ Z A USE;L OP;N1 N A NECESS;Y4 ,PHYSICAL GUID.E C 2 BROK5 D[N 9TO 8L1D+0 & 8PUPPET+40 ,L1D+ MAY 2 REF]R$ TO Z 8HUMAN GUIDE10 (T5 CALL$ 8SIISE F A PREF];E TO /AY ------------------------------------#BJG TGR M EASILY1 R ?AN A REQUIRE;T TO 2 L$ OR NAVIGAT$ BY "S"O4 8,PUPPET+0 IS A MATT] ( MANIPULAT+ ! P]SON :O IS BL "? ! 5VIRON;T1 (T5 MOV+ _! >MS1 H&S1 & BODIES "? AN AC;N OR MO;N4 ,TRADI;NAL =MS ( =MAL GUID+ MAY /RIVE TO M9IMIZE ?1 B X N"O!.S ALL TOO COMMONLY COMES 9TO PRACTICE 9 8MOTOR+0 ! /UD5T1 OR 9 8H&-OV]-H&10 9 : 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SILTON ,ANNE ,COOK ,WALK] "<#BJAE">1 H]F A T1*] ( ! VISUALLY IMPAIR$ "<,,TVI"> & "M ( A DAU PHYSICAL 3TACT F ADULTS MAY 2 AT RISK = #BFE LOS+ 9DEP5D;E & SELF-DET]M9A;N4 A#BJG 8,:5 "S"O MOVES ! *'S BODY 444 )\T 5GAG+ ! * 444 ! * HAS TWO OP;NS4 ,! F/1 & MO/ R1SONABLE1 IS RESI/.E4444 ,! O!R 444 IS ! PASSIVE A3EPT.E "KN Z LE>N$ HELP.S;S40 ,MS4 ,WALK] GOES ON TO PROVIDE "S V PRACTICAL TIPS = MONITOR+ & AMELIORAT+ ! PRACTICE ( :AT WE CALL 8OV]-PUPPET+40 ,:ILE ?1 TOO1 MAY H UTIL;Y 9 FACILITAT+ A %>$ EXP]I;E 2T TWO P1 ? PRACTICE C ------------------------------------#BJH USURP ! /UD5T'S [N CAPACITIES = 9T5;NAL AC;N4 ,SEGOND ET ;AL4 "<#BJJG"> PO9T \ T 8"O ( ! MAJOR *ALL5GES = *N :O >E BL IS TO 2 AW>E ( _! 5VIRON;T1 S Z TO "U/& X & 9FLU;E X0 "<;P4 #CG">4 ,ANO!R =M ( GUID+ IS V]BAL1 9 ! =MS ( 8SPOON-FE$+0 & 8REMOTE 3TROL40 ,9 SPOON-FE$+1 ! P]SON :O IS SIRATE OR OV] DESCRIBE ! 5VIRON;T >.D OR AH1D ( ! /UD5T :O IS BL4 8,Y'RE COM+ TO A DOOR1 & X OP5S TO YR LEFT4 ,Y'RE COM+ TO "S /AIRS D[N1 & "! >E EI4 ,AL? "! >E C]TA9LY /RICTLY VISUAL ASPECTS ( ! 5VIRON;T T >E WOR? %>+ ) "O ANO!R & T C PROVIDE MUTUAL 5RI*;T1 ! PRACTICE ( N>RAT+ ! PHYSICAL 5VIRON;T 4RUPTS ! /UD5T'S [N SELF-DIRECT$ 4COV]Y PROCESS BY ATTA*+ X TO "S"O ELSE4 ,X AL 3T9UALLY BOMB>DS ! /UD5T ) ! MESSAGE T VISUAL N>RA;N IS NE$$ OR PREF]R$ 9 ORD] = HM TO FUNC;N PROP]LY4 ------------------------------------#BJI ,! MO/ COMMON =M ( ? IS ! CLOCK FACE DESCRIP;N ( FOOD PLACE;T & PLACE SETT+ POSI;N+4 ,FRS & FAMILY >E COMMONLY TAUALLEL TO 4COV]Y ( ! L>G] _W4 ,:AT CD 2 M MOTIVAT+ ?AN FOOD1 & X'S A REGUL> "P ( "O'S "D4 ,BY 5C\RAG+ ! /UD5T TO 5GAGE 9 SELF-DIRECT$ 4COV]Y 9 ? SIMPLE B FREQU5T CIRCUM/.E1 Y >E S5D+ HM ! MESSAGE T HE C & %D MANAGE 8 [N #BFG A6AIRS )\T NE$ TO RELY ON O!RS' A#BJI VISUALLY M$IAT$ SUP]VI.N OR 9T]V5;N4 ,REMOTE 3TROL COMES AB :5 P :O >E SID4 ,NO1 Y PASS$ X4 ,BACK ! O!R WAY10 & S ON4 ,? AL TAKES ! =M ( DIRECT+ OR 8COMM&+0 A /UD5T TO TAKE OR N TAKE C]TA9 AC;NS4 8,NO1 WAIT4 ,J LET ME D X40 ,OR1 8,Y %DN'T G "!4 ,X'S DANG]\S = Y40 ,? PROCESS C 2COME V COMM&-ORI5T$ :5 REMOTE 3TROLL+ A P]SON :O IS BL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 SKI+ = ! BL1 ! SKI] :O IS BL IS GUID$ BY A P]SON :O IS SIE COMMONLY CALL$ 8COMM&S40 ,NOBODY OBJECTS TO ------------------------------------#BAJ A SKI] :O IS BL 5JOY+ A COMMON PAS"T BY ! USE ( A GUIDE TO FACILITATE ! PROCESS2 H["E1 ! SELF-DIRECT$ A*IEVE;T ORI5T$ APPROA* "QS :Y ! T]M 8COMM&S0 0 "E US$ & "QS ! FUNDA;TAL PHILOSOPHY 2H ! USE ( S* PAT]NAL LANGUAGE IF A P]SON'S FRE$OM ( A*IEVE;T IS TO 2 TRULY RESPECT$ & SUPPORT$4 ,9 "O SKI+ = ! BL PROGRAM 9 A#BAJ ,5GL&1 A BOOM BOX HANGS ON ! BACK ( ! GUIDE = ! SKI] :O IS BL TO FOLL[4 ,ONCE HE HAS DEVELOP$ ! P]CEPTUAL CAPAC;Y1 FEW IF ANY 8COMM&S0 >E GIV54 ,? IS ! SAME PR9CIPLE ,_W ,A3ESS = ! ,BL USES 9 M.TA9 BIK+1 ":9 ! CYCLI/S :O >E BL >E PROVID$ A S.D S\RCE TO FOLL[1 & O3A.NAL 9=MA;N AB ! 5VIRON;T BY A 8SCOP]0 :O IS SIE BL4 ,ON ^? O3A.NS :5 PHYSICAL OR V]BAL GUID.E MAY 2 NEC1 PREF]R$1 OR 3V5I5T1 X IS IMP]ATIVE T ! P]SON ) A VISUAL IMPAIR;T 2 DIRECTIVE ( ! EXP]I;E1 >RANG+ :AT IS NE$$1 & TAK+ E 9ITIATIVE TO ACQUIRE & MANAGE ! ASSI/.E & SUPPORT HE MAY NE$4 ,"? P]CEPTUAL DEVELOP;T TRA9+1 ! ------------------------------------#BAA /UD5T C APPRECIATE & GA9 9=MA;N F ! SURR.D+ 5VIRON;T1 EV5 :ILE "U GUID.E BY ANO!R4 ,AL HE W H ADDI;NAL SKILLS TO CALL ^U :5 HE HAS NO ASSI/.E OR #BFI DOES N WI% = ASSI/.E4 ,X IS A#BAA IMP]ATIVE T ! APP>5T %ORT T]M 3V5I;E ( EXT]NAL =MS ( GUID.E & SUP]VI.N D N COME TO TAKE ! PLACE ( OR 9HIBIT P]CEPTUAL DEVELOP;T1 SELF EXECU;N1 & SELF DIRECTIVE CAPAC;Y4 ,5VIRON;TAL MODIFICA;N 9VOLVES TWO >1S1 MODIFY+ ! 5VIRON;T TO MAKE X M 8BL FRLY10 & :AT WE CALL 8CAT]+40 ,MODIFY+ ! 5VIRON;T MAY 2 USE;L :5 X FACILITATES L;G T]M FRE$OM4 ,G5]ALLY ? IS 9 T]MS ( ALL[+ ! /UD5T TO A3ESS ! 5VIRON;T M E6ECTIVELY 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION Z 8 PE]S :O >E SI5A1 HAS A SIMIL> E6ECT 9 ALL[+ A P]SON :O IS BL A3ESS TO ! SAME 9=MA;N : ALL[S P :O >E SITIFICIALLY 3TRIVES A #BAB S5SE ( SAFETY OR EASE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 KEEP+ WALLS OR PA?S CLE> ( OB/RUC;NS1 PLAC+ SPECIAL RAIL+S OR OV]LY TACTILIZ+ ! 5VIRON;T ) M>K]S1 R.D+ OR PADD+ CORN]S1 & O!R S* PRECAU;NS RUN ! RISK ( CR1T+ A K9D ( FALSE SECUR;Y : DOES N REPRES5T ! R1L _W & DOES LL TO PREP>E A P]SON :O IS BL TO MEET X4 ,:5 ! 5VIRON;T IS MODIFI$ TO A3OMMODATE A /UD5T'S BL;S1 R ?AN S]V+ TO SUPPORT A /UD5T TO ADAPT TO 8 BL;S1 X ONLY SUPPORTS A /UD5T TO ADAPT TO >TIFICIALLY 3TRIV$ 5VIRON;TS4 ,X DOES N PREP>E HM TO MANAGE ! R1L _W4 ,? IS "PICUL>LY ! CASE 9 _M S*OOLS = ! BL 9 : *N >E (T5 5C\RAG$ TO TRAIL & >E 4C\RAG$ F US+ _! CANES4 ,^! 5VIRON;TS H (T5 BE5 >TIFICIALLY DESIGN$ TO 2 BL FRLY S T "O C TRAIL )\T 5C.T]+ HAZ>DS & C 8P>K0 _! CANE )\T M* 3C]N = XS NE$ 9 ? UNIQUELY SAFE HAV54 ,H["E1 ! SAFE HAV5 5DS AT ! EXIT ( ! S*OOL1 & "! >E _M CASES 9 : /UD5TS 7 WOE;LLY ILL-PREP>$ TO MANAGE ! R1L _W 2Y ? >TIFICIALLY 3TRIV$ SAFE HAV54 #BGA ,CAT]+ IS :5 ! 5VIRON;T IS (T5 A#BAB BR"\ TO ! /UD5T4 ,Z A /UD5T R1*ES = 8 GLASS ( WAT]1 ! GD FAIRY G5TLY NUDGES X 9TO 8 H&4 ------------------------------------#BAC ,8 TOYS >E BR"\ TO HM OR PUT AWAY = HM4 ,8 %OES >E BR"\ TO HM & P]H EV5 TI$ = HM1 OR 8 FOOD IS ALW N1TLY PREP>$ = HM4 ,8 BAGS >E N1TLY PACK$ & UNPACK$4 ,HE IS (T5 TOLD TO SIT QUIETLY Z 8 LIFE IS N1TLY MANAG$ >.D HM4 ,/UD5TS :O >E BL >E (T5 RELEGAT$ TO 2+ ACT$ ^U OR >.D1 (T5 N CALL$ ^U OR ALL[$ TO ACT BY _! [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,_! MOVE;T OPPORTUNITIES MAY 2 RE/RICT$ BY A HO/ ( SOCIALLY IMPOS$ 8%DN'TS0 & 8CAN'TS0 \ ( APPREH5.N = SAFETY OR HE>TA*E OV] OBS]V+ ! P]SON :O IS BL /RU7LE TO MANAGE OR MA/] ACTIVITIES4 ,9 EXTREME CASES1 ! * MAY EV5 2 D5I$ OR RE/RICT$ F A3ESS TO TOOLS T WD SUPPORT 8 DEVELOP;T PROCESS1 S* Z A CANE1 GLASSES1 ACTIVE E*OLOCA;N1 A3ESSIBLE COMPUT]S1 & O!R ASSI/IVE SUPPORTS4 ,9 S* CASES1 ! * OR ADULT :O IS NEWLY BL9D$ IS D5I$ OPPORTUNITIES = 9T5;NAL 4COV]Y & =CIBLY REQUIR$ A#BAC TO DEP5D ON O!RS )\T ! OPPORTUN;Y TO MANAGE 8 [N PROCESS4 ,9 O!R CASES1 A P]SON :O IS BL MAY 2 ASSIGN$ A 8BUDDY0 TO 8LOOK AF0 HM DUR+ A S*OOL "D OR \T+ R ?AN 2+ P]MITT$ OR SUPPORT$ TO *OOSE H[ HE WANTS TO 5GAGE ! ACTIV;Y OR ) :OM1 IF ANY"O1 HE WANTS TO G4 ,ALL ( ? IS D"O "U ! GUISE ( HELP;L;S1 (T5 ) ! WELL M1NT B MISGUID$ IDEA T ? ------------------------------------#BAD MAY "SH[ PREP>E ! /UD5T TO 2 9DEP5D5T "S"D4 ,P>5TS1 RELATIVES1 FRS1 & 9/RUCTORS MI 9CAPABLE ( DO+ ^! ?+S ON 8 [N AT ! LEVEL ( SKILL AT : 8 C>EGIV]S C D !M4 ,! /UD5T DO+ = HMF MAY SEEM SL[1 DANG]\S1 OR J SAD TO WAT*4 ,H["E1 A P]SON :O IS SIN M* BY SEE+1 B A P]SON :O IS BL LE>NS PRIM>ILY BY DO+4 ,"O TE5AGE GIRL WRITES3 8,? HOLI"D1 ,I US$ MY CANE4 ,X'S AMAZ+ TO ?9K T 2F REC5TLY1 ,I _H N EV5 WALK$ UP MY [N /REET )\T 2+ GUID$4 ,X DOES N S.D L ANY?+ \ ( ! ORD9>Y :5 ,I SAY X L #BGC T1 B X IS4 ,"O ( MY C\S9S SD X A#BAD IS BETT] 2C Y C WALK ON YR [N4 ,I COMPLETELY AGREE4 ,I F9D MYF CLICK+ LOADS N[1 X R1LLY HELPS4 ,9 A WAY1 X SURPRISES ME H[ M* M 3FID5T ,I AM AT GO+ PLACES ALL ON MY [N )\T EV5 ?9K+ AB X4 ,I WANT TO D M ( X & GET BETT]0 "<,COBB1 #BJJI">4 ,R$UC$ RELI.E ON PHYSICAL SURFACES & SPATIAL B.D>IES ,_M P :O >E BL >E 5C\RAG$ TO MA9TA9 TACTILE 3TACT ) PHYSICAL SURFACES & SPATIAL B.D>IES,-TRAIL+1 %OREL9+ "1 SQU>+ (F1 & BACKW>D *A9+ >E ------------------------------------#BAE COMMON 3V5;NS4 ,S* 3V5;NS T5D TO 3DI;N /R;G ATTA*;TS OR DEP5D5CIES ON PHYSICAL SURFACES1 HE$.S ( ! FACT T ! R1L _W IS COMPRIS$ MO/LY ( OP5 SPACE4 ,H[ C A P]SON :O IS BL HOPE TO TRAV]SE OP5 SPACE IF HE F9DS HMF "E DEP5D5T ON SPATIAL B.D>IES8 ,R1 MO/ P :O >E BL F9D !MVS ANXI\S & 4ORI5T$ :5"E SPATIAL B.D>IES >E TOO 4TANT OR N PRES5T4 ,PROMOTE ! USE ( AUDITORY A#BAE SKILLS1 USE ( ! COMPASS1 & ,FLA%,SON> F E>LY 9 ! /UD5T'S TRA9+ TO SUPPLANT ? DEP5D5CY ON PHYSICAL SURFACES1 GIV+ HM ! ABIL;Y TO MANAGE HMF SMOO?LY AT NON-TACTILE 4T.ES F PHYSICAL SURFACES4 ,= ? TO HAPP51 H["E1 TACTILE DEP5D;E ON PHYSICAL SURFACES NE$S TO 2 R$IRECT$4 ,( C\RSE1 Z ) HUMAN GUIDE1 "! IS A "T & PLACE = TRAIL+ & US+ SIMIL> SKILLS4 ,9DE$1 TACTILE EXPLORA;N IS A CRITICAL SKILL = P :O >E BL & N TO 2 "URAT$4 ,H["E1 "! IS A 4T9C;N 2T TACTILE EXPLORA;N = PURPOSES ( GA!R+ 9=MA;N & "U/&+ V]SUS ! USE ( TACTUALIZA;N Z A NAVIGA;NAL TOOL4 ,Z A RULE1 TACTUALIZA;N Z A NAVIGA;NAL TOOL C MAKE TRAVEL+ SL[1 AWKW>D1 & LIMIT$4 ------------------------------------#BAF ,9TRODUC+ ! ,FULL-,L5G? ,CANE ,:5 ! L;G CANE & T\* TE*NIQUE 0 9TRODUC$ Z A TRAVEL+ ME?OD = S]VICEM5 :O 7 BL 9 ! #AIDJS BY ,HOOV]1 HE US$ CANES T 7 RELATIVELY %ORT " "<,SAU]BURG]1 A#BAF #AIIF1 ;P4 #H">4 ,9 ! #AIEJS1 ! CANE L5G? 0 ADJU/$ TO 2 BAS$ ^U ! US]'S HEI : IS N[ REF]R$ TO Z ! TRADI;NAL ME?OD OR /]NUM ME?OD = CANE M1SURE;T4 ,2G9N+ 9 ! #AIGJS1 ! 8ID1L0 L5G? ( ! CANE 2CAME A BIT M FLEXIBLE4 ,JACOBSON "<#AIIC"> RECOMM5DS M1SUR+ TO ! /UD5T'S /]NUM & ADD+ #B 9*ES4 ,B ! HEI4 ,HILL & ,POND] "<#AIGF"> /ATE T 8! F9AL M1SURE;T .<( ! CANE.> W 2 DET]M9$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL'S ABIL;Y TO TAKE APPROPRIATE EVASIVE AC;N :5 AN OBJECT IS 3TACT$ BY ! TIP ( ! CANE0 "<;P4 #AAB">4 ,9TRODUC+ ! FULL L5G? CANE Z E>LY Z POSSIBLE 9 ! /UD5T'S ADAPTA;N TO BL;S IS ANO!R 9TEGRAL "P ( A*IEV+ COMPLETE P]CEP;N-BAS$ FRE$OM = /UD5TS :O >E BL4 ,_W ,A3ESS = ! ,BL "<,,WAFTB"> HAS DEVELOP$ A #BAG ME?OD ( CANE TRA9+ T IS EASI] TO T1*1 EASI] TO LE>N1 & EASI] TO USE BY A WID] RANGE ( P 9 A WID] RANGE ( 5VIRON;TS & SITUA;NS4 ,!Y H CALL$ X 8,CANE ,P]CEP;N40 ,? IS A TYPE ( CANE & /YLE ( USE T !Y 2LIEVE BETT] ACTIVATES ! IMAG+ SY/EM : 3NECTS ! /UD5T TO ! 