,E*OLOCA;N & ,FLA%,SON> ,DANIEL ,KI% ,JO ,HOOK ,VOLUME #C ( #C ,VOLUMES ,BRL PAGES T#A-T#D & #DDI-#FAH ,PR9T PAGES AVIII-BX & #CFE-#EJG ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL #AHCI ,FRANK=T ,AVE4 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,K5TUCKY #DJBJF-#JJHE T#A ,COPY"R ^C #BJAF ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL1 ,9C4 ,ALL "RS RES]V$4 ,,,SPECIAL SYMBOLS US$ 9 ? VOLUME,' .= ,DOT LOCATOR = 8M5;N0 .=^3 ,DIA]ESIS " ABV FOLL[+ LR .=,8 ,OP5+ S+LE QUOTA;N M>K .=,0 ,CLOS+ S+LE QUOTA;N M>K T#C ,,TRANSCRIB]',S ,,NOTES ,? VOLUME IS TRANSCRIB$ AC TO .7,! ,RULES ( ,UNIFI$ ,5GLI% ,BRL1.' ,SECOND ,$I;N #BJAC & .7,BRL ,=MATS3 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PR9T-TO-,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N1.' #BJAA4 ,BLOCK$ P>AGRAPHS H BE5 9D5T$4 ,NONSPECIFIC QUOTA;N M>KS H BE5 US$ = ! PR$OM9ANT QUOTA;N M>KS 9 ! TEXT4 ,E*OLOCA;N & ,FLA%,SON> AVIII ,TABLE ( ,3T5TS ,*APT] #E ,- ,FLA%,SON> ,EX]CISES """""""" #CFE ,MAT]IALS ,T ,Y ,MAY ,NE$ """"""" #CFF ,G5]AL ,EX]CISES """""""""""""""" #CFH ,/IMULUS ,S5SITIZA;N """""""""""" #CGJ ,! ,PHASE ,E6ECT """""""""""""" #CGJ ,/IMULUS T>GET PRES5TA;N """""" #CGB ,HE>+ R1L 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES3 ,F;ES1 BLANK WALLS1 ROOMS ( V>Y+ SIZES """""""""""""""""" #CGG --------------------------------------IX ,E/ABLI%+ ,ORI5TA;N ,RELATIVE TO ,PO9TS ( ,REF];E """""""""""" #CGH ,ORI5T+ TO & MOV+ T[>D AN OBJECT """""""""""""""""""""" #CGH ,ALCOVE & 9T]IOR CORN] LOCA;N #CHJ ,TRACK+ C\RSE B.D>IES """"""""" #CHC ,C5T]+ """""""""""""""""""""""" #CHE ,CIRCL+ """"""""""""""""""""""" #CHG ,NEGOTIAT+ ,OBJECTS """"""""""""" #CHH #DDI AIX ,MOV+ AM;G OBJECTS ) GOAL DIREC;N """"""""""""""""""""" #CHH ,PRECI.N DETEC;N """""""""""""" #CIJ ,ID5TIFICA;N ( ,F1TURES & ,ELE;TS """"""""""""""""""""" #CIB ,5VIRON;TAL ,LAY]+_/,SC5E ,ANALYSIS "<,GE/ALT+"> """""" #CIC ,DYNAMIC ,5VIRON;TAL ,9T]AC;N "<,SELF-,ORI5TA;N"> """"""""" #CID ,/REET CROSS+ """"""""""""""""" #CID ,CROSS+ A P>K+ LOT """""""""""" #CIE ,SELF-ORI5TA;N """""""""""""""" #CIF ,V ,ADV.ED ,EX]CISES = ,5?USIA/IC ,/UD5TS """""""""" #CIH ,REF9$ F1TURE 4CRIM9A;N & LOCA;N """""""""""""""""""""" #CIH ,T>GET PRACTICE """"""""""""""" #CII ,SC5E REPRES5TA;N """"""""""""" #CII ,BICYCL+ """""""""""""""""""""" #DJJ ,GR\P ACTIVITIES """""""""""""" #DJA --------------------------------------;X ,SELECT+ ,SUITABLE ,TRA9+ ,5VIRON;TS """""""""""""""""" #DJA ,SELF ,EX]CISES = ,/IMULAT+ ! A;X ,SON> ,P]CEP;N """""""""""""" #DJC ,ONL9E ,PRACTICAL ,RES\RCES & ,EXAMPLES """"""""""""""""""" #DJF #F ,- ,! ,IMPORT.E ( ,E*OLOCA;N & ,FUTURE ,RESE>* """"""""""""" #DJI ,RESE>* """"""""""""""""""""""""" #DJI ,>E ,HUMANS ,M ,L ,DOLPH9S OR ,BATS8 """""""""""""""""""""" #DAJ ,COMP>+ ,FLA%,SON> TO ,ELECTRONIC ,TRAVEL ,AIDS """ #DAC ,IS ,"! AN ,ALT]NATIVE TO ! ,L;G ,CANE8 """""""""""""""""""""" #DAF ,C ,VIRTUAL ,R1L;Y ,TE*NOLOGY ,ASSI/ ! ,VISUALLY ,IMPAIR$8 #DBA ,SPATIAL ,AW>E;S ,US+ ,S.D """""" #DBF ,/&>DIZ$ ,M1SURE ( ,E*OLOCA;N """ #DBG ,L9KS ,2T ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;T1 ,HAZ>DS1 & ,FALL+ """"""""""" #DBH ,UNEMPLOY;T """"""""""""""""""""" #DCB ,POSSIBLE ,DEVELOP;TAL ,DELAYS 9 ,*N ,) ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;TS """ #DCC ,O!R ,USES = ,E*OLOCA;N ,SKILLS #DCH ,M ,RESE>* IS ,NE$$ """"""""""""" #DDJ #DEA B;X ,! ,B5EFITS ( ,FLA%,SON> """""""" #DDA ,FLA%,SON> ,TRA9+ """"""""""""""" #DDD ,REF];ES """""""""""""""""""""""""" #DDG ,RES\RCES """"""""""""""""""""""""" #EJC ,*APT] #E ,- #CFE ,FLA%,SON> ,EX]CISES ,? *APT] 3TA9S SU7E/$ TRA9+ EX]CISES TO HELP "S"O LE>N ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS4 ,^! EX]CISES D N NE$ TO 2 C>RI$ \ 9 A SPECIFIC ORD] B %D 2 *OS5 AC TO ! LE>N]'S NE$S & ! 5VIRON;TS AVAILABLE4 ,DI6]5T /UD5TS W TRY DI6]5T EX]CISES 9 DI6]5T SEQU;ES1 DEP5D+ ON _! LE>N+ /YLE1 PREF];ES1 & BACKGR.D EXP]I;ES4 ,"S /UD5TS MAY N WANT OR NE$ TO "PICIPATE 9 E EX]CISE4 ,"S /UD5TS W PASS "? ! BASIC EX]CISES V QKLY OR SKIP !M ALT4 ,*N :O H BE5 BL OR H _H L[ VI.N = M ?AN #C YE>S OR ADULTS :O H BE5 BL OR H _H L[ VI.N = M ?AN #E YE>S MAY H LL NE$ = ! BASIC EX]CISES4 ,H["E1 X IS A GD IDEA TO TRY ^! EX]CISES ANYWAY1 Z !Y W PROVIDE A BASEL9E ( ABIL;Y LEVEL & AL GIVE A S5SE ( LE>N+ /YLE4 ,= MAXIMUM E6ECTIVE;S1 MO/ ( ^! EX]CISES ASSUME ! USE ( A T;GUE CLICK OR SUITABLE E*O SIGNAL4 ,= M 9=MA;N ON H[ TO PRODUCE AN E6ECTIVE T;GUE CLICK SEE ,*APT] ,F\R4 #DEC ,MAT]IALS ,T ,Y ,MAY ,NE$3 #CFF "<,= ALL T>GET /IMULI1 TRANSP>5CY IS ID1L B N REQUIR$4"> ,A4 ,TWO APPROXIMATELY #A-GALLON WIDE-M\!D J>S1 & "O J> AB HALF ! SIZE ( ! O!RS4 ,X DOESN'T MATT] :AT ! J>S >E MADE (1 B !Y %D 2 MADE ( ! SAME MAT]IAL4 ,PLA/IC W 2 EASI] TO H&LE = ! EX]CISES 2C X IS LIS C 2 MADE ( O!R MAT]IALS4 ;,B4 ,TWO L>GE B[LS OR POTS1 AT L1/ #D QU>TS 9 SIZE4 ,^! C 2 SALAD B[LS1 MIX+ B[LS1 OR :AT"E Y MAY H AT H&4 ,IF ! B[LS >E MADE ( PLA/IC1 !Y >E ID1L Z !Y >E EASY TO H&LE4 ;,C4 ,?REE BOTTLES ( AB A P9T OR QU>T,-"O M$IUM-M\!D & TWO NORMAL-M\!D ( ! SAME SIZE Z EA* O!R4 ,H1L? JUICES & SPORTS DR9KS (T5 COME 9 ^! SIZ$ BOTTLES1 ) M\?S SLIE PANELS 9 ! FOLL[+ APPROXIMATE SIZES3 #BJ 9*ES1 #AF 9*ES1 #AB 9*ES1 A#CFF #H 9*ES1 & #D 9*ES "E PANEL">4 ,IF CIRCLES >E US$ 9/1D ( SQU>ES1 ADD AB AN 9* DIAMET] TO EA* SPECIFICA;N ABV4 ,PRECI.N IS N REQUIR$ "H4 ,ALL PANELS %D 2 MADE ( ! SAME MAT]IAL1 B ! MAT]IAL DOESN'T MATT] Z L;G Z ! PANELS >E H>D & SOLID4 ,C>DBO>D "WS4 ;,E4 ,"O #BJ-BY-#DJ 9* PIECE ( C>DBO>D1 FOLD$ 9 HALF TO A #BJ-BY-#BJ 9* SQU>E4 ;,F4 ,"O SMALL1 PORTABLE ,,AM_/,,FM TRANSI/OR RADIO4 ,! RADIO IS TO 2 TUN$ (F /A;N ON ! ,,FM DIAL1 S Y J HE> /ATIC OR :ITE NOISE4 ;,G4 ,A H&HELD CLICK]4 ,^! C 2 F.D AT TOY /ORES (T5 9 ! %APE ( BUGS OR SMALL ANIMALS OR AT PET /ORES Z !Y >E US$ = DOG TRA9+4 ,MULTI-CLICK]S C 2 ORD]$ ONL9E 9 ! ,,UK4 ,^! >E H&HELD CLICK]S ) AN ADJU/ABLE VOLUME 3TROL4 ;,H4 ,AB #DJ SQU>E 9*ES ( S(T MAT]IAL2 A BLANKET1 T[EL1 OR PULLOV] MAY 2 #DEE US$,-5 TO FILL A #A GALLON J> A#CFG OR L>GE B[L OR TO COV] "O ( ! PANELS 4CUSS$ ABV4 ------------------------------------#CFH ,G5]AL ,EX]CISES _4 ,NOTICES E*OES 9 E*OEY ROOMS _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D 2T E*OEY & NON-E*OEY ROOMS_/HALLWAYS _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 E*OES 2T CORN]S & WALLS _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D Z LIQUID IS P\R$ 9TO MID-M\!D BOTTLE OR GLASS _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D :5 /UD5T BL[S ACR ID5TICAL /&>D-M\!D BOTTLES HOLD+ DI6]5T AM.TS ( LIQUID ,:5 ! /UD5T IS MOV+ >.D 9DOORS1 ! T1*] %D HELP H] NOTICE ! PRES;E ( /R;G E*OES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 _M *N :O >E BL LOVE TO PLAY S.D GAMES 9 HI1 OR /AIRWELLS4 ,! T1*] C 5C\RAGE ! * TO S+1 REP1T ^WS1 OR CLAP 9 ! BA?ROOM1 G>AGE1 OR O!R L>GE1 UNC>PET$ PLACES )\T A LOT ( FURNITURE OR A#CFH O!R OBJECTS T ABSORB S.D4 ,IF ! * MAKES NOISE 9 PLACES ) /R;G E*OES1 %E MAY NOTICE T H] VOICE S.DS ------------------------------------#CFI DI6]5T 9 ^! PLACES ?AN 9 O!R PLACES4 ,! T1*] CD MAKE A NOISE 9 AN E*OEY ROOM " & !N MOVE QKLY \ 9TO ! HALLWAY ": "! IS LESS E*O1 & MAKE ! SAME NOISE "! S T ! * C COMP>E4 ,CORN]S 9 A ROOM AL USUALLY EMIT /R;G] E*OES ?AN O!R "PS ( ! ROOM4 ,! BOTTLES C 2 US$ TO GIVE ! /UD5T CLE> EXAMPLES ( HE>+ DI6];ES 9 ! 5VIRON;T4 ,! /UD5T %D 2 ABLE TO TELL BY E> :5 A LIQUID IS R1*+ ! TOP ( ! M$IUM-M\!D BOTTLE OR GLASS4 ,LIQUIDS MAY 2 P\R$ AT DI6]5T SPE$S TO 5SURE T ! /UD5T IS LI/5+ & N J US+ TIM+4 ,! T1*] C PUT SLID-M\!D BOTTLES4 ,! /UD5T %D 2 ABLE TO HE> ! DI6];E :5 BL[+ ACR ! BOTTLES1 EV5 IF X IS V SLIE M OBVI\S 2F MOV+ ON TO ^? : >E M SUBTLE4 ------------------------------------#CGJ ,/IMULUS ,S5SITIZA;N ,Z ? T]M IMPLIES1 ! AIM IS TO GET /UD5TS TO 8S5SITIZE0 TO SUBTLE /IMULI1 HELP+ /UD5TS TO 8HOOK IN0 TO ! EXP]I;E4 ,TRA9+ />TS ) S5SITIZ+ /UD5TS TO E*OES1 USUALLY BY HAV+ !M DETECT & LOCATE T>GETS T >E EASY1 S* Z L>GE PLA/IC PANELS OR B[LS4 ,? HELPS !M GET A S5SE ( :AT E*OES S.D L4 ,ONCE ? IS E/ABLI%$1 ! TRA9+ MOVES TO SUBTL] & M COMPLEX /IMULI4 ,! T1*] F9DS ! LEVEL ( /IMULI 9TO : ! /UD5T C 8HOOK10 !N GRADUALLY MOVES TO M SUBTLE /IMULI4 ,"S /UD5TS W PASS "? ! E>LI]1 M OBVI\S /IMULI V QKLY1 :ILE O!RS W NE$ M "T4 "<,/IMULUS S5SITIZA;N IS 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,F\R1 :ILE ! 3CEPT ( ! HOOK /IMULUS IS 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT]S ,TWO & ,F\R4"> A#CGJ ,! ,PHASE ,E6ECT _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D :5 L>GE PANEL IS 9 FRONT ( FACE _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D :5 L>GE B[L OR J> IS 9 FRONT ( FACE _4 ,NOTICES S.D :5 L>GE PANEL IS FUR!R AWAY 9 FRONT ( FACE ------------------------------------#CGA _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D :5 PANEL IS CLOSE OR F> AWAY 9 FRONT ( FACE _4 ,NOTICES DI6];E 9 S.D :5 PANEL MOVES F 9 FRONT TO ! LEFT & "R1 P>ALLEL TO FACE & H1D ,! T1*] C USE ! RADIO AT L[ VOLUME1 A 8%HHH0 S.D1 OR 3T9U\S VOCAL T"O 8AAAAAAAH0 & MOVE ! L>GE1 SOLID PANEL F ABV OR 2H ! /UD5T'S H1D TO DIRECTLY 9 FRONT ( H] FACE4 ,! PANEL %D SEEM TO APPE> SUDD5LY 2F H]4 ,IF ! PANEL IS MOV$ TOO QKLY1 ! S.D ( ! T1*]'S >M OR ! W9D BUR/ F ! PANEL MAY >\SE ! /UD5T'S ATT5;N4 ,AL ! T1*] %D TRY N TO #DEI WE> CLO!S T RU/LE OR MAKE A A#CGA NOISE Z ? CD 4TRACT ! /UD5T OR 8TIP (F0 ! /UD5T TO ! PANEL'S ":ABS BY CUES O!R ?AN E*O CUES4 ,! T1*] !N ASKS ! /UD5T IF %E C TELL ! DI6];E 2T ! PANEL 2+ "!1 V]SUS N "!1 & TE/ H]4 ,IF ! /UD5T C'T ID5TIFY :5 ! PANEL IS "! OR N1 ! T1*] CL>IFIES ! /IMULUS BY MOV+ TO ! SALAD B[L OR ! J> 9/1D4 ,2C ! S.D F ! GALLON J> OR L>GE B[L E*OES M1 X IS EASI] = ! /UD5T TO ID5TIFY4 ------------------------------------#CGB ,ONCE ! /UD5T C HE> ! PRES;E ( ! B[L OR J>1 ! T1*] C !N REP1T ! EX]CISE ) ! L>GE1 FLAT PANEL B FUR!R AWAY F ! /UD5T'S FACE4 ,NEXT ! T1*] C TRY SL[LY WAV+ ! PANEL T[>D & AWAY F ! /UD5T'S FACE & 4CUSS ANY *ANGES ! /UD5T NOTICES Z ! PANEL MOVES4 ,C ! /UD5T TELL :5 ! PANEL IS J AB TO T\* H]8 ,IF N1 ! T1*] IS TO TRY ) ! L>GE B[L1 !N MOVE BACK TO ! PANEL4 "<,? IS AN EXAMPLE ( /IMULUS CL>IFICA;N Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,F\R">4 ,F9ALLY1 ! T1*] C MOVE ! PANEL A#CGB F 9 FRONT TO ! LEFT1 & F 9 FRONT TO ! "R & ASK ! /UD5T TO SAY : WAY X MOV$4 ,! FLAT SURFACE ( ! PANEL M/ 3T9UE TO FACE ! /UD5T'S H1D4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ! PANEL %DN'T 2 J MOV$ LAT]ALLY AL;G A PLANE F LEFT TO "R1 B AL;G A CIRCUMF];E CIRCUMSCRIB+ ! /UD5T'S H1D S* T ! SURFACE IS ALW PO9T+ AT ! /UD5T4 ,/IMULUS T>GET PRES5TA;N _4 ,DETECTS LOCA;NS ( S+LE SMALL J> ------------------------------------#CGC _4 ,DETECTS LOCA;NS ( L>GE & SMALL J>S PRES5T$ AT ! SAME "T _4 ,DETECTS LOCA;N ( L>GE J> FILL$ ) S(T MAT]IAL & SAME-SIZE EMPTY J> _4 ,4T+UI%ES DI6];E 9 S.D 2T B[L & J> _4 ,ID5TIFIES : L>GE B[L IS CLOS] & : IS F>!R AWAY _4 ,9DICATES LOCA;N ( PANEL1 J>1 B[L1 & PANEL ) CLO? DRAP$ OV] X :5 PRES5T$ 9 PAIRS _4 ,ID5TIFIES CORN] %APE ( L;G PIECE ( C>DBO>D FOLD$ AT #IJ DEGREES #DFA A#CGC ,! OBJECT TO 2 DETECT$ IS ALW PRES5T$ TO ! /UD5T ) ! T1*] /&+ 2H ! /UD5T S T ! T1*]'S PRES;E DOES N 9T]F]E ) ! DETEC;N ( ! /IMULUS T>GETS4 ,^! EX]CISES %D ID1LLY 2 D"O 9 A L>GE1 OP51 NONR"EB]ANT1 FAIRLY QUIET SPACE "4 ,IF "! >E 3/ANT NOISES 9 ! >EA1 S* Z AIR 3DI;N+ OR TRA6IC1 X'S ID1L IF ! NOISE IS M OR LESS EV5LY DI6US$ "?\T ------------------------------------#CGD ! 5VIRON;T S T X LACKS DIREC;NAL;Y4 ,IF ! NOISE IS DIREC;NAL1 !N X %D 2 PLAC$ 2H ! /UD5T S T S.D %AD[S D N 9T]F]E ) CU+ ( REFLECT$ S.DS4 ,IF ! EX]CISES >E P]=M$ 9 A L>GE ROOM1 ! /UD5T M/ N 2 FAC+ A WALL OR 2 TOO NE> TO A CORN]4 ,! /IMULI >E PRES5T$ >.D ! /UD5T'S H1D Z QUIETLY Z POSSIBLE4 ,X IS BE/ = ! T1*] N TO WE> L;G SLEEVES 2C CLO?