5VIRON;T BY ! /UD5T'S [N SELF-DIREC;N SU6ICI5TLY TO ALL[ GRACE;L1 3FID5T MOVE;T4 ,? IS EASILY D"O ) A P]CEP;N-BAS$ APPROA*4 ,X C 2 D"O = *N & ADULTS ( ANY AGE1 Z WELL Z = P :O >E BL ) ALM ANY O!R 4ABIL;Y PR(ILE4 ,AG1 KEEP 9 M9D T ! CANE TE*NIQUES DEVELOP$ 9 ! MID #BJTH C5TURY 7 BAS$ ON V LL EXP]I;E & V LL 9PUT F US]S :O 7 BL4 ,TO ? "D1 ^! V TE*NIQUES H N BE5 SY/EMATICALLY /UDI$ TO DET]M9E _! E6ECTIVE;S4 ,? HAS F9ALLY BE5 AC"KL$G$ BY FACULTY ( ! ORI5TA;N & MOBIL;Y GRADUATE PROGRAM AT ,WE/]N ,MI*IGAN ,UNIV]S;Y ": FACULTY H 2GUN RESE>* TO 9VE/IGATE ! E6ECTIVE;S ( A V>IETY ( TE*NIQUES4 #BGG ,AL? _M ( ! CANE TE*NIQUES A#BAG DEVELOP$ BY M$ICAL PRACTI;N]S :5 "W+ ) VET]ANS AF ,_W ,W> ,,II SEEM$ 9TUITIVE & 7 ------------------------------------#BAH M* M E6ECTIVE ?AN N US+ A CANE AT ALL1 !Y T5D$ TO RESULT 9 A ME*ANICAL1 REGI;T$ MOVE;T & A P]H 4PROPOR;NATELY L>GE EMPHASIS ON =M OV] FUNC;N "4 ,Z A "M ( A #D-YE>-OLD SD1 8,WE H 5C.T]$ "S NEGATIVE COM;TS F "S ( ! PR(ES.NALS 9VOLV$ ) ,JAMIE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 "O RANG ME AF SEE+ HM ) 8 CANE & 9SI/$ T WE DID N USE X AG UNTIL A ,8PROP],0 MOBIL;Y (FIC] _H TAUE TAU4 ,9DE$1 ? 0 PROBABLY 9 KEEP+ ) A#BAH ! MILIT>I/IC TRADI;NS & BACKGR.D ( BO? ! P]SONNEL :O DESIGN$ ! TE*NIQUES1 & ! PRIM>Y US]S ( ! TE*NIQUES = AB ! F/ DECADE4 ,H["E1 ? ME*ANICAL /YLE ( MOVE;T RUNS C.T]-PRODUCTIVE TO MOD]N K ( BIOME*ANICS & DOES N L5D XF TO ! GRACE ------------------------------------#BAI & FL[ ( MOVE;T VALU$ BY ! 4CIPL9ES ( P]CEP;N & AC;N4 ,IF WE >E TO GIVE 3SID]A;N TO ,GIBSONIAN P]CEPTUAL !ORY1 WE WD >GUE T MOVE;T %D G H& 9 H& ) ! 5VIRON;T 9 : & "? : X O3URS4 ,?US1 X O3URS 9 FL[ PATT]NS "? ! 5VIRON;T1 DICTAT$ BY A MO;T TO MO;T P]SPECTIVE ( ! 5VIRON;T "<,GIBSON QUOT$ 9 ,S*W>TZ1 #AIHD1 ;P4 #BG">4 ,9 ? VIEW1 IF MOVE;T PATT]NS >E PRESCRIB$ A"P F ! 5VIRON;T1 !N "O'S MOVE;T W 2 EXPECT$ TO O3UR \ ( SYNC & \ ( 3TEXT ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,! RESULTS >E LIKELY TO 2 AN AWKW>D /YLE ( MOVE;T T DOESN'T FIT 9TO 3TEXT1 & MAY 2 RESI/$ BY ! MOV]4 ,"!=E1 BY ? L9E ( R1SON+1 A M ADAPTIVE & FLEXIBLE MOVE;T /YLE #BGI IS W>RANT$4 A#BAI ,KI% "<#BJJI;B"> WRITES3 ,MY [N CANE TRA9+ >.D AGE #AB O3URR$ PRETTY M* AC TO TRADI;NAL PRECEPTS1 : 9CLUD$ MID-/]NUM L5G?4 ,MY CANE SKILLS 7 3SID]$ EXEMPL>Y BY TRADI;NAL /&>DS1 & ,I F.D NO R1SON TO "Q ? APPROA*4 ------------------------------------#BBJ ,DUR+ MY !SIS PROJECT 9 MY MID-#BJS1 = : ,I "W$ ) #BD *N :O 7 TOTALLY BL1 A L;G "T 9/RUCTOR 0 ORI5T+ S"EAL ( ^! /UD5TS TO _! MIDDLE S*OOL CAMPUS4 ,HE QKLY REPLAC$ _! CANES ( /]NUM L5G? ) =EH1D L5G?1 EXPLA9+ T 9CR1S+ ! L5G? BY AB #F 9*ES G5]ALLY HELP$ REM$IATE POOR CANE SKILLS V QKLY4 ,I 0 POLITELY SKEPTICAL4 ,LAT]1 :5 MY CANE BROKE1 AN ACQUA9T.E 3V9C$ ME TO TRY A NOSE L5G? REPLACE;T4 ,I POLITELY AGRE$4 ,I HAT$ X AT F/1 2C X FELT H1VY & AWKW>D :ILE MY P]CEPTUAL SY/EM TUN$ TO ! EXT5D$ L5G?1 M* L "S"O ) NEW GLASSES4 ,AF A FEW "DS1 ,I F.D T MY TRAVEL TOOK ON A GRT] EASE & COM=T ( RHY?M1 EV5 A#BBJ FA/] SPE$1 & FEW] UNPL1SANT PHYSICAL 5C.T]S4 ,AF "S ADJU/;TS1 ,I F.D T *9 L5G? SEEM$ TO "W BE/ = ME4 ,Z ,I 2GAN 9/RUCT+1 ,I NOTIC$ PRES*OOL]S (T5 PREF]R$ TO USE MY CANE1 TAK+ X 9 BO? H&S & HOLD+ X 2F !M ) 3FID5T D>+4 ,:ILE ,I 3DUCT$ MO/ ( _! 9/RUC;N ) CANES ( M MANAG1BLE ------------------------------------#BBA L5G?1 ,I NOT$ T ! 9CR1S$ L5G? DID SEEM TO FACILITATE _! "U/&+ ( ! CANE'S PURPOSE1 Z WELL Z A NATURAL COM=T 9 US+ X4 ,I N"E F.D ! NE$ = 8PRE-CANE0 DEVICES4 ,"O "D1 A ,MEXICAN FAMILY CAME TO ME ) _! #F YE> OLD1 NON-,5GLI% SP1K+ SON :O _H REFUS$ ! CANE DESPITE _! 9SI/;E4 ,:ILE WE SPOKE1 HE 4COV]$ MY CANE & 2GAN WALK+ >.D MY (FICE ) X4 ,CAU;N+ 8 P>5TS N TO /OP HM1 ,I ALL[$ HM TO D :AT %D COME NATURALLY TO *N,-4COV]4 ,9 %ORT ORD] HE MADE 8 WAY \ ! DOOR1 /RID+ QKLY AL;G ! WALKWAY ) RELAX$ POISE4 ,8 P>5TS 7 DUMBF.D$ Z WE HURRI$ AL;G 2H HM1 9SI/+ !Y'D #BHA N"E SE5 HM D ?4 ,^U APPROA*+ ! A#BBA S.DS ( *N PLAY+1 HE HAPPILY EXPLOR$ ! PLAYGR.D ) ? V L;G CANE4 ,ON A M REC5T O3A.N1 X 0 BR"\ TO MY ATT5;N T AN OLD] G5TLEMAN 0 WALK+ ) A %U6L+ GAIT & SLIE MY [N EXP]I;ES REPLETE ) SIMIL> EXAMPLES1 B ,I HE> !M COMMONLY F O!RS4 ,"O WOMAN REC5TLY DCLD T %E'D /RU7L$ ) "O * :O 0 D1FBL & "O :O 0 AUTI/IC4 ,_! CANES 7 US$ = ANY?+ B P]CEP;N4 ,AF PROVID+ L;G] CANES TO !M1 %E REPORT$ T _! CANE SKILLS REVOLU;NIZ$ 9 A FEW "DS4 ,AF "W+ ) NE>LY "O ?\S& /UD5TS ( NE>LY E TYPE & BACKGR.D1 ,I 2LIEVE T ! REFLEX TO R1* PHYSICALLY 9TO ! 5VIRON;T IS NE>LY Z 9NATE Z H& TO M\?4 ,E>LY MAN1 UNABLE TO 3JURE >TIFICIAL LIE EXPECT+ TO A3ESS NE> PO9T 9=MA;N AT A C]TA9 4T.E4 ,IF ? REQUIRE;T ISN'T MET1 ^! SY/EMS MAY N 2 TRI7]$ TO 5GAGE PROP]LY4 ,= N[1 ,I C ONLY GUESS AT ? MAGIC NUMB]1 B EXP]I;E SU7E/S T /]NUM L5G? SEEMS TO "UCUT ? NUMB] = MO/ /UD5TS1 ESPECIALLY *N4 "<;P4 #BB"> ,! PREVIEW SY/EM ( ! BRA91 : MONITORS ! 5VIRON;T 9 ADV.E ( ! TRAVEL] & PLANS ACLY1 SEEMS MO/ /R;GLY & 3SI/5TLY ------------------------------------#BBC ACTIVAT$ AT AB TWO TO ?REE /EPS 4T.E F ! TRAVEL]4 ,? HAPP5S TO 2 ": ! HUMAN EYE FALLS MO/ REGUL>LY ^U ! T]RA9 :ILE WALK+ "U 3DI;NS TYPICAL TO ! TRAVEL]4 ,? C 2 SD TO EQUAL R\E ! SAME M1SURE;T 9 SPAN F F+]TIP TO F+]TIP ) >MS /RET*$ \ Z WE >E 9 HEI X WD A#BBC !N SEEM R1SONABLE TO CAPITALIZE ON ? BODY L5G? REF];E4 ,"!=E1 9 ? VIEW1 ! TIP ( ! CANE %D FALL APPROXIMATELY "O BODY L5G? 9 4T.E F ! US]4 ,WE CALL ! RESULT+ CANE A 8FULL L5G?0 CANE4 ,TO MA9TA9 A NATURAL FL[ ( MOVE;T1 ANTICIPATORY ME*ANISMS EXPECT 9=MA;N TO 2 AVAILABLE AT C]TA9 4T.ES4 ,! EYES1 = EXAMPLE1 G5]ALLY SCAN ! T]RA9 AB TWO OR ?REE /EPS AH1D1 NE>] OR FUR!R DEP5D+ ON CIRCUM/.E4 ,:5 9=MA;N IS AVAILABLE 9 A MANN] T ACTIVATES ! REF]5C+ & PREVIEW PROCESSES1 ! IMAG+ SY/EM C DEVELOP 9TACT TO GOV]N ? FL[ ( MOVE;T4 ,= P :O >E BL1 H["E1 ? DEVELOP;T T5DS TO 2 HAMP]$ BY LACK ( SELF-DIRECT$ EXP]I;E & P]CEPTUAL TRA9+ ------------------------------------#BBD "PICUL>LY 9 ! E>LY YE>S1 : M1NS !Y LACK A3ESS TO ! 9=MA;N !Y NE$ TO ACTIVATE ^! SY/EMS4 ,X IS ALL TOO (T5 OBS]V$ T "Y *N :O >E BL >E 4C\RAG$ OR PROHIBIT$ F US+ _! CANES 9 S*OOL \ ( FE> T ! CANE CD 2 MISUS$ OR 2COME A HAZ>D TO O!R *N4 ,! AU?ORS H HE>D _M REPORTS ( *N 2+ A#BBD TOLD OR =C$ TO L1VE _! CANES 2H DUR+ S*OOL \T+S & 8HIT*$ UP0 ) AN AIDE OR O!R PE]S TO L1D !M >.D1 OR 9 M EXTREME CASES1 2+ DRIV5 OR C>T$ F "O PLACE TO ANO!R :ILE ! *'S PE]S 5JOY ! OPPORTUN;Y TO WALK ON _! [N4 ,? IS EXAC]BAT$ BY ACTIVITIES : OV]-EMPHASIZE SAFETY 3C]NS & >E OV]LY /RUCTUR$ & RIGID4 ,? APPROA* MAY N FO/] SELF DIREC;N1 & "!=E1 MAY N 5GAGE ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM TO DEVELOP NATURALLY4 ,"!=E1 ! IMAG+ SY/EM (T5 FAILS TO DEVELOP1 G5]ALLY RESULT+ 9 AN AWKW>D OR 4RUPT$ 9T]AC;N ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,9 EXTREME CASES1 ! RESULT C 2 IMMOBIL;Y4 ,A /UDY BY ,LA,GR[1 ,BLAS*1 @& ,DE L',AUNE 9 #AIIG T US$ COMPUT]S TO *ECK ! SURFACE >EA COV]$ BY ! L;G CANE %[$ T ! T\* TE*NIQUE DID N RESULT 9 SURFACE PREVIEW Z _H BE5 PREVI\SLY ------------------------------------#BBE EXPECT$4 ,! SU7E/$ WAY TO CORRECT ? 0 8ALLEVIAT$ BY US+ ! 3/ANT 3TACT TE*NIQUE F/ RECOMM5D$ BY ,FISK "<#AIHF"> #BHE OR BY EXT5D+ ! L5G? ( ! CANE0 A#BBE "<,LA,GR[ ET ;AL41 #AIIG1 ;P4 #EJ">4 ,A FUR!R /UDY BY ,B;G]S1 ,S*ELL+]H\T1 ,GRIVSV51 @& ,SMITSMAN 9 #BJJB 8%[$ T ONLY ! L5G? ( ! CANE & ! TIP HEI4 ,! /UDY %[$ T A L;G] CANE L5G? RESULT$ 9 E>LI] DETEC;N ( OBJECTS4 ,BO? ^! /UDIES SU7E/ T AN 9CR1S$ CANE L5G? IS SAF] = ! TRAVEL]4 ,ALTMAN /ATES 8! 9CR1S$ PRIOR W>N+ PROVID$ BY A L;G] CANE L5G? (T5 HELPS 9DIVIDUALS DEVELOP GRT] E6ICI5CY & 3FID;E :5 MOV+ "? ! 5VIRON;T 2C ? GRT] RESPONSE "T ALL[S = M E6ECTIVE EVALUA;N ( 3DI;NS & SMOO!R ADJU/;TS 9 SPE$ & DIREC;N0 "<,ALTMAN @& ,LA,GR[1 #AIIF1 ;P4 #A">4 ,"! IS / A DEBATE OV] ! MO/ SUITABLE L5G? ( CANE4 ,KI% >GUES T ADULTS B5EFIT F CANES T >E >.D *9 HEIE N ! SAME 444 DUE TO _! SMALL SIZE1 M1SUR+ B#BBE CANE L5G? TO ! ------------------------------------#BBF /]NUM MAY AF=D HALF ! REF]5C+ & PREVIEW CAPAC;Y Z = ADULTS0 "<,KI%1 #BJJI;B1 ;P4 #CJ">4 ,ALTMAN @& ,CUTT] "<#BJJD"> /ATE T 8PROPON5TS ( /RUCTUR$ 4COV]Y 2LIEVE T 444 A M* L;G] CANE " SUPPORTS ! 2LIEF T BL P C WALK AT A NORMAL WALK+ SPE$0 "<;P4 #HF">4 8,L;G] CANES (F] M-ADV.ED W>N+ ( 5VIRON;TAL HAZ>DS 2C !Y 3TACT 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES 2F A %ORT] CANE WD0 "<,RODG]S @& ,EM]SON1 #BJJE;A1 ;P4 #B">4 ,ALTMAN ADVOCATES = L;G] CANE L5G?S1 /AT+ 8! GRT] CANE L5G? ALL[S ! TRAVEL] TO WALK AT A NATURAL PACE & UTILIZES AN >M POSI;N T IS RELAX$ & CLOS] TO ! BODY 444 ! >EA SWEPT BY ! CANE %AFT IS 5L>G$0 "<,ALTMAN @& ,LA,GR[1 #AIIF1 ;P4 #A">4 ,ALTMAN SAYS A L;G] CANE ALL[S = A GRT] REAC;N "T & RESULTS 9 SMOO!R ADJU/;TS 9 SPE$ & DIREC;N = ! US] "<,ALTMAN @& ,LA,GR[1 #AIIF">1 AL? ! ELD]LY OR FRAIL MAY 2 M SUIT$ TO A M TRADI;NAL #BHG L5G? CANE4 A#BBF ,REC5T RESE>*1 9VE/IGAT+ ! RELA;N%IP 2T CANE L5G? & DETEC;N ( DROP-(FS1 3CLUD$ 8WE F.D NO SIGNIFICANT DI6];E 9 ! "PICIPANTS' DETEC;N ( DROP-(FS 2T ! /&>D-L5G? & ! EXT5D$-L5G? CANES0 "<,KIM @& ,EM]SON1 #BJAB1 ;P4 #E">4 ,^! RESULTS MAY 2 DUE ------------------------------------#BBG TO ! FACT T CANES US$ 9 ! EXP]I;T 7 N L;G 5 "<#AJ 9*ES"> OR T ! E6ECT IS ONLY NOTIC$ :5 ! US] IS DO+ TWO PO9T T\* R ?AN 3/ANT T\* "<3/ANT T\* 0 US$ 9 ! EXP]I;TS">4 ,ANO!R EXPLANA;N CD 2 T ! RESE>*]S US$ BLFOLD$ "PICIPANTS :O 7 SIS4 ,*N MAY NE$ A DI6]5T L5G? CANE 9 PROPOR;N TO _! HEIGU;T AG/ A L;G] L5G? CANE IS T 8A L;G CANE MAY H 4ADVANTAGES S* Z A GRT] PROP5S;Y TO TRIP P OR AN 9CR1SE 9 ! WEI4 ,H["E1 ? RESE>* 3CLUD$ T A#BBG 8CANE WALK]S %D USE A RELATIVELY L;G CANE0 "<;P4 #ECJ">4 ,! MA9 >GU;T AG/ A L;G] CANE MADE BY ,LA,GR[ "<,ALTMAN @& ,LA,GR[1 #AIIF"> MA9LY D1LS ) FOOT PLACE;T PREVIEW : HAS BE5 ADDRESS$ BY ! RESE>* ( ,B;G]S ET ;AL4 "<#BJJB"> & ,LA,GR[ ET ;AL4 "<#AIIG"> 4CUSS$ ABV4 ,Z A RESULT ( _! #BJJE RESE>*1 ,RODG]S & ,EM]SON "<#BJJE;A"> 3CLUD$1 8,IF A CANE IS EI TOO %ORT OR TOO L;G1 ! ABIL;Y TO LOCATE & NEGOTIATE ------------------------------------#BBH ! F1TURES ( ! 5VIRON;T T REQUIRE A *ANGE 9 WALK+ 2HAVIOR IS DIM9I%$0 "<;P4 #AA">4 ,^! L5G?S 7 F.D TO 2 #ABJ.0 M ?AN /]NUM L5G? OR #IE.0 LESS ?AN /]NUM L5G?4 ,"O ( ! LIMITA;NS ( ? RESE>* IS T SUBJECTS 7 FULLY-SI*4 ,? MAY 2 ESPECIALLY SIGNIFICANT IF1 Z ,WILL\E M SUIT$ TO A L;G] L5G? ( CANE "<#AIIH">4 ,! ONLY QUALITATIVE RESE>* T #BHI HAS BE5 3DUCT$ ON A L>GE SCALE ) A#BBH "PICIPANTS :O 7 BL ASK$ #IH EXP]I;ED CANE US]S = _! OP9IONS AB CANE L5G?4 ,=TY-"O "PICIPANTS /AT$ A PREF];E = A L;G] CANE & ELEV5 7 AG/ US+ A L;G] CANE4 ,^? :O PREF]R$ A %ORT] CANE SD ? 0 8BETT] = WALK+ 9 CR[DS & 9 BUILD+S40 ,! RESULTS 8SU7E/ T 9DIVIDUALS :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$ NE$ TO [N A V>IETY ( CANES1 9CLUD+ A H1VY-DUTY CANE1 AN 9DOOR CANE & A SPECIAL-O3A.N CANE0 "<,AMBROSE-,ZAK51 #BJJE1 ;P4 #AD">4 ,! ,,WAFTB MODEL HAS AL MADE MODIFICA;NS TO ! CANE TE*NIQUE XF4 ,:ILE PRES]V+ A PREF];E = 9-/EP & 9-RHY?M TE*NIQUE1 ,,WAFTB REG>DS ^! Z PREF];ES1 N REQUIRE;TS4 ,! KEY TO ! MODEL IS T ANY /UD5T'S CANE TE*NIQUE M/ ------------------------------------#BBI F/ 2 BAS$ 9 MOVE;T PATT]NS T >E NATURAL & RELAX$ = ! /UD5T4 ,A P]CEP;N-BAS$ APPROA* TO E>LY CANE TRA9+ APPE>S TO ACTIVATE SELF DIREC;N & IMAG+ :5 ! BRA9 IS MO/ RECEPTIVE & RESPONSIVE4 ,,WAFTB REG>DS ! L;G CANE1 N S M* Z A TOOL = PROB+ OR %IELD+1 A#BBI B M IMPORTANTLY Z AN 9TEGRAT$ EXT5.N ( P]CEP;N4 ,JACOBSON "<#AIIC"> /ATES T ! %AFT & TIP ( ! CANE 2COME AN EXT5.N ( ! US]'S H&S & F+]S L AN EXT5.N TO \R [N TACTILE SY/EM4 8,! TRADI;NAL :ITE CANE IS P]H ! SIMPLE/ EXAMPLE ( A VISUAL S5SORY SUB/ITU;N DEVICE2 9=MA;N AB 4TANT OBJECTS T CD H BE5 PROVID$ VISUALLY IS 9/1D COLLECT$ BY ! TACTILE RECEPTORS ( ! H&0 "<,JOHNSON @& ,HI79S1 #BJJF1 ;P4 #FBH">4 ,AN E6ECTIVE CANE US] W USE ! CANE TO A3ESS 9=MA;N NATURALLY "? 8 H& & >M TO ALL[ AN UNCONSCI\S FL[ ( MOVE;T )\T A 3SCI\S NE$ TO DRAW ^U OR APPLY A MATRIX ( SKILLS OR TE*NIQUES4 ,9T]PRET+ 9=MA;N GA!R$ BY ! CANE 2COMES UNCONSCI\S ONCE ! NATURAL /RATEGIES = CANE USE H BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM4 ,9DIVIDUALS :O >E VISUALLY IMPAIR$ H>DLY ?9K AB US+ _! H&S TO R1D BRL OR PUT ON _! CLO!S2 LIKEWISE1 ! CANE %D 9TEGRATE S1M.SLY 9TO ! P]CEPTUAL PROCESS Z A DELICATELY S5SITIVE 9/RU;T ( P]CEP;N4 #BIA ,TODDL]S :O >E BL C LE>N TO USE #BCJ A CANE TO GET >.D SAFELY & E6ICI5TLY ) SELF DIREC;N )\T NE$ = 3/ANT GUID.E OR 5VIRON;TAL MODIFICA;NS4 ,,WAFTB /AFF HAS TAU5TS TO T1* X TO _! *N4 ,P$IATRIC ,MOBIL;Y ,SPECIALI/S F ! ,S5SORY ,3SORTIUM 9 ,R1D+1 ,5GL& %>E _! EXP]I;ES CANE TRA9+ ) V "Y *N AF A S]IES ( "W%OPS PRES5T$ BY ,DANIEL1 8,= U X 2CAME APP>5T T _M ( \R TODDL]S 7 LATE 9 WALK+1 ALM FE>;L ( _! 5VIRON;T & :ILE !Y WD WALK HOLD+ A H& OR PU%+ A TOY1 9DEP5D5T WALK+ & EXPLOR+ 0 "S:AT DELAY$4 ,^! PUPILS >E US+ CANES E6ECTIVELY TO EXPLORE UNFAMILI> >1S4 ,"W+ ) ,H]T=D%IRE P>5TS )9 ! HOME1 PRES*OOL SETT+ & \R ,,DOVES PRES*OOL GR\PS HAS 5ABL$ U TO DEMON/RATE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES & ! IMPORT.E ( DEVELOP+ BAL.E & CO-ORD9A;N4 ,P>5TS H AL BE5 ABLE TO SEE H[ M* M A "Y * C LE>N AB _! 5VIRON;T BY US+ A L;G CANE & H[ XS USE 5H.ES GD PO/URE1 GAIT & 9DEP5D;E4444 ,_M ( \R E>LY CANE US]S >E N[ AT S*OOL4 ,EVID;E WD SU7E/ T ^! PUPILS >E US+ _! CANE E6ECTIVELY TO EXPLORE UNFAMILI> A#BCJ >1S 9DEP5D5TLY1 DETECT OB/ACLES & 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES1 & DEVELOP ------------------------------------#BCA _! PROBLEM SOLV+ SKILLS & MOVE SAFELY AM;G/ _! PE]S0 "<,HUNT] @& ,M>%ALL1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #CI">4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,AU/RALIA 8,O@&,M TRA9+ COMM;ES Z SOON Z ! * IS WALK+0 "<,SCOTT1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #GJ">4 8,Z SOON Z ! * IS ABLE TO BAL.E & MOVE 9DEP5D5TLY !N ! L;G CANE IS 9TRODUC$0 "<,SCOTT1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #GA">4 ,,WAFTB ADVOCATES 9TRODUC+ ! CANE EV5 Z "Y Z E>LY 9FANCY1 Z EV5 2F AMBULA;N O3URS1 ! CANE C 2COME AN EXT5.N ( R1*1 & "!=E HELP TO CATALYZE SPATIAL AW>E;S4 ,9FANTS AT OR 2F ! CRAWL+ /AGE C LE>N TO USE ! CANE Z A SPATIAL PROBE1 : 9 TURN C MOTIVATE GRT] MOVE;T & 9T]E/ 9 SELF-DIRECT$ 4COV]Y4 ,! GRASP+ REFLEX ( 9FANTS IS 9EVITABLE1 & C 2 CAPITALIZ$ ^U = E6ECTIVE CANE USE EV5 AT EXTREMELY E>LY AGES4 ,DANIEL HAS AL OBS]V$ T ! FULL L5G? CANE1 US$ Z A P]CEPTUAL EXT5.N Z DESCRIB$ ABV1 APPE>S TO PROVIDE #BIC ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM ) A ?IRD PO9T A#BCA ( REF];E T SEEMS TO IMPROVE BAL.E1 EV5 = TODDL]S J LE>N+ TO WALK4 ,J Z VI.N SUPPLE;TS ! VE/IBUL> SY/EM TO E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 BAL.E1 S ! CANE SEEMS TO PROVIDE SIMIL> 9PUT TO SIMIL> E6ECT4 ,Z ,P$IATRIC1 ,NEURAL-OPH?ALMOLOGI/ ,GORDON ,DUTTON EXPLA9S1 8,BAL.E IS BR"\ AB BY A COMB9A;N ------------------------------------#BCB ( FACTORS4 ,! GRAVITA;NAL RECEPTORS 9 ! 9N] E> G5]ATE ! BRA9 S]VO-ME*ANISMS = ! 9TEGRAT$ H>MONI\S ORGANIZA;N ( ! EXQUISITELY CALIBRAT$ BODY MOVE;TS T MA9TA9 BAL.E4 ,? IS CALL$ ! LABYR9?9E SY/EM4 ,9 TYPICAL 9DIVIDUALS1 A TRIAD ( 9TR9SIC BAL.E1 SIY ME*ANISMS ( 9TR9SIC ,8LABYR9?9E,0 BAL.E1 SUPPLE;T$ BY LILY /AGE 9 DEVELOP;T1 & ! SIT-W>M+0 "<,P]SONAL ,COMMUNICA;N1 #BJAE">4 ,? SAME E6ECT ON BAL.E BY ! FULL L5G? CANE HAS AL BE5 NOTIC$ ) _M /UD5TS :O >E BL :O EXHIBIT DI6ICULTY ) BAL.E = O!R R1SONS,-AGE1 NEUROLOGICAL1 OR OR?OP$IC4 "<,SEE ------------------------------------#BCC ,JEKA1 ,EA/ON1 ,B5TZ51 @& ,LACKN]1 #AIIF = A M DETAIL$ 4CUS.N ( ! E6ECT ( ^! TACTILE-HAPTIC ME*ANISMS ON PO/URAL 3TROL & BAL.E">4 ,! 9H]5T DI6ICULTIES H CAUS$ _M TO DECIDE PREMATURELY T E>LY CANE TRA9+ IS IMPOSSIBLE OR 9ADVISABLE1 & 3SEQU5TLY X (T5 ISN'T D"O4 ,AL? "S 9/RUCTORS H RAIS$ 3C]NS T E>LY CANE TRA9+ MAY 9DUCE #BIE PO/URAL ABNORMALITIES OR CAUSE A#BCC /RESS TO ! *'S >M OR %\LD]1 ? IS N "KN TO H BE5 DOCU;T$ ANY":4 ,A DI6]5T APPROA* CD 2 KEY4 ,3SID] ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLES4 8,H>MONY GOT H] F/ CANE :5 %E 0 ?REE YE>S OLD & F ! MO;T %E F/ US$ X1 WE KNEW T ? _H BE5 "S?+ MISS+ 9 H] LIFE & H] MOBIL;Y & 2HAVIOR 9/ANTLY IMPROV$0 "<,LOCKWOOD1 #BJJH1 ;P4 #DA">4 ,! CANE USAGE ( A TODDL] MAY N LOOK PRETTY1 B X QKLY 2COMES E6ECTIVE :5 PROP]LY SUPPORT$4 ,D N WORRY AB 8BAD CANE HABITS0 ANY M ?AN 8BAD VI.N HABITS40 ,9/1D G5TLY SUPPORT REF9E;T ( CANE USE1 J Z Y WD VI.N1 RECOGNIZ+ T ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM />TS IMP]FECTLY = "EY"O1 & DEVELOPS OV] "T4 ------------------------------------#BCD ,A P>5T ( A F\R-YE>-OLD SAYS3 8,I H ALW F.D T ! BE/ ADVICE COMES F O!R P>5TS1 ! P :O LIVE X1 & N ! P :O D X = A LIV+4 ,ALL ! P>5TS :O _H *N US+ L;G CANES E>LY 7 V POSITIVE AB ! DI6];E X _H MADE TO _! LIVES4 ,WE 7 EXP]I5C+ R1L 2HAVIOR A#BCD PROBLEMS ) ,JAMIE \TSIDE ! H\SE Z HE WANT$ "S 9DEP5D;E4 ,HE KNEW 8 SIBL+S 7 RUNN+ AH1D & HE WANT$ TO D ! SAME B WE CDN'T = 8 [N SAFETY4 ,HE AL DID N WANT TO HOLD MY H& S WE 3TACT$ ,DANIEL ,KI% & 7 LUCKY TO GET ! *.E TO "W ) HM4 ,X 0 V H>D EMO;NALLY Z ,DANIEL IMMLY ASK$ ME TO LET G ( ,JAMIE'S H& & LET HM WALK 9DEP5D5TLY ) 8 CANE AL;G ! 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TIP4 ,Z "O MOM RELATES3 ,F #AE MON?S OLD ,3NIE 0 ABLE TO /& ON H] [N1 %E NAVIGAT$ H] 5VIRON;T BY CRAWL+ & CRUIS+4 ,ONLY :5 "! 0 AN OPPORTUN;Y = H] TO WALK 2T TWO P AT HOME ) A CLE> PA? WD %E TAKE "S /EPS UNAID$1 %E REMA9$ AT ? SAME /AGE = ALM #D MON?S4 ,%E CLE>LY _H ! PHYSICAL SKILLS TO WALK UNAID$1 B LACK$ ! 3FID;E TO D S4 ,:5 WE MET ) ,DANIEL1 ,3NIE 0 #AI MON?S OLD4 ,HE SU7E/$ T WE 9TRODUCE H] TO A L;G CANE4 ,"! & !N,-8,LET H] G = X10 HE SD4 ------------------------------------#BCF ,S WE DID4 ,T "D WE US$ AN ADULT L5G? CANE "<,DANIEL'S6"> ) MYF A#BCF SUPPORT+ ! CANE F 2H HOLD+ ! H&LE & ,3NIE HOLD+ HALF WAY D[N ! L;G CANE4 ,3NIE IMMLY TOOK ! 9ITIATIVE TO WALK =W>DS :ILE HOLD+ ! CANE1 & %E MOV$ X SIDE TO SIDE Z 9/RUCT$4 ,WE SAW T US+ ! CANE 9 ? WAY1 ,3NIE HELD H] H1D UP & WALK$ ON H] [N L;G] ?AN WE'D "E SE5 H] D S4 ,AT "O PO9T :5 ! TIP ( ! CANE DROPP$ (F ! $GE ( A /EP1 ,3NIE 0 CLE>LY HE>D BY S"EAL ( U TO SAY1 8,/EP40 ,? MO;T 0 TRULY AMAZ+4 ,TO SEE H] 3FID5TLY WALK & "U/& ! USE ( ! CANE 9 S* A %ORT "T AT #AI MON?S OLD 0 :5 WE R1LIZ$ ! POT5TIAL ? TOOL HELD = H]4 ,%E 3T9U$ TO WALK >.D ! P>K ) H] H1D UP LOOK+ =W>DS & %E 0 5JOY+ H]F IMM5SELY4 ,:5 ! "T CAME TO H& BACK ! CANE,-X TOOK "S P]SUAD+6 ,WE DIDN'T HESITATE 9 PUR*AS+ AN ADULT L5G? CANE = ,3NIE1 ONCE X >RIV$ )9 A WEEK ( HAV+ X %E 0 WALK+ "EY": ) 3FID;E US+ ! L;G CANE4 ,WE !N PROGRESS$ ONTO A L;G CANE T 0 = ,3NIE TO USE AL"O & WE HAV5'T #BII REGRETT$ X "<,A T\* ( ! ,P]KS1 B#BCF #BJAE">4 ------------------------------------#BCG ,9 T1*+ A /UD5T TO MOVE 8 CANE SIDE TO SIDE "<9 TWO PO9T T\* TE*NIQUE"> R ?AN J PU%+ X 9 FRONT "<9 DIAGONAL CANE TE*NIQUE">1 "S /UD5TS MAY F9D IMM B5EFIT :5 ! TE*NIQUE IS DEMON/RAT$ S !Y C HE> X4 ,? MAY RESULT 9 GROSSLY EXA7]AT$ REPLICA;N AT F/1 B ! M !Y HE> X 9 ! 3TEXT ( ACTUAL MOVE;T1 ! M REF9$ ! TE*NIQUE MAY 2COME )\T "E EV5 HAV+ TO T\* ! /UD5T4 ,DEVELOP;T ( ? TE*NIQUE MAY 2 5C\RAG$ & SUPPORT$ = "Y /UD5TS BY KEY V]BAL EXPRES.NS L1 8! 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OLD] BOYS US$ REGUL>LY4 ,_! RESPONSE TO LE>N+ AB ,LUCAS' 9T]E/ 9 ! ,,WII WAS1 8,WE J ASSUM$ \R SON WDN'T GET ANY?+ \ ( X40 ,FAMILY MEMB]S :O >E BL >E AL (T5 RELEGAT$ TO RECIPI5T ROLES1 3DI;N$ TO WAIT UNTIL ?+S >E BR"\ TO !M OR MANAG$ >.D !M4 ,"S P :O >E BL (T5 REFUSE TO R1* \ TO T\* OR EXPLORE ?+S UN.S ! ITEM A#BEH IS PLAC$ 9TO _! H&S1 OR _! H&S >E 8PUPPET$0 TO ! ITEM4 ,MOREOV]1 _M FAMILY MEMB]S :O >E BL >E TR1T$ OR REG>D$ 9 A MANN] DI6]5T F _! SIBL+S OR PE]S1 "!BY SETT+ !M A"P4 ,!Y >E ALL[$ TO 8SLIDE10 >E 4CIPL9$ DI6]5TLY OR N AT ALL1 OR >E GIV5 SPECIAL ALL[.ES4 ,? ------------------------------------#BEI TYPICALLY 5G5D]S RES5T;T AM;G PE]S & SIBL+S & E/RANGES !M F ! * :O IS BL4 ,"S"TS *N :O >E BL >E MISP]CVD Z M VULN]ABLE1 M DELICATE1 OR LESS CAPABLE ( MANAG+ !MVS 9 ! FACE ( A MISHAP4 ,:5 A * :O IS BL GETS HURT1 FALLS D[N1 RUNS 9TO "S?