+ C RU/LE4 ,:5 PRES5T+ A /IMULUS TO "O SIDE ( ! H1D1 ! T1*] %D MOVE BO? >MS1 9CLUD+ ! EMPTY "O1 B KEEP ! ELB[ ( ! EMPTY >M B5T S T T >M IS KEPT \ ( ! /UD5T'S A#CGD AUDITORY VIEW4 ,MOV+ BO? >MS W KEEP ! /UD5T F J CU+ (F ! >M T MOVES1 S9CE !Y BO? >E MOV+4 ,B BY B5D+ "O >M1 ! /UD5T WON'T 2 4TRACT$ OR 3FUS$ BY ! PRES;E ( ! EMPTY >M4 ,9 G5]AL1 ^! BASIC /IMULUS S5SITIZA;N EX]CISES MOVE F PRES5T+ ! J>S F/1 !N ! B[L1 !N ! FLAT PANELS4 ,! T1*] W G5]ALLY PROGRESS F US+ ! L>GE FLAT PANELS TO ! SMALL] "OS OV] "T & AT V NE> 4T.ES 2F MOV+ TO >M'S L5G?4 ,EV5 IF /UD5TS SEEM WELL AH1D ( ! GAME ) _! SON>1 X MAY 2 A GD IDEA TO J ZIP "? ALL ! EASY EX]CISES ------------------------------------#CGE ANYWAY4 ,X C GIVE MAT]IAL = ! T1*] TO REF] BACK TO :5 ! EX]CISES GET M COMPLEX4 ,X IS BE/ TO />T T1*+ ! /UD5T SIMPLY TO DETECT ! PRES;E OR ABS;E ( /IMULI1 2F MOV+ ON TO LOCA;N "4 ,! V>I\S /IMULI C 2 BR"\ UP LAT] TO REPRES5T R1L F1TURES ( ! 5VIRON;T,-*AMB]S ( V>I\S SIZES1 ALCOVES1 CORN]S1 & WALLS4 ,! /UD5TS W (T5 2 SL[ & ME?ODICAL AT F/ 9 GIV+ _! ANSW]S1 #DFC B EV5TUALLY !Y %D R1* ! PO9T :5 A#CGE !Y C 9/ANTLY & ALM CASUALLY GIVE ! CORRECT ANSW] )\T HESITA;N OR SECOND GUESS+4 ,! T1*] C PRES5T A S+LE L>GE J> AT V>I\S LOCA;NS & TE/ ! /UD5T'S ABIL;Y TO DETECT X4 ,! T1*] %D 2G9 ) ! L>GE J> FAIRLY CLOSE TO ! /UD5T1 B !N MOVE FUR!R BACK4 ,! T1*] C !N REP1T B ) ! SMALL] J>4 ,! T1*] C !N PRES5T BO? J>S AT ! SAME "T1 "O TO EA* SIDE ( ! /UD5T1 HAV+ ! /UD5T TURN H] H1D SIDE TO SIDE TO CLICK OR MAKE "S SUITABLE NOISE 9TO EA* & DET]M9E : IS ! L>G] & : IS ! SMALL] J>4 ,!N ! T1*] C FILL "O ( ! L>GE J>S ) ! S(T MAT]IAL & REP1T ! /IMULUS DI6]5TIA;N EX]CISE1 4CUSS+ ! DI6];E 9 S.DS = EA* OBJECT4 ------------------------------------#CGF ,! T1*] C !N PRES5T ! B[L & J> TO ! /UD5T & ASK H] TO COMP>E ! S.DS4 ,! J> MAY 2 DESCRIB$ Z S.D+ M HOLL[ ?AN ! B[L1 M L A *AMB]4 ,! T1*] C AL PRES5T ! L>GE B[LS TO EA* ( ! /UD5T'S E>S SIMULTANE\SLY B AT DI6]5T 4T.ES & ASK IF ! /UD5T C /ATE : IS FUR!R & : IS A#CGF CLOS]4 ,! EX]CISE C />T ) ! 4T.ES 2+ V DI6]5T1 !N SL[LY R$UCE ! DI6];E 2T ! PRES5TA;N 4T.E4 ,!N ! T1*] C REP1T ! ABV EX]CISE US+ ! FLAT PANELS B N COMP>+ SIZE2 COMP>E PANEL TO B[L1 B[L TO J>1 PANEL TO B[L OR J>1 SOLID PANEL TO ! "O ) S(T MAT]IAL DRAP$ OV] X1 ETC4 ,X MAY HELP TO PRES5T BO? /IMULI TGR TO "R & LEFT1 R ?AN ALT]NAT+4 ,! /UD5T MAY SAY1 8,! B[L IS ON ! "R2 ! PANEL IS ON ! LEFT40 ,OR1 8"!'S A PANEL ABV ME & AL "O TO ! "R0 OR 8! SOLID PANEL IS TO ! LEFT & ! S(T "O IS ON ! "R40 ,! /UD5T %D 2 5C\RAG$ TO SCAN ) H] H1D TO DI6]5TIATE ! PRES;E & ABS;E ( ! PANEL F "O SIDE TO ! O!R4 ,! T1*] REM9DS ! /UD5T T P :O >E SIE BL C A*IEVE SIMIL> RESULTS ( T>GET 4CRIM9A;N BY MOV+ _! H1DS 9 A SIMIL> FA%ION4 ,X ACTUALLY MAKES ! /UD5T LOOK M 5GAG$ & AL]T4 ------------------------------------#CGG ,AF ! T1*] HAS D"O A FEW ( ! EX]CISES ABV1 %E C !N PRES5T ! L;G PIECE ( #DFE