+1 OR J SU6]S A COMMON MISHAP DUR+ CASUAL PLAY ) O!R *N1 P T5D TO 2COME M UPSET ?AN !Y WD IF ! * _H BE5 SID %D 2 SET = HM1 & T HE _C OR M/ N 2 EXPECT$ TO "PICIPATE Z AN EQUAL ) 8 PE]S ON 8 [N M]ITS4 ,? C RESULT 9 A SELF-3CEPT ( SUB/&>D WOR?1 C\PL$ ) A HIE BL 2COME TRUE Z A SELF-FULFILL+ PROPHECY :5 A * IS 3DI;N$ ACLY1 B N"O ( ^! ?+S NE$ 2 TRUE = A * :O IS BL :O IS PREP>$ & EXPECT$ TO 2 ROBU/ & PROACTIVE4 ,,WAFTB 5C\RAGES ACTIVE 5GAGE;T ( PE]-BAS$ SUPPORT ": NE$$ OR DESIR$4 ,SOCIAL 5GAGE;T ------------------------------------#BFJ MAY AT "TS 2 A CRUCIAL COMPON5T ( 9T]AC;N ) ! PHYSICAL 5VIRON;T = A P]SON :O IS BL4 ,N ONLY DOES SOCIAL 5GAGE;T (T5 MOTIVATE 9T]AC;N ) ! PHYSICAL 5VIRON;T1 SOCIAL 5GAGE;T IS (T5 FACILITAT$ BY 9T]AC;N ) ! PHYSICAL 5VIRON;T "? RECR1;N & O!R 9T]ACTIVE ACTIVITIES4 ,ASSI/.E C 2 MUTUALLY 5GAG$ TO HELP BR+ ! P]SON :O IS BL 9TO SYNC ) ! SI+ ( VI.N4 ,9 ESS;E1 A "PN] :O IS SIE HI1 OR POT5TIALLY HAZ>D\S4 ,"PN]%IP ) 9DIVIDUALS :O >E SIE BL & SIE;S ( H[ P MOVE & H[ P EXPRESS !MVS PHYSICALLY4 ,?US1 PHYSICAL 3TACT ) PE]S :O >E SIE BL COME 9TO SYNC ) PHYSICAL1 NONV]BAL =MS ( SOCIAL #CBG EXPRES.N4 A#BFA ,UN=TUNATELY1 X IS V EASY = ! "PN] TO TAKE OV] 9 S* A "PN]%IP4 ,:5 ? HAPP5S1 /UD5TS :O >E "Y OR NEWLY BL MAY 2 PLAC$ 9 PASSIVE RECIPI5T ROLES4 ,! M A /UD5T IS CALL$ ^U TO 2 RESPONSIBLE = DET]M9+ 8 [N AC;NS1 ! M HE W DEVELOP & APPLY ALL >1S ( SELF DIREC;N T[>D A*IEVE;T4 ,? IS TRUE EV5 9SOF> Z DET]M9+ :O HE WI%ES TO "PN] )1 "U :AT CIRCUM/.ES1 & BY :AT ME?OD4 ,= ? SOCIAL EX*ANGE TO "W 9 A MUTUAL MANN]1 X IS IMP]ATIVE T ! P]SON :O IS BL FACILITATES ! SOCIAL 9T]AC;N S T HE W H ! SOCIAL ADVANTAGE4 ,J Z A P]SON :O IS SID A H1L?Y1 EQUITABLE1 & MUTUALLY B5EFICIAL 9T]AC;N4 ,ADULTS %D N HOV] OV] *N :O >E BL = S"EAL R1SONS4 ,DO+ S CR1TES AN EXPECTA;N ( DEP5D5CY ON ADULTS T 2COMES DEEPLY ROOT$ & IS DI6ICULT TO BR1K4 ,X A#BFB AL 9T]F]ES ) DEVELOP;T ( PE] RELA;N%IPS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A HI< S*OOL /UD5T :O IS BL MAY H DI6ICULTY GETT+ TO "S ( 8 CLASSES ON 8 [N1 ESPECIALLY :5 HE 2G9S A NEW SEME/] & HAS A NEW S*$ULE4 ,HE MAY DECIDE T HE C GET TO "S CLASSES ON 8 [N1 T HE C GET TO "S CLASSES "PLY ON 8 [N1 & T HE C GET TO O!R CLASSES N AT ALL4 ,P]H HE NE$S HELP GETT+ "? ! LUN* L9E & F9D+ A TABLE4 ,HE %D 2 SUPPORT$ 9 GA9+ ! ASSI/.E HE MAY NE$1 = Z L;G Z HE NE$S X1 F 8 PE]S & CLASSMATES R ?AN HAV+ X IMPOS$ ON HM BY ADULTS4 ,? IS D"O BY %>+ & FACILITAT+1 N USURP+ ! LE>N]'S EXP]I;E4 ,SIE BL >E ON ! >M ( AN ADULT #CBI MO/ ( ! "T & LOOK TO ! ADULT = A#BFC ALL ! ANSW]S4 ,9 ? PASSIVE MODE1 A P]SON MAY 2COME 9CAPABLE ( LE>N+ N ONLY TO MANAGE HMF PHYSICALLY1 B AL TO MANAGE HMF SOCIALLY ) PE]S4 ,H["E1 IF ASSI/.E IS 5GAG$ 9 A MANN] ( EQUITABLE EX*ANGE1 ! P]SON :O IS BL 2COMES AN ACTIVE "PICIPANT 9 & 3TRIBUTOR TO ! PROCESS4 ,9 ? WAY1 A P]SON :O IS BL MAY 5GAGE ALL ! ASSI/.E HE NE$S TO "PICIPATE 9 E ACTIV;Y ( 9T]E/1 :ILE / MA9TA9+ P]SONAL DIGN;Y & REMA9+ SELF-DIRECT$4 ,,WAFTB HAS M* LESS 3C]N AB *N :O >E BL ACTIVELY 5GAG+ ASSI/.E F _! PE]S ?AN X DOES ) ADULTS S]V+ Z C>EGIV]S4 ,! =M] C ACTUALLY HELP TO DEVELOP A /UD5T'S AUTONOMY "? ACTIVE SOCIAL 5GAGE;T1 ":AS ! LATT] ALM 9V>IABLY COMPROMISES A /UD5T'S AUTONOMY4 ,9 ? 3TEXT1 5C\RAGE YR /UD5TS TO D :AT"E !Y C = !MVS4 ,:5 !Y MAY NE$ HELP OR SUPPORT1 5C\RAGE !M TO TAKE *>GE ( T PROCESS R ?AN 2+ SUBS]VI5T OR PASSIVE 9 ! PROCESS4 ,TRY TO 4C\RAGE ADULT AIDES OR C>E "W]S F FOLL[+ *N >.D TO BABYSIT & SUP]VISE E MOVE1 A SITUA;N T O3URS ALL TOO FREQU5TLY4 ,! 3CEPT CD 2 B#BFC USE;L1 B ! ------------------------------------#BFD IMPLE;TA;N IS 4A/R\S4 ,ADULT SUPPORT "W]S >E MO/ E6ECTIVE AT FO/]+ AUTONOMY :5 !Y >E TRANSP>5T TO BO? ! /UD5T & 8 OR H] PE]S4 ,!Y %D 2 REG>D$ Z A CLASSROOM ASSI/ANT1 N LL ,JIMMY'S ASSI/ANT2 & !Y %D REMA9 WELL BACK & WELL \ ( R1*4 ,\R 4CUS.N AB ACTIVELY TAK+ *>GE ( "O'S NET"W ( SUPPORT IS A CRITICAL "O 2C _M P :O >E BL >E TAUGELY REG>D$ T5DS TO RELEGATE ! P]SON :O IS BL TO ! ROLE ( PASSIVE RECIPI5T R ?AN AN ACTIVE "PICIPANT OR 3TRIBUTOR TO ! PROCESS ( MOVE;T4 ,AL? "S 9/RUCTORS W ESP\SE ! IDEA T ! "PN] :O IS BL HAS AN IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY1 ! R1L;Y IS T ! 8"PN]0 IS ALL TOO (T5 TOLD :O IS GO+ TO ASSI/ HM1 :5 ? ASSI/.E W O3UR1 ": X W HAPP51 "U :AT CIRCUM/.ES X W HAPP51 & EV5 H[ ! ASSI/.E W 2 R5D]$,-& ! #CCA RECIPI5T IS EXPECT$ TO REMA9 A#BFD QUIETLY COMPLIANT & EV5 GRATE;L6 ,P]SONAL *OICE & DIGN;Y H BE5 METICUL\SLY REMOV$ F ! PROCESS4 ,5=C$ OR RESIGN$ PASSIV;Y ]ODES ! PROCESS ( SELF-DIREC;N M ?AN ! ACT ( GUID+ XF4 ------------------------------------#BFE ,,WAFTB F9DS T :5 P :O >E BL ASSUME & MA9TA9 ACTIVE MANAGE;T OV] :O IS ASSI/+1 H[ ! ASSI/.E W 2 R5D]$1 :5 & TO ":1 & :E!R OR N !Y WANT ! ASSI/.E AT ALL,-!N ! PROCESS ( SELF-DIREC;N1 FRE$OM1 & AUTONOMY C 2 PRES]V$ & 5H.ED4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 "S"TS SITUA;NS G TOO F> 9 ! O!R DIREC;N4 ,IF A /UD5T :O IS BL IS EXPECT$ TO D "EY?+ ON 8 [N & IF PE]S >E ADMONI%$ N TO HELP HM & EV5 TO KEEP AWAY F HM S T HE C LE>N TO MANAGE BY HMF1 A DI6]5T K9D ( ISOLA;N C RESULT4 ,9 ? CASE1 ! /UD5T N"E Q DEVELOPS ! MOVE;T SKILLS TO KEEP UP ) 8 PE]S1 B AL N"E Q DEVELOPS ! SOCIAL ":)AL TO G>N] ! SU/A9$ 9T]E/ ( 8 PE]S TO SUPPORT 8 9CLU.N 9 PE] ACTIVITIES4 ,! 3T9U\S USE ( HUMAN GUIDE W EV5TUALLY DEGRADE ! POT5CY ( ! A#BFE P]CEPTUAL NAVIGA;N SY/EM4 ,"! IS NO GETT+ >.D T4 ,"!=E1 EA* P]SON M/ /RIKE ! BAL.E T MAKES ! MO/ S5SE TO HM 9 EA* SITUA;N4 ,AL? ! 3T9U\S USE ( HUMAN GUIDE IS V PROBLEMATIC1 ! USE ( A HUMAN GUIDE 9 & ( XF C 5H.E R ?AN DIM9I% "O'S FRE$OM :5 X IS 5GAG$ 9 AN ACTIVE MANN]4 ------------------------------------#BFF ,_M *N :O >E BL LIVE 9 _! H1DS & ACT 9 WAYS T >E \ ( T\* ) OR \ ( PROPOR;N TO :AT IS GO+ ON >.D !M4 ,*N :O >E BL P]=M ^! 9APPROPRIATE AC;NS (T5 2C !Y >E KEPT A"P F OR N 5GAG$ 9 ! SAME FL[ ( SOCIAL 9T]AC;NS 5JOY$ BY *N :O >E SIE BL C'T AL 2 AUTI/IC4 ,H["E1 ! AU?ORS >E C>E;L N TO MAKE ! ASSUMP;N T AUTI/IC-L 2HAVIORS %D ONLY 2 ATTRIBUT$ TO BL;S \ ( ! EXPECTA;NS T BL;S W #CCC IMPAIR DEVELOP;T4 ,! ASSUMP;N ( A#BFF NON-AUTISM 9 A * :O IS BL :O MAY1 9DE$1 2 ON ! AUTI/IC SPECTRUM C 2 Z DAMAG+ Z ! MISPLAC$ DIAGNOSIS ( AUTISM4 ,N"O!.S1 "! >E _M SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS ( ISOLA;N & DI6]5TIAL TR1T;T T C 3TRIBUTE TO AN AUTI/IC-L PRES5TA;N 9 _M /UD5TS :O >E BL4 ,RESPONSIBIL;Y & A3.TABIL;Y >E EXCELL5T WAYS TO DRAW /UD5TS \ ( _! H1DS & IDIOSYNCRATIC /YLE ( 2HAVIOR & 9TO M SOCIALLY ADAPTIVE & NORMATIVE MODES ( 9T]ACTIVE FUNC;N+4 ,:5 *N >E 3TRIBUT+ 9 AN AGE-APPROPRIATE WAY ------------------------------------#BFG TO ! FAMILY1 !Y >E REGUL>LY PRES5T$ ) ! OPPORTUN;Y TO LE>N H[ TO 5GAGE ! COMMUN;Y 9 A M MUTUALLY 3TRIBUTORY MANN]4 ,DANIEL'S MUM1 ,PAULETTE ,KI% SD1 8,WE M/ HELP P>5TS TO />T T1*+ 9T]DEP5D;E )9 ! FAMILY UNIT E>LY 9 LIFE4 ,BY ! AGE ( TWO A * C HELP PUT _! TOYS AWAY4 ,BY ?REE !Y C LE>N TO HELP FOLD "S CLO!S4444 "<,AT AGE #C @& #A_/#B ,DANIEL CD HELP ME FOLD ,KEI?'S DIAP]S4"> ,BY A#BFG F\R !Y C SET ! TABLE1 PUT _! [N CLO!S AWAY & HELP FE$ ! PETS4 ,BY FIVE !Y C MAKE _! [N B$S1 P\R _! [N C]1L & MILK1 & MAKE A S&WI*0 "<,KI%1 #BJJJ">4 ,? APPROA* QKLY HELPS ! /UD5T TO 2COME M GR.D$ & 3NECT$ TO ! EXT]NAL 5VIRON;T4 8,IN ORD] TO MAKE M1N+ ( NEW 9=MA;N1 ! BRA9 W 3NECT NEW EXP]I;ES TO PREVI\S "OS1 ACTIVAT+ 3SCI\S;S4 ,ASSI/+ /UD5TS 9 3NECT+ LE>N+ EXP]I;ES TO _! P]SONAL LIVES HELPS !M LE>N 9 WAYS T >E RELEVANT0 "4 ,3V5;NAL =MS ( SOCIAL 5GAGE;T1 9CLUD+ HOLD+ A C>E]1 _C HAPP5 )\T AN "U/&+ ( & APPRECIA;N = ACTIVE1 MUTUAL 3TRIBU;N4 ------------------------------------#BFH ,NORMATIVE SOCIAL 5GAGE;TS >E CRITICAL TO SOCIAL DEVELOP;T4 ,RESPONSIBILITIES HELD 9 ! FAMILY PREP>E A * TO TAKE ON RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! COMMUN;Y4 ,BY 9VOLV+ ! * :O IS BL 9 ALL ASPECTS ( FAMILY FUNC;N+ Z AN EQUAL & N A SUB-EQUAL1 ! ROLE ( PASSIVE #CCE RECIPI5T IS TRANS=M$ 9TO A ROLE A#BFH ( ACTIVE 3TRIBUTOR & "PICIPANT 9 ! FAMILY Z WELL Z 9 ! COMMUN;Y AT L>GE4 ,F9ALLY1 *N :O >E BL M/ 2 5C\RAG$ TO 5GAGE O!RS SOCIALLY 9 ! SAME MANN] T SIN F AN E>LY AGE T !Y M/ DIRECT _! ATT5;N TO 5GAGE O!RS' ATT5;N4 ,IF ! * DOES N D ! "W ( GIV+ ATT5;N1 O!RS' ATT5;N IS N GIV5 FULLY TO ! *4 ,9 WE/]N CULTURE1 ? USUALLY M1NS T ! * M/ MAKE & MA9TA9 EYE 3TACT & COMMUNICATE ) ATT5TIVE BODY LANGUAGE4 ,*N :O >E BL >E (T5 ALL[$ TO SLIDE ON ? PO9T 2C X IS ASSUM$ T !Y _C OBS]VE ! WAY T O!RS DIRECT _! ATT5;N & 2C O!RS ASSUME T *N D N NE$ TO MAKE EYE 3TACT IF !Y _C SEE4 ,ON "O O3A.N :ILE DELIV]+ A PRES5TA;N TO A T1M ( PR(ES.NALS 9 ,G]_M1 "O PR(ES.NAL 9SI/$1 8B \R /UD5TS >E BL4 ,!Y _C OBS]VE40 ,:ILE ? COM;T DID PROVOKE C.T] >GU;T F O!R PR(ES.NALS 9 ATT5D.E1 X ------------------------------------#BFI DOES N"O!.S REFLECT A / COMMON MISCONCEP;N AB P :O >E BL HELD AM;G PR(ES.NALS EV5 9 ! #BAST C5TURY4 A#BFI ,? ]RONE\S 2LIEF MAY N PREP>E *N :O >E BL = R1LI/IC & E6ECTIVE 9T]AC;N ) ! G5]AL PUBLIC \TSIDE ! FAMILY4 ,9 FACT P :O >E BL C & M/ MA9TA9 A 3SI/5T LEVEL ( SITUA;NAL AW>E;S & NE$ TO MEET ! PUBLIC M ?AN HALF WAY TO 2 GIV5 SUITABLE ATT5;N4 ,WE D !M NO FAVORS BY FAIL+ TO HOLD !M A3.TABLE = DIRECT+ _! ATT5;N TO O!RS4 ,A SIMPLE WAY TO D ? IS N TO ALL[ YR ATT5;N TO 2 5GAG$ UN.S & UNTIL ! * :O IS BL DOES ! "W ( DIRECT+ 8 ATT5;N TO Y4 ,! * M/ H 8 H1D UP1 8 FACE TURN$ T[>D Y1 & 8 BODY POIS$ & ]ECT4 ,HE M/ HOLD 8 BODY / & /OP ANY UNNEC MOVE;T HE MAY H BE5 MAK+4 ,HE M/ H 8 H&S \ ( 8 EYES & M/ LOOK 9T]E/$4 ,? NONV]BAL 9DICA;N ( ATT5;N & 9T]E/ C 2 EXPLA9$ & TAU Y ) YR H1D D[N L T4 ,I C HE> Y BETT] :5 Y LOOK AT ME40 _4 8,I'M SORRY4 ,:AT DID Y J SAY8 ,I CDN'T HE> Y V WELL 2C Y W]5'T LOOK+ AT ME40 _4 8,I DON'T "K :O Y'RE TALK+ TO A#BGJ :5 YR H&S >E 9 YR FACE L T4 ,AH1 :AT B1UTI;L EYES6 ,I LOVE TO SEE YR EYES :5 Y ------------------------------------#BGA TALK TO ME4 ,?ANK Y = %[+ ME YR EYES4 ,N[1 :AT 7 Y SAY+80 _4 8,I R1LLY L YR VOICE1 B ,I C'T HE> X :5 X ISN'T PO9T$ AT ME40 ,? 4CUS.N ( SOCIAL 5GAGE;T ISN'T J RELEVANT TO *N :O >E BL4 ,ADULT /UD5TS MAY N H LE>NT ! LESSONS ( SOCIAL 5GAGE;T Z *N4 ,Z ADULTS1 !Y MAY H M DI6ICULTY 5GAG+ _! PE]S OR MEMB]S ( ! PUBLIC4 ,? C H F> R1*+ 3SEQU;ES = EMPLOY;T1 E/ABLI%+ RELA;N%IPS1 OR J GETT+ "S"O'S ATT5;N AT A CU/OM] S]VICE C.T]4 ,KI% _H ? EXACT 4CUS.N ONCE ) "O ( 8 /UD5TS :O _H G"O "? EXT5SIVE MOBIL;Y TRA9+1 B :O / KEPT 8 GAZE /RAID T[>D P :5 ADDRESS+ !M4 ,A ,F9AL ,NOTE ,! PREPOND].E ( LIT]ATURE T5DS TO FOCUS ON ! DEVELOP;TAL DI6];ES 2T *N :O >E BL & *N :O >E SIE BL & ^? :O >E SI$ TO ! SIE HI+1 T\*1 OR V]BAL MEMORY">1 !Y >E (T5 EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( A A#BGB P]SPECTIVE ( COMP5SA;N "1S BY WAY ( COMP5SA;N = ! *ALL5GES T BL P FACE 9 S _M O!R >1S40">4 ,! ABS;E ( VI.N DOES PRES5T SIGNIFICANT *ALL5GES1 & ^! *ALL5GES D IMPACT DEVELOP;T1 FUNC;N1 & M5TAL PROCESS+1 AL? "S ( ! BE/-3TROLL$1 L;G T]M /UDIES %[ LESS 4T9C;N 2T P]SONS :O >E BL & SI*4 ,X MAY ------------------------------------#BGC 2 M PRODUCTIVE & 3/RUCTIVE TO 3C5TRATE ATT5;N ON ! SIMIL>ITIES T "ULIE DEVELOP;T & FUNC;NAL CAPAC;Y = ALL P4 ,9 ? *APT]1 ! FOLL[+ FUNDA;TAL PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN DEVELOP;T1 : APPLY EQUALLY TO P]SONS ) & )\T VI.N1 H BE5 4CUSS$3 _4 ,! ?IR/ = FRE$OM2 _4 ,USE X OR LOSE X2 _4 ,LE>N+ DRIV5 BY NE$2 _4 ,:AT GOES 9TO DEVELOP;T DIRECTLY A6ECTS ! PRODUCT2 #CDA _4 ,P]CEP;N-BAS$ LE>N+ IS MO/ A#BGC NATURAL & E6ECTIVE2 & _4 ,P]SON-C5T]$ RELA;N%IP ) ! 5VIRON;T PROMOTES ! MO/ E6ECTIVE LE>N+4 ,^! PR9CIPLES >E ! V BUILD+ BLOCKS ( DEVELOP;T & LE>N+1 & !Y IMPACT DEVELOP;T 9 A SIMIL> MANN] = BO? P]SONS :O >E BL & P]SONS :O >E SIE & :AT WE D4 ,! NEXT *APT] EXPLA9S H[ TO T1* ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS 9CLUD+ H[ TO G5]ATE ! MO/ E6ECTIVE T;GUE CLICK4 ,*APT] #D ,- #BGE ,H[ D ,I ,T1* ,FLA%,SON> TO ,MYF & ,O!RS8 ,? *APT] IS AB H[ TO T1* ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS4 ,X 9CLUDES 9=MA;N AB H[ TO G5]ATE & USE ! T;GUE CLICK4 ,FLA%,SON>3 ,A ,PR9CIPAL ,TRAVEL ,ME?OD ,:5 ,DANIEL ,KI% & 8 T1M 7 3DUCT+ ,E*OLOCA;N "W%OPS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 A WD-BE "W%OP "PICIPANT :O 0 BL ASK$ ! T1M AB _! H1VY USE ( ,FLA%,SON> & _! CLAIMS AB XS E6ECTIVE;S4 ,? 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EXP]I;TS DEMON/RAT$ T 8EV5 NAIVE "PICIPANTS >E CAPABLE ( A#CJD UTILIZA;N ( IMPORTANT ASPECTS ( E*OIC /IMULA;N = P]CEPTUAL DESCRIP;NS ( SPATIAL LAY\T & LOCOMOTOR GUID.E0 "<,HU4 ,H["E ! 8OBLIQUE APPROA*ES TO ! AP]TURES1 SEP>A;NS 9 DEP? ( ! PANELS & PANEL ROTA;NS EA* _H ! E6ECT ( R$UC+ ! A3URACY ) : ! PASSABIL;Y JUDG;TS 7 MADE0 "<;P4 #CIE">4 ,? F9D+ SU7E/S T X WD 2 EASI] = ! LE>N]S ------------------------------------#CJE TO DET]M9E ! 4T.E !Y CD PASS "? )\T ! ADD$ COMPLICAT+ FACTORS UNTIL !Y 7 M DEVELOP$ 9 _! E*OLOCA;N SKILLS4 ,9 ,HU* ! "PICIPANTS 8FREQU5TLY JUDG$ AP]TURES SLI B !Y 7 GIV5 NO TRA9+ 2F TAK+ "P 9 ! EXP]I;T4 ,X MAY 2 T ) M TRA9+ !Y WD H BE5 ABLE TO 9T]PRET ! E*OES M A3URATELY4 ,X WD 2 9T]E/+ TO 3DUCT ? RESE>* AG B ) TRA9+ ADD$ TO MONITOR ANY POSSIBLE ADVANTAGES T ,FLA%,SON> TRA9+ MI+ A#CJE ,WALLS ,P]H "O ( ! MO/ USE;L APPLICA;NS = ,FLA%,SON> IS TO JUDGE :E!R A GAP IS WIDE 5 = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO PASS "? OR IF AN OB/ACLE C 2 AVOID$1 S T ! 9DIVIDUAL :O IS BL C NEGOTIATE CLUTT]$ 5VIRON;TS EASILY & GRACE;LLY4 8,! POT5TIAL ( /RUCTUR$ E*OIC S.D TO 2 COMP>ATIVELY 9=MATIVE REG>D+ OBJECT ID5TITIES1 LOCA;N SIZES & ORI5TA;NS 9 #C,D SPACE 0 SU7E/$ BY ,GRI69'S PIONE]+ "W0 "<,HU4 ------------------------------------#CJF ,! SKILL SEEMS TO 2 ACQUIR$ FAIRLY QKLY1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! OB/ACLE TO PASS 2T IS A WALL1 AC TO RESE>* BY ,RUSSELL "<#AIII"> & ,HU4 8,! PO9T AT : "PICIPANTS JUDG$ ! AP]TURES PASSABLE & UNPASSABLE EQUALLY (T5 0 AT 9T]M$IATE VALUES1 CLOSE TO ACTUAL BODY WID?0 "<,HU4 ,! RESE>* %[$ T ! "PICIPANTS F.D X EASI] TO JUDGE ! WID? ( ! GAP IF !Y FAC$ X /RAIG] :5 "O PANEL 0 ROTAT$ AWAY = X TO 2 JUDG$ EQUALLY PASSABLE Z "O ROTAT$ BY ! SAME AM.T T[>D ! P]CVR0 "<,HU4 ,9 T]MS ( TRA9+ X WD 2 PREF]ABLE TO />T ! /UD5T ) FAIRLY L>GE GAPS & "OS T !Y C DIRECTLY FACE4 ,! "PICIPANTS 9 ,HUT JUDG+ 4T.ES A3URATELY4 ,9 A /UDY BY ,ROJAS ET ;AL4 "<#BJAJ"> US+ SI AWAY F !M0 "<;P4 #AJGC">4 ------------------------------------#CJG ,:5 CROSS+ A ROOM DIAGONALLY1 9DIVIDUALS :O >E BL MAY DESCRIBE 2+ ABLE TO HE> BO? WALLS SIMULTANE\SLY,-! "O REC$+ 2H !M & ! "O APPROA*+ 9 FRONT ( !M4 ,HU 4COV]$ T 8A #CHA CLE> %IFT 9 FREQU5CY C 2 OBS]V$ A#CJG Z E*OES RETURN+ F ! NE>] WALL >E REPLAC$ BY ^? F ! FUR!R WALL1 & = A BRIEF P]IOD1 E*OES AT ^! SEP>ATE FREQU5CIES >E BO? PRES5T0 "<;P4 #CHJ">4 ,? 9=MA;N 5ABLES AN 9DIVIDUAL US+ E*OLOCA;N TO MANAGE M ADV.ED ACTIVITIES1 S* Z TRAVEL+ F "O CORN] TO ! O!R 9 A ROOM OR L>G] SPACE1 ACR ! DIAGONAL "4 ,G5]AT+ ! ,CLICK ,! ABIL;Y TO USE A NATURAL E*O SIGNAL 9 E*OLOCA;N IS IMPORTANT 2C X IS ALW R1DILY AVAILABLE1 DOES N USE BATT]IES & DOES N USE 4TRACT+ NOISES T WD DRAW ATT5;N TO ! P]SON "<,C>LSON-,SMI? @& ,WI5]1 #AIIF">4 ,2G9 BY 9=M+ ! /UD5T T ! SIGNAL US$ W 2 DICTAT$ BY ! 5VIRON;T & ACTIV;Y4 ,X NE$ N 2 PRODUC$ ANY L\D] OR M RAPIDLY ?AN NEC4 ,ASK ! /UD5T TO MAKE ! S(TE/ CLICK %E C1 !N ! L\DE/4 ,"?\T ! TRA9+ Y MAY NE$ TO REM9D ! /UD5T TO ADJU/ H] CLICK AC TO NE$4 ,_M /UD5TS W F9D !MVS CLICK+ M RAPIDLY ?AN #CJH NE$$4 ,REM9D ! /UD5T T WE WANT 8RELAX$ CLICK+10 TO 8BR1! 2T CLICKS40 ,ASK ! /UD5T TO MAKE A CLICK+ NOISE2 _M /UD5TS C MAKE A SUITABLE CLICK )\T M* TRA9+4 ,IF A /UD5T /RU7LES1 X IS WOR? ! T1*] DEMON/RAT+ ! SIGNAL TO SEE IF ! /UD5T C COPY BY EXAMPLE4 ,= A *1 ! T1*] C T1* P>5TS & SIBL+S H[ TO MAKE ! S.D IF ! /UD5T C'T1 & AG ! /UD5T MAY LE>N F ! EXAMPLE4 ,X MAY HELP TO USE A POPSICLE /ICK1 T;GUE DEPRESSOR1 OR SPOON TO %[ ! /UD5TS ": TO PLACE _! T;GUE4 ,5LI/+ ! HELP ( A SPEE* & LANGUAGE !RAPI/ MAY AL HELP1 IF "O IS AVAILABLE4 ,A CLICK TO AVOID IS :AT IS REF]R$ TO Z ! 8CLUCK CLICK40 ,? IS A D\BLE CLICK 9 : ! TIP ( ! T;GUE SLAPS AG/ ! BOTTOM ( ! M\?4 ,? MUDDIES UP ! SIGNAL & EXT5DS ! SIGNAL S T X MASKS ! RETURN+ E*O4 ,! MO/ E6ECTIVE CLICK IS A %>P1 S+LE CLICK SIMIL> TO A F+] SNAP OR ! POP ( *EW+ GUM4 ,= /UD5TS :O /RU7LE TO MAKE A CLICK1 ! T1*] C $UCATE ! /UD5T AB T;GUE AW>E;S4 ,"! >E TWO "PS ( ! #CHC T;GUE,-! TIP "D "P US$ TO A#CJH MAKE S.DS L 8;T10 8;D10 & 8;L10 & ! BLADE ( ! ------------------------------------#CJI T;GUE1 US$ TO MAKE S.DS L 8;K10 8;G10 & 8NG0 COMB9A;N4 ,! T1*] ASKS ! /UD5T TO MAKE ^! S.DS4 ,! T1*] CD AL H ! /UD5T TRY TO MAKE A CLICK S.D :ILE ! /UD5T V G5TLY PRESSES A SPOON 2N ! TIP ( ! T;GUE1 J TO PROVIDE "S FE$BACK TO REM9D ! T;GUE N TO DROP4 ,"S"TS1 ? AL"O HELPS ! /UD5T MAKE A USE;L CLICK4 ,X MAY HELP ! /UD5T TO IMAG9E T A BLOB ( P1NUT BUTT] IS /UCK ON ! RO( ( ! M\?1 & HE M/ USE ! BLADE ( ! T;GUE TO PULL ! P1NUT BUTT] AWAY4 ,! C5T] ( ! T;GUE %D 2 PRESS$ TO ! RO( ( ! M\? 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CLAP %D S.D L A POP1 N A SLAP OR A HOLL[ ?UD4 ,AN E6ECTIVE CLAP IS PRODUC$ BY MISALIGN+ ! H&S SLIE SLAMM$ TGR,-/RIK+ ! F+]S ( "O H& AG/ ! PALM ( ! O!R1 R ?AN BR++ ! #CHE TWO PALMS TGR4 ,*N Z "Y Z SIX C A#CAJ PRODUCE V %>P CLAPS4 ,"S *N W COMPLA9 ( 4COM=T 9 ! H&S1 B ? USUALLY RESULTS F LACK ( USE ( ! H&S DUE TO O!RS OV]-CAT]+ TO ! * :O IS BL OR ISOLAT+ HM F AGE APPROPRIATE TASKS & ACTIVITIES4 ,! * :O IS BL AL MAY N 5GAGE 9 RIGOR\S ACTIVITIES : DEVELOP H& /R5G?4 ------------------------------------#CAA ,! CLICK MIRROR EX]CISE OR CLICK %AP+ ,? EX]CISE HELPS /UD5TS TO %APE _! CLICK TO 2COME /R;G] & %>P]4 ,AG1 ! M CLE>LY & 4T9CTLY ! /UD5T SP1KS TO ! 5VIRON;T1 ! M CLE>LY X RESPONDS4 ,Y W NE$ A L>GE1 BLANK WALL ) AT L1/ #CJ TO #EJ MET]S ( OP5 SPACE >.D X4 ,X IS OKAY IF ! WALL HAS W9D[S OR O!R ORNA;TA;N1 B X IS BE/1 IF MANAG1BLE1 T "! 2 LL OR NO?+ ELSE 9 ! SPACE 2T ! /UD5T & ! WALL4 ,X />TS ) ! /UD5T CLICK+ AT ! WALL F AB #AF FEET AWAY4 ,H ! /UD5T LI/5 TO ! WALL'S REFLEC;N ( 8 CLICK4 ,Y WANT ! CLICK TO 2 REFLECT$ BACK CLE>LY & 4T9CTLY S T ! /UD5T IS V SURE HE A#CAA C HE> X4 ,"S"TS1 X MAY HELP TO MOVE FUR!R AWAY UNTIL ! /UD5T SAYS HE C HE> X CLE>LY4 ,ONCE HE C HE> ! REFLEC;N CLE>LY1 !N H ! /UD5T MOVE #B OR #C Y>DS FUR!R AWAY1 RESUME CLICK+ AT ! WALL1 & 3C5TRATE ON 89VIT+0 ! WALL TO SP1K BACK CLE>LY & 4T9CTLY4 ,ONCE /UD5T & 9/RUCTOR >E SATISFI$1 A FEW M Y>DS >E ADD$ TO ! 4T.E 2T /UD5T & WALL1 :ILE ! /UD5T 3C5TRATES ON KEEP+ ! WALL'S ANSW]S CLE> & 4T9CT4 ,! 4T.E IS 9CR1S$ UNTIL ! /UD5T C NO L;G] HE> ! WALL4 ,? 4T.E IS M>K$ Z ! SIGNAL 4T.E ?RE%OLD1 & MAY 2 REVISIT$ LAT] TO 9CR1SE ! 4T.E / FUR!R4 ,9 ? MANN]1 ! WALL S]VES Z A 8MIRROR0 TO HELP ! ------------------------------------#CAB /UD5T %APE 8 CLICK1 J Z A 3V5;NAL MIRROR IS US$ TO REFLECT :AT WE >E DO+ BACK TO U4 ,M5 MAY USE A MIRROR TO %AVE4 ,WOM5 MAY USE A MIRROR TO APPLY MAKEUP4 ,A /UD5T :O IS BL MAY SIMIL>LY USE AN AC\/ICALLY REFLECTIVE SURFACE TO 8MIRROR BACK0 ! S.D ( 8 CLICK1 S T HE MAY #CHG REF9E X4 ,? EX]CISE C AL 2 US$ A#CAB TO H"O "O'S CLAP 9 A SIMIL> WAY1 B ! 4T.ES MAY 2 9CR1S$ T5FOLD4 ,LE>N+ ! ,CLICK ,_M /UD5TS W COMPLA9 ( DRY M\? OR T;GUE SORE;S 9 ! 2G9N+ /AGES ( CLICK+4 ,ADULTS1 = :AT"E R1SON1 >E M* M LIKELY TO EXPRESS 4COM=T ?AN *N4 ,X IS USE;L TO KEEP ! M\? HYDRAT$4 ,H["E ? 4COM=T PASSES QKLY1 USUALLY )9 A "D ( REGUL> USE4 ,! T;GUE IS "O ( ! /R;GE/ MUSCLES 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,Z CLICK+ 2COMES A REGUL> PRACTICE1 ! T;GUE IS NO M LIKELY TO TIRE F X ?AN X WD F TALK+ OR EAT+4 ,AL1 "S /UD5TS COMPLA9 T !Y /RU7LE TO MA9TA9 CLICK %>P;S OR 3SI/5CY4 ,AG1 ? USUALLY PASSES QKLY ) REGUL> PRACTICE1 & C 2 ASSI/$ ) ! CLICK MIRROR EX]CISE 4CUSS$ ABV4 ------------------------------------#CAC ,RESE>* ": NOVICES G5]AT$ T;GUE CLICKS & !N LI/5$ TO ! E*OES %[$ T ! 8SUBJECTS IMPROV$ DUR+ TRA9+ N ONLY 9 T]MS ( ! TEMPORAL PRECI.N ( _! AUDITORY ANALYSIS1 B M IMPORTANTLY 9 T]MS ( %AP+ _! A#CAC T;GUE CLICK TO OPTIMALLY S]VE ! E*O-AC\/IC TASK0 "<,S*ORNI* ET ;AL41 #BJAB1 ;P4 #FGG">4 ,? DEMON/RATES T ! T;GUE CLICK C 2 SELF-MODIFI$ BY ! LE>N] TO IMPROVE E*OLOCA;N P]=M.E4 8,MO/ SUBJECTS PRODUC$ RELATIVELY L\D1 %ORT1 BROADB& T;GUE CLICKS0 "<;P4 #FHA"> ) 8DURA;NS 2T #C & #AEMS & S.D LEVELS 2T #FJ & #AJH D,B0 "<;P4 #FGI">4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ALL SCI;E ASIDE1 ! BE/ SON> SIGNAL IS "O T A /UD5T W USE & : DOES N CAUSE UNDUE 4TURB.E TO O!RS4 ,AL1 C]TA9 SIGNALS MAY 2 M SUITABLE = C]TA9 APPLICA;NS4 ,F+] SNAPS MAY "W = "S /UD5TS :O /RU7LE ) CLICK+4 ,"! MAY 2 NO G5]AL ADVANTAGES OV] CLICK+1 UN.S A /UD5T'S F+] SNAP IS M P[];L OR V]SATILE ?AN 8 CLICK4 ,H["E1 X DOES REQUIRE ! USE ( "O H&1 & X IS LESS DIREC;NAL ?AN CLICK+1 S X MAY N 2 S EASILY FOCUS$4 ,CANE TAPS MAY AL 2 US$4 ,H["E1 L F+] SNAPS1 !Y >E LESS DIREC;NAL1 & "!