C>DBO>D FOLD$ AT #IJ DEGREES Z A A#CGG CORN]1 B )\T TELL+ ! /UD5T :AT X IS4 ,! /UD5T C 4CUSS :AT X S.DS L & :AT 5VIRON;TAL F1TURE X MAY REPRES5T4 ,HE>+ R1L 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES3 ,F;ES1 BLANK WALLS1 ROOMS ( V>Y+ SIZES _4 ,PLACES FRONT1 BACK1 & EA* %\LD] NEXT TO BLANK WALL AF 2+ 4ORI5T$ 9 ROOMS ( V>I\S SIZES & CLICK _4 ,PLACES FRONT1 BACK1 & EA* %\LD] NEXT TO F;E AF 2+ 4ORI5T$ & CLICK _4 ,FACES WALL & CLICKS1 2G9N+ "O MET] AWAY UP TO TW5TY MET]S AWAY _4 ,FACES F;E & CLICKS1 2G9N+ #A Y>D AWAY UP TO #BJ Y>DS AWAY ,! EX]CISES ABV C1 & %D1 2 REP1T$ US+ R1L 5VIRON;TAL F1TURES S* Z BLANK WALLS1 F;ES1 & ROOMS ( V>I\S SIZES4 ,/UD5TS C PLACE _! BACK1 FRONT1 & EA* %\LD] TO A WALL OR F;E AF 2+ 4ORI5T$4 ,! EX]CISES ------------------------------------#CGH C 2G9 AT A 4T.E ( AB A Y>D F ! WALL !N 9CR1SE TO P]H #EE Y>DS OR FUR!R4 A#CGH ,NOTE T "S /UD5TS MAY F9D SON> "*I/ICS EASI] TO HE> AT F/ F GRT] R ?AN LESS] 4T.ES4 ,R1L 5VIRON;T EX]CISES NE$ N 2 PUT (F UNTIL ALL PANEL EX]CISES >E COMPLETE4 ,!Y C 2 3DUCT$ 2T & AM;G ! PANEL EX]CISES = ! SAKE ( V>IETY & /IMULA;N4 ,X IS (T5 USE;L TO ! /UD5T TO />T TO SEE ! APPLICA;N ( ^! EX]CISES E>LY 9 ! PROGRAM Z ? MAY N 2 SELF APP>5T1 ESPECIALLY = "Y "OS4 ,9 FACT1 "Y *N MAY H A L[ TOL].E = ^! DRILL EX]CISES2 !Y W PROBABLY NE$ A M EXP]I5TIAL APPROA* 9VOLV+ R1L F1TURES MO/ ( ! "T 9VOLV+ MOVE;T4 ,E/ABLI%+ ,ORI5TA;N ,RELATIVE TO ,PO9TS ( ,REF];E ,ORI5T+ TO & MOV+ T[>D AN OBJECT _4 ,FACES & MOVES T[>D WALLS ) OR )\T RADIO PLAY+ :ITE NOISE AT T>GET _4 ,FACES & MOVES T[>D TREES ) OR )\T RADIO PLAY+ :ITE NOISE AT T>GET ------------------------------------#CGI _4 ,FACES & MOVES T[>D POLES ) OR #DFG )\T RADIO PLAY+ :ITE NOISE AT A#CGI T>GET ,! T1*] %D POSI;N ! /UD5T 2T #F & #H FEET F A WALL & ASK H] TO APPROA* ! WALL DIRECTLY4 ,!N ! 4T.E 2T ! WALL & /UD5T %D GRADUALLY 9CR1SE UNTIL X IS #FJ FEET OR M4 ,) A %>P H& CLAP1 /UD5TS MAY LE>N TO DIRECT !MVS ACR S"EAL HUNDR$ FEET ( OP5 SPACE4 ,US+ ? TE*NIQUE1 SELF-DIREC;N ACR OP5 SPACES C 2 EASILY MANAG$4 ,"S /UD5TS MAY NE$ TO 2 REM9D$ TO FACE ! WALL F/ 2F MOV+ T[>D X4 ,IF A /UD5T HAS DI6ICULTY ) ?1 X MAY HELP TO PLACE A S.D S\RCE " AT ! WALL1 & GRADUALLY R$UCE ! VOLUME ( ! RADIO OV] A NUMB] ( TRIES UNTIL ! /UD5T'S SON> S5SE TAKES OV] "<,? IS CALL$ /IMULUS %IFT1 & IS DETAIL$ 9 ,*APT] #D">4 ,X MAY AL 2 EASI] = "S /UD5TS TO LOCALIZE & APPROA* WALLS />T+ F ! M 4TANT POSI;N F/ & !N MOV+ CLOS]4 ,= "S /UD5TS1 ! "T DELAY ASPECT ( ,FLA%,SON> AT 4T.ES IS EASI] TO HE> ?AN PHASE C.ELLA;N AT CLOSE 4T.ES4 ,PELEGR9-,G>CIA1 ,RY*>IKOVA1 & ,GLORIEUX "<#BJAE"> 4COV]$ T = _! 