=E LESS FOCUSABLE4 ,AL1 ! AC\/IC 5]GY IS N WELL ALIGN$ ) ! E>S1 & IS "PLY ABSORB$ #CHI OR SCATT]$ BY B#CAC ------------------------------------#CAD ! GR.D'S SURFACE4 ,( GRT] 3C]N ?\< IS ! FACT T CANE TAPS >E N 3SI/5T4 ,! P[] ( A SELF-PRODUC$ SIGNAL IS XS 3SI/5CY1 : L5DS XF TO ALL[+ ! BRA9 TO ATTUNE TO T SIGNAL4 ,! AC\/ICS ( CANE TAPS IS DEP5D5T ON ! SURFACES 2N ! CANE1 : 9TRODUCE V>IABLES \TSIDE ! 3TROL ( ! US]4 ,GRASS1 C>PET1 RU2]1 & SOIL PRODUCE ALM NO USABLE SIGNAL4 ,WOOD OR L9OLEUM MAY PRODUCE A M>G9AL1 ?UDD+ K9D ( SIGNAL4 ,&1 9 ANY EV5T1 N "EY"O USES A TAP-/YLE CANE TE*NIQUE4 ,IF A CANE IS TO 2 US$ 9 ? WAY ,S*5KMAN & ,JANSSON "<#AIHF"> 4COV]$ T CANES GIV+ ! MO/ AC\/ICAL 9=MA;N " 7 ^? 3/RUCT$ ( FEW] PIECES & 7 L;G]4 ,US+ A CANE TO PRODUCE AN E*O SIGNAL IS N A TE*NIQUE T ,,WAFTB T1*ES1 Z !Y H F.D X G5]ALLY 9ADEQUATE & 9E6ICI5T4 ,FOOT/EPS H ! ADVANTAGE ( ALW 2+ PRES5T 9 "S =M1 ASSUM+ T %OES ( "S SORT >E WORN4 ,"S BL P H BE5 "KN TO WE> TAPS ON _! %OES OR %OES ) H>D SOLES A#CAD TO PRODUCE CLE>] SIGNALS ) EA* /EP4 ,H["E1 FOOT/EPS %>E ALL ! SAME DRAWBACKS Z CANE TAPS1 ) ! POSSIBLE EXCEP;N ( "S FLIP-FLOP S&ALS4 ,! USE ( ! RHY?MIC & /1DY SLAPP+ ( FLIP-FLOPS AG/ ! HEELS HAS BE5 OBS]V$1 & IS ------------------------------------#CAE 9DEP5D5T ( SURFACE TYPE4 ,H["E1 FLIP-FLOPS MAY N S]VE Z ! %OE ( *OICE = ALL CIRCUM/.ES4 ,H&HELD CLICK]S MAY 2 US$ = C]TA9 CIRCUM/.ES4 ,! CLICK] %D 2 CUPP$ 9 ! H&1 BUTTON FAC+ \TW>D & =W>D1 & ACTIVAT$ BY ! ?UMB4 ,CLICK]S %D 2 S.D$ EI AT WAI/ LEVEL OR ABV ! H1D1 N"E NE> ! E>S4 ,AT L1/ #A SECOND %D SPAN 2T PRESS & REL1SE ( ! BUTTON4 ,CLICK]S %D N"E 2 ACTIVAT$ RAPIDLY1 & %D ONLY 2 US$ \ ( DOORS OR 9 OP5 5VIRON;TS4 ,= V 2G9N+ EX]CISES1 "S /UD5TS MAY B5EFIT F MAK+ A 3T9U\S 8%HHH0 S.D1 OR J US+ _! VOICE4 ,"S /UD5TS MAY N H ! BR1? SUPPORT TO MAKE L;G 8%HHH0 S.DS4 ,IF ? IS ! CASE1 A TRANSI/OR RADIO TUN$ #CIA (F /A;N MAY HELP4 ,? %D 2 HELD J A#CAE 2L ! /UD5T'S *94 ,"O ( ! EASIE/ DEMON/RA;NS ( E*OLOCA;N IS BAS$ ON ! RIPPLE-NOISE PIT* *ANGE4 ,= OBJECTS T >E CLOS] TO ! /UD5T ?AN APPROXIMATELY #B4B Y>DS "<#B MET]S">1 AN APPROA*+ SURFACE W H A NOTIC1BLE *ANGE 9 PIT* Z MOVES AWAY OR T[>DS ! /UD5T4 ,! /UD5T C MAKE A 8%U%0 NOISE & !N USE _! H& " Z ------------------------------------#CAF AN APPROA*+ & RETR1T+ SURFACE & LI/5 = ! *ANGE 9 PIT*4 ,"S P H RAIS$ 3C]NS T ! CLICK MAY 2 DI6ICULT TO LE>N1 B ^! AU?ORS H N OBS]V$ ?4 ,\ ( SIX "W%OPS 3DUCT$ AT ,BIRM+HAM ,C;Y ,UNIV]S;Y 9VOLV+ A TOTAL ( T5 TE5AG$ & ADULT /UD5TS :O 7 BL1 E /UD5T 0 ABLE TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY CLICK ) LL OR NO TRA9+4 ,\ ( OV] #A1JJJ /UD5TS :O 7 BL ) :OM ,DANIEL ,KI% & 8 ASSOCIATES H "W$1 LESS ?AN HALF A DOZ5 ABV NURS]Y S*OOL AGE 7 UNABLE TO PRODUCE A SATISFACTORY CLICK DUR+ ! TRA9+ P]IOD4 ,9 "O S* CASE1 A SPEE* !RAPI/ AM;G ! "W%OP ATT5DEES 2GAN "W+ ) ! A#CAF /UD5T1 & EXPRESS$ T %E FELT %E CD HELP HM4 ,ON ANO!R O3A.N1 ! BOY TOOK TO US+ A H&HELD MULTI-CLICK]1 : ALL[S ADJU/;T ( ! 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SECOND CLICK M/ N 2 )9 A FEW MILLISECONDS ( ! F/ O!RWISE X IS P]CEPTUALLY 9TEGRAT$ ) ! F/ & C MASK RETURN+ E*OES4 ,H["E 8:5 ! OBJECT TO 2 E*OLOCAT$ IS A 4TANT "O "! MAY 2 "S ADVANTAGE TO HAV+ A SL[ REPETI;N RATE S T ! RANGE DET]M9A;N MI4 ,TO LOCATE A BUILD+ 9 A L>GE %OPP+ MALL P>K+ LOT1 A /UD5T MAY WANT TO TRY CLAPP+ 8 H&S B ) A FEW SECONDS BR1K 2T ! CLAPS4 ,? COMP>ES 9T]E/+LY ) BATS Z !Y USE TWO TYPES ( E*OLOCA;N2 FREQU5CY PULSES & ------------------------------------#CAH FREQU5CY MODULAT$ PULSES4 ,"S BATS USE BO? TYPES & "S C ALT] _! /RATEGY DEP5D5T ON _! TASK "<,L;G1 #BJJI">4 ,SIMIL>LY1 HUMAN E*OLOCATORS MAY V>Y ! REPETI;N RATE & VOLUME ( _! CLICKS DEP5D+ A#CAH ON ! CIRCUM/.ES4 ,FA/ MOVE;T OR MOVE;T 9 3GE/$ PLACES ": "! IS A LOT ( MO;N MAY NECESSITATE M FREQU5T CLICK+ 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 SPATIAL UPDAT+4 ,QUIET 5VIRON;TS1 S* Z A "W PLACE OR LIBR>Y >E BE/ ADDRESS$ ) QUIET CLICKS1 Z L\D CLICKS MAY 2 4TURB+1 B M TO ! PO9T1 MAY OV]SATURATE ! 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LOCALIZA;N C]TA9TY AT #AJ;CM " 9 OB/ACLE WID? ?AN MONAURAL HE>+ "U ! 3DI;N ) H1D ROTA;N1 ":AS1 "U ! 3DI;N )\T H1D ROTA;N1 V>IA;N ( LOCALIZA;N IS M 3SID]ABLE 9 MONAURAL HE>+0 "<;P4 #EGEE">4 8,"! IS "S EVID;E T P ) L;G-T]M BL;S C LE>N TO USE MONAURAL CLUES M E6ECTIVELY ?AN SIDS1 @& ,ALL51 #BJAE1 ;P4 #CH">4 ------------------------------------#CCJ ,! REF];E TO H1D MOVE;T C 2 DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO BATS :O 7 %[N TO USE #DJI 8SEQU5TIAL SCANN+ ( OB/ACLES A#CCJ "<"R & LEFT ( ! NET HOLE"> & PREY 9 ALL TRIALS0 "<,SURLYKKE ET ;AL41 #BJJI1 ;P4 #AJAE"> : HAS P>ALLELS ) SA3ADIC EYE MOVE;TS US$ TO SCAN A SC5E BY P]SONS :O C SEE4 8,! BIG BR[N BAT SEQU5TIALLY SAMPLES ! 5VIRON;T ) XS SON> VOCALIZA;NS1 ADJU/+ ! DIREC;N & 4T.E ( XS AC\/IC GAZE1 9 A MANN] ANALOG\S TO SEQU5TIAL VISUAL FIXA;NS ( OBJECTS )9 A COMPLEX VISUAL SC5E0 "<,SURLYKKE ET ;AL41 #BJJI1 ;P4 #AJAH">4 ,:5 EXAM9+ BATS ABIL;Y TO HE> ) "O E> O3LUD$1 ,GRI69 4COV]$ 8"O E> SU6ICES TO W>N A BAT ( ! PROXIM;Y ( A L>GE OB/ACLE1 B A3URATE JUDG;T ( ! 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USE ( SPATIAL HE>+4 ,O!RWISE1 ! HE>+ AIDS CD 2 DESIGN$ OR PROGRAMM$ 9 S* A FA%ION TO SUPPRESS OR COMPLICATE SPATIAL 9=MA;N4 ,X IS AL IMPORTANT TO NOTE T "S P ) HE>+ AIDS C USE ,FLA%,SON> V E6ECTIVELY1 PROVID$ T ! HE>+ AIDS >E PRESCRIB$ & ADJU/$ ) SPATIAL HE>+ 9 M9D4 #DAA ,W1!R & CLIMATE A#CCA ,W1!R C /R;GLY E6ECT H[ S.DS TRAVEL 9 ! 5VIRON;T4 ,W9D & TEMP]ATURE C A6ECT H[ F> A S.D C>RIES4 ,WI5] ET ;AL4 "<#BJAJ"> SU7E/ T ) REG>DS TO TEMP]ATURE 8"O MAY 2 ABLE TO HE> S.DS AT GRT] 4T.ES :5 CROSS+ /REETS 9 ! MORN+ ?AN :5 CROSS+ /REETS AT MID"D0 "<,"P ,I1 ;P4 #IB">4 ,X IS "!=E IMPORTANT T ! ------------------------------------#CCB /UD5T IS EXPOS$ TO DI6]5T W1!R 3DI;NS DUR+ 8 ,FLA%,SON> TRA9+1 B ! M DI6ICULT 3DI;NS " MAY 2 M APPROPRIATE ONCE ! /UD5T IS M ADV.ED 9 8 LE>N+4 ,HI< W9D C MASK E*OES S T !Y C 2 DI6ICULT TO HE>1 REQUIR+ L\D] SELF-G5]AT$ S.DS & M SCANN+4 ,X IS AL IMPORTANT TO REMEMB] TO REFRA9 Z M* Z POSSIBLE F S"M+ A /UD5T'S HE>+ ABIL;Y 9 COLD W1!R ) EXCESSIVE H1D OR E> COV]+S4 ,ANY?+ COV]+ OR HANG+ OV] ! E>S W DIM9I% OR 4TORT HE>+ CAPAC;Y4 ,X IS POSSIBLE TO ADAPT TO ? TO A DEGREE1 B ? W REQUIRE EXP]I;E4 ,AL1 WIDE BRIMM$ HATS OR CAPS COMMONLY WORN 9 SUNNY CLIMATES W CAUSE A 4TORT+ A6ECT A#CCB TO ! USE ( E*OES4 ,! HAT BRIM %D 2 ORI5T$ UPW>D Z M* Z POSSIBLE S Z N TO COV] ! FACE4 ,^! 4TOR;NS >E N SUBTLE OR 9CONSEQU5TIAL1 EV5 ?\< NEW /UD5TS MAY N 2 AW>E ( H[ M* HATS OR O!R PROTECTIVE G>;TS MAY O3LUDE HE>+4 ,A V USE;L TRICK = PROTECT+ ! E>S 9 ! COLD IS TO COV] J ! UPP] TIPS4 ,X IS ^! T >E MO/ EXPOS$ TO & SUSCEPTIBLE TO ! COLD4 ,IF ^! >E COV]$1 HE>+ IS N M* O3LUD$ & ! E> C SURVIVE A M* L[] TEMP]ATURE4 ,X IS WOR? KEEP+ 9 M9D T1 NO MATT] H[ L[ ! TEMP]ATURE1 WE WD N"E ------------------------------------#CCC IMAG9E O3LUD+ ! EYES BY COV]+ !M4 ,:Y COV] ! E>S8 ,X HAS AL BE5 \R EXP]I;E T ,FLA%,SON> C 2 US$ TO IMPROVE ORI5TA;N 9 9CLE;T W1!R4 ,:ILE X IS TRUE T SN[ C MU6LE S.DS & HAS BE5 REF]R$ TO X Z 8! BL MAN'S FOG0 "<,SULLIVAN @& ,GILL1 #AIHI">1 H>D OR SOLID SURFACES 2COME T M* M PRON\NC$ OR A35T$ BY ,FLA%,SON> 9 ! SN[4 ,ANY SOLID SURFACES,-TREES1 BUILD+S1 PO/S1 #DAC OR P>K$ VEHICLES,-/& \ Z PO9TS ( A#CCC REF];E TO E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 ORI5TA;N4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF ! SIDEWALK OR FOOTPA? IS COV]$ 9 SN[ S* T X 2COMES DI6ICULT TO DET]M9E ": ! FOOTPA? IS1 "O C USE ,FLA%,SON> TO DETECT TREE L9ES1 BUILD+ L9ES1 & OP5 SPACES CLE>LY TO MA9TA9 "O'S DIREC;N4 ,P]SONS ) L[ VI.N ,) REG>D TO L[ VI.N1 ,,WAFTB DOES N MAKE A REGUL> PRACTICE ( BLFOLD+ *N4 ,L[ VI.N1 Z A COMPON5T ( ! P]CEPTUAL SY/EM1 DES]VES & W>RANTS ATT5;N1 (T5 V SPECIFIC ATT5;N4 ,"! >E (T5 SITUA;NS :5 DEGREES OR QUAL;Y ( VI.N SIMPLY REQUIRE 9TEGRA;N ( NONVISUAL SKILLS & P]CEP;NS 9 ORD] TO RECOV] & 5H.E A QUAL;Y ( SELF DIRECT$ A*IEVE;T COMP>ABLE TO "O'S PE]S4 ,:AT IS CALL$ ! 8VISUAL SY/EM0 ------------------------------------#CCD O3UPIES AB #DJ.0 ( ! BRA91 & SEEMS TO 2 ! DEFAULT SY/EM = SPATIAL PROCESS+4 ,:AT WE CALL ! 8VISUAL SY/EM0 IS R1LLY AN IMAG+ SY/EM T C 2 RECRUIT$ TO 3/RUCT DYNAMIC1 OP]A;NAL IMAGES F A#CCD NONVISUAL 9PUTS4 ,? C HAPP5 NATURALLY )\T SPECIALIZ$ 9/RUC;N OR !RAPY1 B = _M R1SONS1 X (T5 DOES REQUIRE ASSI/.E & SUPPORT TO D S4 ,EV5 ?\< ! IMAG+ SY/EM C & DOES 9TEGRATE MULTIS5SORY 9PUT = IMAGE 3/RUC;N1 ! NATURE ( XS NEUROLOGY T5DS TO FAVOR VISUAL 9PUT1 & T IS USUALLY ": ! IMAG+ SY/EM DEFAULTS4 ,? MAY N 2 A PROBLEM = /&>D1 "D TO "D FUNC;N+ = P]SONS :O C SEE1 B X C 2 A R1L PROBLEM = "O ^: DEGREE OR QUAL;Y ( VISUAL 9PUT ISN'T UP TO ! TASK1 ISN'T Q 5 TO MAKE ! :EELS TURN PROP]LY1 DOES N PROVIDE Q 5 DATA TO ALL[ ! COMPUT] TO PROCESS PROP]LY4 ,N[1 ! IMAG+ SY/EM MAY R1LLY NE$ "S HELP TO 3/RUCT ^! IMAGES1 & ? HELP W PROBABLY COME F 9CR1S+ SUPPORT F NONVISUAL P]CEP;N & SKILL4 ,H["E1 S9CE ! IMAG+ SY/EM T5DS TO DEFAULT TO VISUAL 9PUT1 X MAY 2 NEC TO ISOLATE "S OR ALL ( ! NONVISUAL SKILLS & P]CEPTUAL TRA9+ F VISUAL 9PUT4 ,FLA%,SON> IS "O EXAMPLE ( A P]CEPTUAL PROCESS T NE$S TO 2 ISOLAT$ #DAE F VISUAL 9PUT 9 ORD] TO GIVE X #CCE ANY *.E ( DEVELOP+4 ,/UD5TS SIMPLY D N DEVELOP ,FLA%,SON> :5 !Y H ! VISUAL SY/EM GRA2+ AT VISUAL 9=MA;N1 (T5 ]RONE\SLY1 "!BY USURP+1 %ORT-CIRCUIT+1 OR 4RUPT+ ! DEVELOP;T ( O!R >1S ( 9TEGRAT$ P]CEP;N4 ,X MAY & (T5 DOES 2COME PRUD5T TO (F] EXP]I;ES ( VISUAL O3LU.N DUR+ POR;NS ( ! P]CEPTUAL TRA9+4 ,^! SPANS ( VISUAL O3LU.N MAY PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES = NONVISUAL P]CEPTUAL CAPACITIES TO TAKE HOLD & GR[1 ": !Y MI 9=MA;N Z X T5DS TO DOM9ATE P]CEPTUAL ATT5;N "<= BETT] OR WORSE">4 ,H["E1 X IS SURPRIS+ H[ MOTIVAT$ _M /UD5TS :O >E "PIALLY SIN ,FLA%,SON>4 ,!Y (T5 "K J H[ DEP5D5T !Y >E ON ! LL VI.N !Y H & H[ FRAGILE T DEP5D5CY IS4 ,:5 ! LID ON ^! /UD5TS4 ,FLA%,SON> SEEMS TO 2 "PICUL>LY HELP;L TO /UD5TS :O H VISUAL FIELD LOSS1 Z /UD5TS C LE>N TO USE X TO FILL 9 ^! GAPS4 ,= ^! /UD5TS1 ,FLA%,SON> W A#CCE (T5 S]VE TO ALL[ ! /UD5TS TO REGI/] OBJECTS OR F1TURES \TSIDE _! VISUAL FIELD4 ------------------------------------#CCF ,!N1 !Y MAY BR+ _! VI.N TO BE> ON ! T>GET TO GA!R M 9=MA;N4 ,? ME?OD C R$UCE ! NE$ = 3/ANT VISUAL SCANN+4 ,= /UD5TS :O >E "PIALLY SID WIR$ TO RCV & PROCESS 9=MA;N F ! EYES BY DEFAULT1 S X NE$S TO 2 9SULAT$ F ! EYES 9 ORD] TO FO/] NEW 3NEC;NS & OP]ATIVE PA?WAYS = NONVISUAL 9TEGRA;N & IMAGE 3/RUC;N4 ,S9CE /UD5TS :O >E "PIALLY SIE US+ _! VI.N MO/ ( ! "T 2T LESSONS1 !Y T5D TO LE>N AUDITORY IMAG+ M SL[LY4 ,H["E1 !Y "S"TS H AN ADVANTAGE 9 #DAG T !Y MAY H VISUAL IMAGES TO DRAW A#CCF ^U 9 LE>N+ H[ TO IMAGE NONVISUALLY4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! IMAG+ SY/EM SEEMS TO 2 ABLE TO APPLY PREVI\S VISUAL EXP]I;E TO DEVELOP+ A NONVISUAL IMAG+ PROCESS4 ,3SID] ! FOLL[+ EXAMPLE4 ,DANIEL ,KI% 0 "W+ ) A #AD-YE>-OLD BOY "ND ,BRIAN :O ------------------------------------#CCG _H BE5 BL = AB "O YE>4 ,DANIEL 2GAN BY HAV+ ,BRIAN %[ ,DANIEL >.D 8 NEI.D HM Z VIVIDLY Z HE CD REMEMB]4 8,TAKE ME ON A T\R1 & DESCRIBE "EY?+ Z IF Y 7 SEE+ X40 ,? PROCESS SEEM$ TO /IMULATE 8 RECEPTIV;Y TO ! OP5+ ( NONVISUAL *ANNELS1 & ! AU?ORS POSIT T ? MAY 2 TRUE = _M O!RS4 ,/UD5TS ) LI IMAGES ) VISUAL IMAGES4 ,!Y SEEM TO 8SEE0 :AT !Y HE>4 ,!Y MAY SAY3 8,I C / SEE ! WALL10 EV5 "U A BLFOLD4 ,! BRA9 C 9T]PRET SON> S5SA;N 9 A VISUAL REF];E,-CAUS+ CROSSTALK 2T ! S5SORY *ANNELS4 ,? IS CALL$ CROSS MODAL PROCESS+1 & MAY AL 2 REF]R$ TO Z SYNES!SIA4 ,) ! EXCEP;N ( V "Y A#CCG *N1 X MAY 2 HELP;L TO /UD5TS TO EXPLA9 TO !M ! DI6];E 2T :AT !Y SEE & :AT !Y HE>4 ,! /RATEGIC USE ( BLFOLDS & ISOLAT+ H1DPH"OS OR E>PLUGS C 2 HELP;L "H4 ,= EXAMPLE1 #AB-YE>-OLD ,JUAN1 "O ( ,DANIEL'S F/ /UD5TS1 RETA9$ A SMALL AM.T ( RESIDUAL VI.N4 ,! 9/RUC;NAL MAT]IALS 9 ^? "DS 3SI/$ ( TRANSP>5T ,PLEXIGLAS^R PANELS : CD N ------------------------------------#CCH 2 RELIABLY SE5 BY /UD5TS ) SMALL AM.TS ( RESIDUAL VI.N4 ,H["E1 ,JUAN 9SI/$ HE CD / SEE ! PANELS1 EV5 "U BLFOLD1 & 3CLUD$ T ! ,FLA%,SON> LESSONS 7 N ( USE TO HM4 ,!N1 ,DANIEL PLAC$ HM 9 H1DPH"OS1 & PIP$ 9 :ITE NOISE AT A MOD]ATE VOLUME4 ,X 0 AT T PO9T ,JUAN 0 />TL$ TO NOTICE T HE N[ SAW NO?+4 ,HE 2CAME AW>E T 8 VI.N 0 N ! PRIM>Y S\RCE ( 9=MA;N = HM & R$\BL$ 8 EF=TS TO COMPLETE 8 ,FLA%,SON> TRA9+4 ,"S P ) "PIAL VI.N W /RA9 _! EYES4 ,B :5 _! USE ( E*OES IS BR"\ TO _! ATT5;N & REF9$1 !Y MAY F9D X LESS NEC TO /RA94 ,? IS ESPECIALLY B5EFICIAL TO ^? ) #DAI FRAGILE EYE 3DI;NS4 A#CCH ,\R PRACTICE "U S* CIRCUM/.ES IS TO (F] O3LU.N AB #GE.0 ( ! "T1 M OR LESS1 DEP5D+ ON _M FACTORS4 ,! ISOLA;N PHASES ALL[ NONVISUAL SKILLS TO TAKE ROOT2 & ! 9TEGRA;N PHASES ALL[ OPPORTUN;Y = MULTI-S5SORY PROCESS+ TO DEVELOP 9TO TRULY 9TEGRAT$ P]CEP;N4 ,IF ! ISOLA;N PHASES >E D5I$ ! /UD5T1 ! NONVISUAL CAPACITIES T MAY 9DE$ 2 NEC TO SUPPORT SELF DIRECT$ A*IEVE;T MAY N TAKE ROOT & GR[4 ,LIKEWISE1 IF ! 9TEGRA;N PHASES >E D5I$ ! /UD5T1 !N ! 9TEGRA;N PROCESS MAY N ------------------------------------#CCI R1* CRITICAL MASS1 Z X W]E1 & N"E Q COME TGR4 ,,WAFTB DOES N =CE O3LU.N ON /UD5TS4 ,IF Y =CE O3LU.N ON *N "1 Y W LOSE ALL HOPE ( DEVELOP+ RAPPORT1 & 9/RUC;NAL E6ICACY GOES \ ! W9D[4 ,H["E1 Y C (F] ! /UD5T O3LU.N OPPORTUNITIES Z A POT5TIALLY 9VALUABLE B5EFIT TO P]CEPTUAL DEVELOP;T4 ,,WAFTB HAS DEVELOP$ _M WAYS TO SUPPORT /UD5TS TO AT L1/ GIVE O3LU.N TRA9+ A FAIR TRY4 ,_M OLD] *N L A#CCI X1 & "Y] *N G5]ALLY ADAPT TO X QKLY4 ,,WAFTB T5DS TO USE SUNGLASSES BLOCK$ (F 9 V>I\S WAYS 2C /UD5TS (T5 L !M & W A3EPT !M1 & 2C !Y >E G5]ALLY M COM=TABLE ?AN BLFOLDS4 ,BLFOLDS C FEEL Q /IFL+ & C 2 UNCOM=TABLE 9 ! H1T & HUMID;Y4 ,AL? WRAP->.D SUNGLASSES MAY 2 US$1 A BIT ( EXTRANE\S LI.D SUNGLASSES OR EV5 9DU/RIAL SAFETY GO7LES4 ,3SID] PROVID+ S"EAL OP;NS = ------------------------------------#CDJ ! /UD5T TO *OOSE F1 OR TURN X 9TO A LESSON TO G \ & F9D A PAIR T ! /UD5T LIKES4 ,,WAFTB (F]S ! FOLL[+ SU7ES;NS = US+ O3LU.N3 ,A4 ,DI6US$ ,O3LU.N3 ,? IS ! MO/ #DBA COMMON ME?OD T ,,WAFTB USES4 A#CDJ ,"! >E S"EAL PAIRS ( SUNGLASSES & ! /UD5T *OOSES : "O !Y L4 ,(T51 (F]+ A *OICE J MAKES ! :OLE EXP]I;E M 9TRIGU+ & PALATABLE1 & P]H ! /UD5T PLACES "S /OCK 9 FA%ION4 ,! MO/ E6ICI5T = O3LU.N PURPOSE >E ! "OS ) BIG L5SES OR ! WRAP >.D K9D4 ,! BACK IS BLOCK$ ) CRISS-CROSS$1 ?9 /RIPS ( TAPE TO ALL[ LIE Q GD AT PROCESS+ VISUAL FRAG;TS4 ,:AT MAY 2 9COMPREH5SIBLE TO A P]SON :O IS FULLY SIDLY SEEM TO NOTICE T !Y N[ C'T USE _! VI.N ANYMORE & MAY ADAPT V QKLY TO NONVISUAL DEVELOP;T4 ,"S W SAY T X'S LESS 3FUS+ & M RELAX+ TO OP]ATE ? WAY4 A#CDA ,OV] "T1 ADD A LL M TAPE "H & "!1 UNTIL EV5TUALLY ! GLASSES >E COMPLETELY BLOCK$ \1 & ! /UD5T H>DLY EV5 NOTICES OR C>ES4 ,AG1 ? C 2 D"O 9 COMB9A;N ) NONO3LUD$ TRA9+ = 9TEGRA;N PURPOSES4 ;,B4 ,A ,_W ( ,COLOR3 ,SUNGLASSES >E US$ AG1 P]H TOTALLY BLOCK$ (F1 B ) COLOR$ TAPE TO MAKE ! _W A LL M 9T]E/+4 ,Y MAY CALL X 8! _W ( P9K10 = *N :O L P9K4 ,OR1 MAYBE H DI6]5T GLASSES ) DI6]5T COLORS T ! /UD5T MAY *OOSE F = T "D4 ,USE SOLID COLORS1 N PATT]NS OR ANY?+ BUSY4 ;,C4 ,O3LUDE ! ,9/RUCTOR3 ,/UD5TS W (T5 A3EPT O3LU.N IF ! 9/RUCTOR IS AL WILL+ TO WE> O3LU.N4 ,Z A RULE1 G5]ALLY D N TRY TO 5C\RAGE /UD5TS TO D ANY?+ T Y Z AN 9/RUCTOR WD N 2 WILL+ TO D1 OR AT L1/ TRY YRF4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF Y USE B1N BAGS TO HELP SUPPORT BETT] PO/URE1 ------------------------------------#CDB !N AL C>RY ! B1N BAGS YRF4 ,IF ! /UD5T FEELS BETT] :5 ! 9/RUCTOR WE>S #DBC O3LU.N AL;G ) HM1 :Y N1 AT L1/ A#CDB TO />T )4 ,BOYS L TO PLAY PIRATES1 & ! BLFOLD 2COMES AN EYE PAT*1 EXCEPT WE USE TWO EYE PAT*ES1 OR WE PAT* ! EYE T SEES BETT]4 ;,D4 ,D>K5$ ,5VIRON;TS3 ,3DUCT "S LESSONS 9 A D>K ROOM1 S* Z A GYM1 AUDITORIUM1 OR MULTIPURPOSE ROOM1 B ) ALL ! LIK >EA4 ,OBVI\SLY1 LESSON OP;NS MAY 2 LIMIT$ "U S* 3DI;NS1 B "!'S / M* T C 2 D"O4 ,*N :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL ,:5 "W+ ) *N :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL1 D N SP5D M* "T SPECIFICALLY ON BODY 3CEPTS1 BACKW>DS *A9+ "K+">1 OR FOCUS+ ON ! M9UTIA ( ?+S L DOORS1 *AIRS1 OR :AT"E ELSE Y MI 4COV]Y4 ,DANIEL WRITES3 8,MY SPATIAL MOVE;T SKILLS Z A BOY 7 NE>LY IMPE3ABLE1 Z 7 MO/ ( MY GROSS & F9E MOTOR SKILLS4 ,I CD F9D MY #CDC WAY >.D ANY":1 & TAKE ANY?+ A"P & PUT X BACK TGR4 ,YET1 ,I PROBABLY WD H SCOR$ L[ ON ?+S L BODY 3CEPT1 _H "! BE5 ANY"O TO ASSESS S* A ?+4 ,:5 ,I SWUNG MY >MS H>D 5 Z A FIVE YE> OLD1 MY H&S T\*$ "S?+ 2H ME4 ,I DON'T "K H[ L;G X TOOK ME TO FIGURE \ T MY H&S 7 J T\*+ EA* O!R4 ,UNTIL ! AGE ( AB SIX1 ,I 0 ABSOLUTELY 3V9C$ T ! DEEP 5D ( ! POOL _H NO BOTTOM AT ALL1 & WD H SCR1M+ FITS IF !Y TRI$ TO MAKE ME G "!4 ,I DIDN'T "K MY "R F MY LEFT TILL ,I 0 EI SEEMS TO PIT* =W>D :5 Y PUT ON ! BRAKES8"> ,YET1 MY TRAVEL & ORI5TA;N SKILLS 7 TOP NOT* EV5 AT ?REE YE>S OLD4 ,9 "T1 ,I J FIGUR$ \ "? NATURAL 3SEQU;E H[ ! _W "W$4 ,SURE1 "! 7 ?+S EXPLA9$ TO ME F "T TO "T1 B "! 0 LL 9 ! WAY ( =MAL 3CEPT 9/RUC;N4 ,I MO/LY FIGUR$ ?+S \ BY MY [N SELF-DIRECT$ 4COV]Y1 : ,I 0 HIE 3G5ITALLY BL W H PROBLEMS ) ------------------------------------#CDD BODY & O!R SPATIAL 3CEPTS4 ,? IS N S :5 ! * :O IS BL HAS PL5TY ( OPPORTUN;Y TO EXPLORE & 4COV] "? 8 [N SELF DIREC;N4 ,"! >E C]TA9 ISSUES ( A SOCIAL NATURE T D T5D TO P]TA9 TO *N :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL : DES]VE 4CUS.N1 TGR ) "S P]CEP;N BAS$1 4COV]Y /RATEGIES3 ,A4 ,DIRECT$ ,R1*+3 ,= 9FANTS :O >E SID S5SORY ME*ANISM T ALL[S ! 9FANT TO ANTICIPATE :AT MAY 2 >.D X4 ,DIRECT$ R1*+ O3URS 9 RESPONSE TO VISUAL 9PUT4 ,X S]VES TO ALL[ ! 9FANT TO 9VE/IGATE & BETT] "U/& ! VISUAL /IMULI4 ,! VISUAL /IMULI AL GIVE ! 9FANT A S5SE ( :AT TO EXPECT :5 R1*+ O3URS1 AL? :AT TO EXPECT NE$S TO 2 LE>N$ & X IS LE>N$ 9 "P 9CID5TALLY BY WAT*+ O!RS EV5 2F ! 9FANT ACTUALLY SU3E$S 9 R1*+4 ,VI.N1 !N1 PROVIDES AN ANTICIPATORY S5SE ( :AT IS TO 2 R1*$1 EV5 2F 3TACT IS MADE ) ! ITEMS A#CDD 2+ R1*$ =4 ,) 9FANTS :O >E BL1 VI.N IS N PRES5T TO S]VE Z A FE$ =W>D S5SE ALL[+ = ANTICIPA;N & SELF DIREC;N4 ------------------------------------#CDE ,DIRECT$ R1*+ OR 4COV]Y R1*+ O3URS Q V>IABLY AM;G 9FANTS :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL4 ,AUDITORY /IMULI & 9CID5TAL1 TACTILE 5C\RAGE;T C /IMULATE R1*+ = _M BL 9FANTS1 R DIRECT$ OR 4COV]Y 9 NATURE4 ,BO? >E USE;L 9 HELP+ ! 9FANT DEVELOP 8 RELA;N%IP ) 8 _W4 ,"S 9FANTS :O >E BL C REMA9 FI]CELY FE>.S & UNWAV]+LY 9QUISITIVE4 ,H["E1 = _M O!R 9FANTS :O >E BL1 AUDITORY /IMULA;N MAY N 2 5 TO /IMULATE DIRECT$ R1*+4 ,! LACK ( VISUAL /IMULI MAY CAUSE _M 9FANTS :O >E BL N TO 2 MOTIVAT$ TO R1* = ITEMS 9 _! SURR.D+S4 8,! HUMAN _S NE$S BO? 5C\RAGE;T & RE9=CE;T TO "W & TO PLAY4 ,= ! "Y *1 X IS IMPORTANT T ! EF=TS ASSOCIAT$ ) MOVE;T 2 MET ) 9N] DELID0 "<,AN?ONY1 #DBG #BJAJ1 P>A4 #BA">4 ,AL1 A A#CDE C]TA9 ANXIETY MAY 2 PRES5T AB TAK+ ! 9ITIATIVE TO R1* 9TO UN"KN SPACE4 ,P]H ! 9FANT J HAS AN ANXI\S P]SONAL;Y1 OR P]H HE ATTEMPT$ TO R1* OR MOVE1 ONLY TO 2 MET ) %OCK+ OR O!RWISE NEGATIVE 3SEQU;ES1 S* Z AN UNEXPECT$ ------------------------------------#CDF H1D BUMP1 OR COM+ ABRUPTLY 9TO 3TACT ) AN UNPL1SANT /IMULUS T 0 N ANTICIPAT$ DUE TO LACK ( VISUAL PREVIEW4 ,9 S* CASES1 "S BL 9FANTS MAY LE>N TO REMA9 IMMOBILE1 LE/ _! H&1 FOOT1 OR ANY O!R "P ( _! BODY 2COME IMPLICAT$ 9TO UNPL1SANT & UPSETT+ CIRCUM/.ES4 ,9 S* CASES1 _M BL 9FANTS MAY SIMPLY REMA9 Q /1 J LI/5+ 9T5TLY TO :AT IS >.D !M1 OR RETR1T+ 9TO _! [N H1D4 ,"S C>EGIV]S W MANIPULATE ! 9FANT'S BODY TO 9T]ACT ) ! 5VIRON;T4 ,9 ESS;E1 !Y >E GUID+ ! 9FANT'S R1*+ & EXPLORA;N 9 ! HOPES ( 5GAG+ HM 9 ! _W4 ,H["E1 ? PROCESS C QKLY DEG5]ATE 9TO A DEP5D5CY ( ! 9FANT ON O!RS TO GOV]N XS MOVE;TS "? SPACE1 & C S]VE TO E/ABLI% ANXI\S FEEL+S AB SELF DIRECT$ R1*+ & A#CDF MOVE;T4 ,Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,?REE1 E>LY CANE TRA9+ PROVIDES 9FANTS :O >E BL ) A S5SE ( 2+ ABLE TO PROBE ! 5VIRON;T >.D !M4 ,X S]VES A SIMIL> PURPOSE ( FE$-=W>D ANTICIPA;N Z VI.N DOES = 9FANTS :O >E SILY ALL *N CRUISE AL;G FURNITURE & O!R SURFACES 9 ! DEVELOP;T ( WALK+4 ,9FANTS :O >E SIE WALK+ UNSUPPORT$4 ,9FANTS :O >E BL CRUISE Z A M1NS ( PHYSICAL SUPPORT1 B ? PHYSICAL SUPPORT MAY AL COME TO S]VE TO =M ! P>AMET]S T DEF9E _! _W4 ,!Y MAY COME TO DEP5D ON PHYSICAL SURFACE Z A M1NS ( MA9TA9+ A S5SE ( DIREC;N & PURPOSE1 & ? 2COMES _! COM=T & _! "U/&+ ( ! _W4 ,9 S* CASES1 MOVE;T "? SPACE 2COMES ------------------------------------#CDH L9K$ TO 3TACT ) PHYSICAL SURFACES1 & ! PROSPECT ( SELF GUID$ MOVE;T A"P F PHYSICAL SPACE MAY 2COME UNIMAG9ABLE = _M *N :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL4 ,Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,?REE1 "O 3V5;N ! AU?ORS WD AVOID IS 5C\RAGE;T TO TRAIL1 SQU>E (F1 OR TO RELY H1VILY ON TACTILE L&M>K+ = NAVIGA;N PURPOSES4 ,Z NOT$1 ! 9FANT :O IS BL IS ALR 9 DANG] ( DEVELOP+ A /R;G DEP5D5CY ON PHYSICAL SURFACES = 8 MOBIL;Y4 ,TO FUR!R 5C\RAGE ? PROCESS IS TO E/ABLI% X 9TO A FIX$ PATT]N ( DEP5D5CY T 2COMES ALM IMPOSSIBLE TO BR1K4 ,9/1D A#CDH 5C\RAGE ! 9FANT TO HE> & RESPOND TO ! E*OES F L>GE SURFACES & F1TURES1 S* Z WALLS1 9SIDE & \TSIDE CORN]S1 & OP5+S4 ,^! >E USUALLY EASY = ! TODDL] :O IS BL TO LE>N TO HE>1 & DO+ S C QKLY /IMULATE 3FID;E ( MOVE;T 9 FREE SPACE4 ,5C\RAGE T\* = EXPLORA;N B N = NAVIGA;N4 ,? IS 4CUSS$ 9 M DEP? 9 ,*APT] ,?REE4 ;,C4 ,9FANT ,SCA6OLD+3 ,9FANTS :O >E SIE G5]ALLY SCA6OLD$1 SUPPORT$1 NURTUR$1 5C\RAG$1 & CELEBRAT$ TO MOVE "? ------------------------------------#CDI _! DEVELOP;T 9TO GRT] & GRT] COMPET;E & SELF E6ICACY4 ,P>5TS NOTE _! F/ R1*1 F/ /EP1 F/ JUMP1 F/ ?R[4 ,Z ! 9FANT'S COMPET;E IMPROVES1 SCA6OLD+ IS )DRAWN1 OR MODIFI$ TO 5C\RAGE M & M SELF E6ICACY4 ,9FANTS :O >E BL >E AL SCA6OLD$1 B ! ONGO+ NATURE ( X (T5 PROGRESSES DI6]5TLY4 ,! 9FANT :O IS BL MAY N 2 DRIV5 9 ! SAME WAY TO EXT5D & #DCA EXP& COMPET;E & SELF E6ICACY4 A#CDI ,= AN 9FANT :O IS BL1 SCA6OLD+ MAY EASILY 2COME 5ABL+ TO ! EXT5T T ! 9FANT COMES TO DEP5D M1 N LESS1 ON ! SCA6OLD+ PROCESS4 ,! 9FANT'S CAPAC;Y TO 5GAGE ! 5VIRON;T 2COMES PR$ICAT$ ON ! FACILITA;N BY O!RS4 ,9 ? CASE1 SCA6OLD+ IS N )DRAWN RECIPROCALLY TO DEVELOP+ COMPET;E1 S COMPET;E MAY N 2 DRIV5 TO DEVELOP4 ,! RESULT IS A CYCLE ( DEP5D5CY 3DI;N+ OR LE>N$ HELP.S;S 9 : ! * :O IS BL 2COMES "E M DEP5D5T ON O!RS TO GOV]N 8 RELA;N%IP ) ! _W >.D HM4 ,? PROCESS ( 3DI;N$ DEP5D5CY MAY 2 EXAC]BAT$ 9 ! CASE ( M$ICAL FRAGIL;Y ------------------------------------#CEJ COMMON AM;G 9FANTS :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL4 ,9 ? CASE1 ! 9FANT R1LLY DOES REQUIRE 3SID]ABLE C>E & NURTUR+1 B ! PATT]N ( NURTUR+ MAY 2COME FIX$ & MAY N ALL[ ! 9FANT TO DEVELOP SELF E6ICACY4 ,:AT />T$ \ Z A G5U9E REQUIRE;T ( C>E LAPSES 9TO A HABIT ( 5ABL+ & DEP5D5CY4 ,"H1 ! FAMILY MAY SIMPLY NE$ "S G5TLE1 "U/&+ C\NSEL+ TO EASE A#CEJ UP ON ! AM.T ( SCA6OLD+ 2+ GIV54 ,! PHILOSOPHY & APPROA* \TL9$ "H T5DS TO %[ IMM IMPACT4 ,X ISN'T A SITUA;N ( 8IF Y D ^! ?+S 9 J ? WAY1 "S"D1 Y'LL GET RESULTS40 ,! APPROA* IS V RELAX$ & FLEXIBLE1 & ! RESULTS >E (T5 IMM4 ,? PROVIDES ! FAMILY S.D IMPETUS & 5C\RAGE;T TO TAKE A M PROGRESSIVELY DEVELOP;TAL APPROA* ) ! *4 ,"W+ ) V "Y *N ,! AU?ORS >E N ADVOCATES ( A /RICT TRA9+ PROGRAM T ALL /UD5TS M/ FOLL[4 ,! T1*+ APPROA* IS M* M FOCUS$ ^U P]CEP;N OR SELF 4COV]Y = ! /UD5T1 R ?AN A SKILLS-BAS$ APPROA*4 ,DANIEL ,KI% & 8 ASSOCIATES H ------------------------------------#CEA "W$ ) 9FANTS Z "Y Z #G MON?S ON CANE & ,FLA%,SON> DEVELOP;T4 ,SCOTT "<#BJJH"> REPORTS *N 9 ,WE/]N ,AU/RALIA 2+ 9TRODUC$ TO ! L;G CANE F #AD-#AH MON?S ( AGE4 ,EXP]I5TIAL LESSONS 9 4COV]Y >E MO/ E6ECTIVE ) *N4 #DCC ,DR4 ,/EVE ,*>LES1 ,P$IATRIC A#CEA OPH?ALMOLOGI/ & ,DIRECTOR ( ! ,*>LES ,RET9A ,9/ITUTE1 HAS NOT$ EVID;E ( E*OLOCA;N DEVELOP;T 9 TOTALLY BL 9FANTS ) /AGE FIVE RET9AL DETA*;T4 8,I FREQU5TLY OBS]V$ T ! PATI5TS MADE HI< PIT*$1 *IRP+ S.DS :ILE MOV+ _! H1DS BACK & =? 9 A RHY?MIC FA%ION :ILE WALK+ OR CRAWL+4 ,? 2HAVIOR 0 N OBS]V$ :5 ! PATI5TS 7 S1T$ OR LY+ D[N4 ,"S OBS]V]S 2LIEVE T ! HI< PIT*$ S.DS >E A RESULT ( L>YNG1L SC>R+ SECOND>Y TO L;G-T]M 5DOTRA*1L 9TUBA;N 9 ! NEONATAL C>E UNITS4 ,? EXPLANA;N MAY EXPLA9 ! HI< PIT* B FAILS TO EXPLA9 ! *IRP+4 ,! RHY?MIC1 BACK & =? H1D MO;N NOT$ 9 _M PATI5TS BL AT BIR? OR Z 9FANTS HAS BE5 REF]R$ TO Z A 8BL9DISM0 & ATTRIBUT$ TO FRUIT.S VISUAL SE>*+1 ANALOG\S TO NY/AGMUS4 ,! AU?OR HAS A L;G-/&+ 9T]E/ 9 NEUROBIOLOGY & NEURAL PLA/IC;Y /EMM+ F A BACKGR.D 9 M$IC9E1 5G9E]+ & RET9AL ELECTRO-PHYSIOLOGY4444 ,X IS ! AU?OR'S OP9ION T BL1 "Y *N ADAPTIVELY LE>N TO *IRP HI< PIT* S.DS & MAKE H1D MOVE;TS #CEB = NAVIGA;NAL PURPOSES4444 ,X IS LIKELY T *IRP+ COMB9$ ) H1D MO;N C 2 TAUN+ ( AC\/IC NAVIGA;N0 "<,*>LES1 #BJJD">4 ,ASK+ *N "U ! AGE ( #F OR #G TO 8LI/5 = SIL5T OBJECTS0 MAY 3FUSE !M4 ,IF Y APPROA* ! SES.N Z A 8LI/5+ GAME0 ! *N R>ELY *ALL5GE Y4 ,EV5TUALLY1 !Y GET ! IDEA4 ,:5 9TRODUC+ ! CLICK+1 _M "Y *N C ALR CLICK EV5 Z "Y Z #F MON?S4 ,= ^? :O _C1 "Y *N W OBVI\SLY N RESPOND TO EXPLANA;NS & DIDACTIC 9/RUC;N4 ,B !Y W EMULATE O!RS4 ,S1 Y C T1* P>5TS & P]H OLD] SIBL+S H[ TO CLICK1 & H[ TO MODEL ! USE ( ! CLICK TO LOCATE OBJECTS4 8,WE CLICK1 & WE TURN \R H1DS TO LOOK = ?+S40 ,(T51 IF ! T1*] CLICKS AT AN OBJECT1 T C 2 SU6ICI5T /IMULUS TO MOTIVATE A * TO APPROA* ! OBJECT )\T ANY FUR!R 9/RUC;N4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! >TICULA;N ( ! CLICK & XS MANN] ( APPLICA;N >E LE>N$ M* Z A LANGUAGE IS LE>N$,-"? OBS]VA;N1 EMULA;N1 & APPLICA;N4 #DCE ,"Y *N >E M 9CL9$ TO T\* "EY?+ A#CEB & H DI6ICULTY MA9TA9+ NEC ------------------------------------#CEC 3C5TRA;N4 ,:ILE T\*+ IS N A BAD ?+1 REM9D *N T !Y'RE DO+ 8LI/5+0 GAMES "R N[4 ,TELL ! *N T :5 !Y TALK TO ?+S >.D !M BY CLICK+1 ! OBJECTS W ANSW] BACK4 ,ASK+ "Y /UD5TS = V]BAL RESPONSES IS G5]ALLY M* LESS E6ECTIVE ?AN REQUIR+ A SPECIFIC AC;N F !M4 ,= EXAMPLE1 R ?AN ASK+ !M TO SAY ": ! T>GET IS1 TELL !M TO G TO ! T>GET1 OR R1* = X4 ,! T1*] NE$S TO 5GAGE *N 9 :AT !Y L TO D1 : IS USUALLY PLAY4 8,! QKE/ WAY TO A *'S HE>T IS "? FUN0 "<,KI% ET ;AL41 #AIIH1 ;P4 #C"> ,"W ,FLA%,SON> 9TO ^! FUN EXP]I;ES4 ,ESS5TIALLY1 Y >E /IMULAT+ ! BL *'S 9T]E/ 9 ! AC\/IC 5VIRON;T1 & DEVELOP+ ! IDEA T DI6]5T S.DS CORRESPOND TO DI6]5T QUALITIES 9 ! 5VIRON;T4 ,"S EXAMPLES ( GAMES TO PLAY >E 2L4 ,A4 ,F9D ! ,BOX3 ,V "Y TODDL]S OR 9FANTS (T5 L TO CRAWL 9TO OR "U ?+S4 ,F9D A L>GE 3TA9]1 MAYBE A /ORAGE 3TA9] OR AN OP5 C>DBO>D BOX1 & POSI;N ! * A#CEC NE> X4 ,5TICE ! * BY TALK+ OR MAK+ FUNNY NOISES 9TO X TO GET 8 ATT5;N4 8,SEE ------------------------------------#CED H[ BOOMY X S.DS4 ,RRRRUMMMM40 ,!N1 SEE IF Y C GET ! * TO F9D X HMF4 ,! F/ "T %D 2 EASY 2C ! * HE>D Y TALK 9TO ! BOX4 ,B !N1 PLACE ! * AT DI6]5T 4T.ES & DI6]5T ANGLES1 & 5C\RAGE HM TO F9D X4 ,/IMULATE ! *'S 9T]E/ 9 3TA9] PLAY4 ,BR+ \ S"EAL 3TA9]S ( DI6]5T SIZES & MADE ( DI6]5T MAT]IALS4 ,PLAY ) HM4 ,5C\RAGE HM TO DROP DI6]5T ?+S 9TO ! 3TA9]S TO SEE :AT K9DS ( S.DS !Y MAKE4 ,DROP ! 3TA9]S TO HE> :AT S.DS !Y MAKE4 ,S+ OR MAKE NOISES 9TO ! 3TA9]S4 ,S* ACTIVITIES C S]VE TO /IMULATE FUR!R 9T]E/ 9 ! AUDITORY 5VIRON;T1 J Z VISUAL GAMES & B"R COLORS C HELP /IMULATE VISUAL DEVELOP;T = SI HM1 OP5 SIDE A#CED T[>D HM1 & 5C\RAGE HM TO F9D X BY MAK+ NOISES4 ,9 "T1 HE W LE>N TO F9D X BY CLICK+4 ;,B4 ,AUDITORY ,SPACE ,RECOGNI;N3 ,C>RY ! * F ROOM TO ROOM 9 8 H\SE1 & 5C\RAGE ------------------------------------#CEE HM TO LE>N :AT ROOM HE'S 9 BAS$ ON XS S.D "*I/ICS4 ,? IS BE/ D"O F ! C5T] ( ! ROOM4 ,H HM "N ! ROOM4 ,X DOESN'T NECESS>ILY MATT] :AT T]M HE USES Z L;G Z X'S 3SI/5T4 ,B1 X CD 2 A GD WAY TO DEVELOP VOCABUL>Y4 ,/IMULATE 9T]E/ 9 CRAWL+ 9TO OR "U ?+S,-"U A TABLE1 9TO A CUPBO>D1 9TO V L>GE BOXES4 ,Y C MAKE ? 9TO A SORT ( HIDE & SEEK GAME4 ,MAKE NOISES ) HM4 ,SEE IF HE TAKES 9T]E/ 9 ! AUDITORY 5VIRON;T 9 OR "U ^! ?+S4 ,Y C D ? SAME ?+ :5 Y 5T] V>I\S 5VIRON;TS T H DI6]5T S.D "*I/ICS1 S* Z ! ELEVATOR1 AN E*OEY HALLWAY1 OR A L>GE CA!DRAL4 ;,C4 ,HIDE & ,SEEK3 ,= OLD] *N ! T1*] CD SET UP A GAME ( HIDE & SEEK4 ,? "WS WELL = GR\PS ( *N :O >E BL4 ,! RULES >E T "O * C.TS TO A SET NUMB] A#CEE :ILE ! O!RS HIDE4 ,!Y M/ HIDE NE>1 "U1 OR 2H "S?+ T IS AT L1/ Z BIG Z !Y >E4 ,? M1NS T !Y H TO SCAN & SE>* TO F9D S* OBJECTS4 ,!Y MAY NE$ "S COA*+ AT F/ TO GET ! HANG ( X1 B COA*+ %D TAP] (F Z QKLY Z POSSIBLE4 ,!N1 ! SEEK] HAS ------------------------------------#CEF TO 8LOOK0 = OBJECTS ( A C]TA9 SIZE1 & *ECK IF ANY"O IS "!4 ,IF ! SEEK] HAS TR\BLE1 HE C ASK = A H9T4 ,! HID]S M/ CLAP _! H&S ONCE1 & ! SEEK] NE$S TO KEEP TRACK ( ": HE HE>D ! SIGNALS COM+ F4 ,Y C SET A LIMIT ON H[ _M H9TS ! SEEK] C ASK =4 ;,D4 ,BALL ,PLAY3 ,Y C MAKE A BALL EASILY 9TO AN AUDIBLE BALL BY PLAC+ X 9TO A SP>E PLA/IC GROC]Y BAG1 & TY+ ! H&LES TGR LOOSELY >.D ! BALL4 ,!N B\NCE ! BALL AG/ ! WALL1 & 9T]CEPT X Z X COMES BACK4 ,IF ! /UD5T HAS TO *ASE AF ! BALL1 HE M/ MA9TA9 E*O AW>E;S TO RETURN TO A PO9T )9 TOSS+ 4T.E F ! WALL1 & SQU>E HMF S ! WALL IS 9 FRONT4 ,O!RWISE1 ! BALL W J 3T9UE TO #DCI B\NCE AWAY ASKEW4 A#CEF ;,E4 ,EXPLOR]3 ,"H1 ! R1L GOAL TO ! LESSON IS TO EXPLORE4 ,! T1*] M/ F9D AN >EA OR L>GE BUILD+ T HE ?9KS W 2 ( 9T]E/ TO ! *4 ,*N (T5 L L>GE BUILD+S ) LOTS ( CORRIDORS1 /AIRWAYS1 ELEVATORS1 & ROOMS ( DI6]5T TYPES4 ,! /UD5T IS TO LI/5 = DI6];ES 9 8 SURR.D+S & KEEP TRACK ( :E!R ?+S S.D FAMILI> OR ------------------------------------#CEG DI6]5T4 ,? EX]CISE C AL 2 P]=M$ 9 AN 9TRIGU+ \TDOOR >EA ) A RI* 5VIRON;T S* Z A P>K4 ,IF ? P>K HAS A PLAYGR.D OR NICE TREES TO CLIMB1 S M* ! BETT]4 ;,F4 ,HO2IES3 ,! T1*] %D F9D \ ! *'S HO2IES & 9TEGRATE !M 9TO A LESSON4 ,= 9/.E1 IF A /UD5T LIKES ICESKAT+1 GET HM TO ICE SKATE >.D ! R9K :ILE KEEP+ TRACK ( ! \T] RAIL+ & LI/5+ = O!RS >.D HM4 ,IF HE RIDES A BIKE OR TRIKE1 ! T1*] C F9D A LOCA;N ) A V L;G WALL T HAS "S TWI/S & TURNS 9 X4 ,! T1*] C !N ASK ! /UD5T TO CYCLE C]TA9 4T.ES F ! WALL OR AWAY F X & !N F9D X AG4 ;,G4 ,C.T+3 ,_M /UD5TS L TO C.T ?+S4 ,BY US+ ,FLA%,SON>1 /UD5TS C C.T A#CEG POLES1 P>K$ C>S1 TREES1 BU%ES1 OR OP5 DOORWAYS4 ,TO D ?1 !Y NE$ TO 2 ABLE TO DETECT & 4CRIM9ATE :AT ! 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