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O!R ------------------------------------#CHA ,CORN]S & ALCOVES >E RELATIVELY EASY TO DETECT F GRT 4T.ES 2C !Y REFLECT S M* AC\/IC 5]GY BACK4 ,!Y C ?US 2 US$ TO E/ABLI% PO9TS ( REF];E EASILY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A /UD5T :O MAY H DI6ICULTY F9D+ H] DESK 9 A CLASSROOM OR LOCAT+ AN (FICE DOOR MAY USE NE>BY CORN]S Z H] REF];E PO9T4 ,S* 0 ! CASE ) AN ADULT :O 0 BL 9 ! ,NE!RL&S4 ,HE 0 Q A GD TRAVEL] & WELL ACQUA9T$ ) 8 "WPLACE4 ,B HE _H DI6ICULTY RELIABLY F9D+ 8 WAY ACR A L>GE1 "S:AT CLUTT]$ LO2Y TO ! CORRECT HALLWAY 3TA9+ 8 (FICE4 ,HE T5D$ TO GET A LL TURN$ >.D & 5D$ UP Q (F C\RSE1 (T5 REQUIR+ ! RECEP;NI/ TO R$IRECT HM4 ,! HALLWAY 9 "Q HAPP5$ TO 2 LOCAT$ NE> "O CORN] ( ! LO2Y4 ,9 "O #AE-M9UTE TRA9+ SES.N1 ? G5TLEMAN LE>N$ TO HE> ! CORN] NE> 8 HALLWAY F ! RECEP;N >EA1 AT AB A#CHA T5 MET]S 4T.E1 & >RIVE AT 8 HALLWAY E "T F T PO9T =W>D4 ,2F ! /UD5T DOES ? EX]CISE1 %E NE$S TO 2 ABLE TO TRAVEL & MOVE DIRECTLY T[>DS A WALL4 ,! T1*] NE$S TO LOCATE A CORN] " ) AT L1/ #C MET]S ( CLE> SPACE 2F X4 ,! CORN] TO 2 US$ CD 2 9DOORS1 S* Z A L>GE ROOM OR X CD 2 \TDOORS4 ,! /UD5T IS POSI;N$ S T %E IS FAC+ OBLIQUE TO ! CORN]4 ,! /UD5T ------------------------------------#CHB PRACTICES TURN+ & MOV+ DIRECTLY TO ! CORN] :ILE US+ H] CLICK4 ,"S /UD5TS MAY NE$ TO 2 REM9D$ TO TURN _! BODIES F/ TO FACE ! CORN]1 & !N MOVE T[>D X4 ,! /UD5T %D AL 2 5C\RAG$ TO MOVE F "O CORN] ( A ROOM DIAGONALLY TO ! O!R1 S5S+ ! OP5+ ( ! CORN] 2H H] Z %E MOVES AWAY1 & ! CLOS+ 9 ON ! CORN] 9 FRONT ( H] Z %E MOVES T[>DS X4 ,? EX]CISE IS V HELP;L TO BR1K _M /UD5TS' ATTA*;T TO /RAI & ANGUL> SITUA;NS4 ,"S /UD5TS W F9D ? EX]CISE M* EASI] ?AN !Y #DGA EXPECT1 :ILE O!RS W /RU7LE M ?AN A#CHB !Y EXPECT4 ,_M W SIMPLY />T MOV+ DIAGONALLY1 !N VE] T[>D A WALL & SIMPLY P>ALLEL T WALL UNTIL !Y R1* A CORN]4 ,B1 T CORN] W 2 AN ADJAC5T CORN] "<"O AL;G ! SAME WALL">1 N A DIAGONAL "O4 ,X MAY HELP TO %[ !M :AT !Y H D"O TACTUALLY US+ A SQU>E OR RECTANGUL> SURFACE4 ,X MAY AL HELP TO WALK ) A /UD5T >.D ! ROOM TO %[ H] AUDITORILY :AT %E DID1 COMP>$ TO :AT %E IS TRY+ TO D4 ,A GD SIZE = ! 9ITIAL ROOM WD 2 AB FIFTE5 FEET SQU>E1 !N L>G] ROOMS " CD 2 US$4 ,TO 9CR1SE ! DI6ICULTY ( ! TASK1 V>I\S OBJECTS C 2 PLAC$ 9 ! PA? ------------------------------------#CHC ! /UD5T IS LIKELY TO TAKE 2T ! CORN]S4 ,! /UD5T MAY N 2 EXPECT$ TO DETECT ALL ! OBJECTS )\T T\*+ !M1 B %D 2 ABLE TO MA9TA9 ORI5TA;N & DIREC;N F "O CORN] TO ! NEXT :ILE NAVIGAT+ AM;G ! SCATT]$ OBJECTS US+ ! CANE4 ,? DIAGONAL CORN] TO CORN] EX]CISE NE$ N 2 RE/RICT$ TO 9DOOR 5VIRON;TS4 ,L>GE C\RTY>DS1 QUADRANGLES1 & PLAZAS MAY AL SU6ICE4 ,! WALLS A#CHC D N NECESS>ILY NE$ TO T\* EA* O!R TO =M A CORN]-L PH5OM5ON F AN AC\/IC PO9T ( VIEW4 ,TWO BUILD+S /&+ AT "R ANGLES ) OP5 SPACE 2T !M W SU6ICE4 ,? !N ALL[S ! /UD5T TO USE CORN] AC\/ICS TO ASSI/ H] 9 ORI5T+ EV5 9 L>GE1 \TDOOR1 OP5 SPACES4 ,TRACK+ C\RSE B.D>IES _4 ,LOCATES WALL & WALKS AL;G X US+ CLICK _4 ,LOCATES R[ ( TREES OR POLES & WALKS AL;G !M US+ CLICK _4 ,LOCATES B.D>Y ( /ORE AISLE & FOLL[S X D[N ! AISLE US+ CLICK _4 ,LOCATES B.D>Y ( AISLE 9 P>K+ LOT "K$ C>S"> & WALKS AL;G X US+ CLICK ------------------------------------#CHD _4 ,LOCATES B.D>Y ( WID] >EA E4G41 "Y MADE ( CLU/]S S* Z *AIRS_/TABLES 9 A FOOD C\RT OR RE/AURANT US+ CLICK #DGC A#CHD ,? SKILL IS AB 2+ ABLE TO GUIDE "O'S MO;N AUDITORILY AL;G REGUL> & IRREGUL> BORD]S & B.D>IES1 S* Z WALLS1 F;ES1 A R[ ( POLES1 L9ES ( FOLIAGE1 HALLWAYS1 OR AISLES 9 /ORES & P>K+ LOTS4 ,X IS PREF]ABLE TO />T ! /UD5T'S TRA9+ ) SOLID1 3T9U\S SURFACES " 2F MOV+ TO SP>SE OR 9T]MITT5T F1TURES "4 ,! /UD5T %D TRY TO LOCATE ! B.D>Y US+ H] CLICK & !N WALK AL;GSIDE X4 ,! 4T.E AT : /UD5TS >E LOCAT+ B.D>IES %D 2 9CR1S$,-WIDE CORRIDORS MAY 2 F.D 9 TRANSIT /A;NS1 AIRPORTS1 & SUBURBAN ALLEY WAYS4 ,:5 B.D>IES 3SI/ ( CLU/]S ( ELE;TS1 S* Z TABLES & *AIRS 9 A RE/AURANT1 9DIVIDUAL ELE;TS ( ! PA? B.D>Y MAY N 2 4C]NIBLE TO ! /UD5T1 B ^! (T5 CLU/] OR A7REGATE TO 2COME DETECTABLE Z A UNIT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 W9D+ "O'S WAY "? A FOOD ------------------------------------#CHE C\RT OR RE/AURANT1 ! /UD5T MAY EASILY 2 ABLE TO ?R1D H] WAY GRACE;LLY AM;G ! FURNITURE ) M9IMAL 3TACT1 )\T NECESS>ILY 2+ ABLE TO 4T+UI% OR RECOGNIZE A#CHE ANY GIV5 PIECE "<,? PROCESS ( A7REGAT+ ITEMS OR F1TURES IS COV]$ 9 GRT] DETAIL 2L">4 ,! T1*] %D 5C\RAGE ! /UD5T TO MOVE AT A MOD]ATE OR BRISK PACE1 Z ? W MAKE ? EX]CISE EASI]4 ,C5T]+ _4 ,RECOGNIZES :5 C5T]$ 2T TWO SIMIL>1 P>ALLEL SURFACES AB EI1 P>ALLEL SURFACES AB EI1 P>ALLEL SURFACES AB EIE MOV$ F>!R A"P _4 ,P]=MS ^! EX]CISES US+ TWO P>ALLEL BUILD+S APPROXIMATELY FIFTY FEET A"P ------------------------------------#CHF ,? IS AN EX]CISE = ! /UD5T TO LE>N H[ TO C5T] H]F 2T TWO SURFACES4 ,! T1*] LOCATES OR >RANGES TWO M OR LESS FLAT SURFACES AB EI 9 NATURE4 ,X IS BE/ IF ! TWO SURFACES >E 9 AN O!RWISE OP5 >EA4 ,!Y CD 2 TABLES /&+ ON 5D1 P>K$ C>S1 TRA% B9S1 OR EASELS HOLD+ L>GE BO>DS4 ,! SURFACES DON'T NECESS>ILY NE$ TO 2 PRECISELY FLAT1 B !Y %D 2 R\E Y CLOSE/ TO40 ,"Y *N (T5 _C ANSW] ? "Q :5 PUT ? WAY1 EV5 :5 !Y "K ! ANSW]4 ,X MAY HELP TO ASK 8: SIDE C Y R1* "R \ & T\*80 ,OR1 8G TO ! SIDE Y C T\* ! EASIE/ OR QKE/40 ,!N ! T1*] RE-SITUATES ! /UD5T S T %E IS NE> ! C5T]1 B DEF9ITELY N C5T]$1 & ASKS H] TO C5T] H]F US+ H] ,FLA%,SON>4 ,EXACT C5T]+ MAY N HAPP5 "R AWAY4 ,IF %E IS )9 A FEW 9*ES1 ! T1*] %D PRAISE H] EF=T4 ,! T1*] GRADUALLY 9CR1SES ! 4T.ES 2T ! TWO SURFACES TO AB FIFTY FEET A"P4 ,! SURFACES %D 2 L>GE1 = EXAMPLE1 2T TWO BUILD+S4 ,! T1*] ASKS ! #CHG /UD5T TO REP1T ? 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P]CEP;N4 ,:5 A SUBTLE /IMULUS FADES GRADUALLY1 "O (T5 DOES N R1LIZE X IS FAD+ UNTIL X'S G"O4 ,/ABILIZ+ ATT5;N (T5 HELPS "H Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,F\R4 ,! T1*] C ASK1 8,":'S T "80 ,/UD5TS C (T5 REORI5T !MVS Q WELL J BY ? "Q4 ,!Y MAY NE$ TO /OP1 REORI5T1 !N 3T9UE CIRCL+4 ,! /UD5T %D 2 ASK$ TO CIRCLE ! OBJECT 9 BO? DIREC;NS4 ,NEGOTIAT+ ,OBJECTS ,MOV+ AM;G OBJECTS ) GOAL DIREC;N _4 ,APPROA*ES & AVOIDS A S+LE1 L>GE1 SOLID1 /A;N>Y OBJECT _4 ,APPROA*ES & AVOIDS A SMALL] OBJECT _4 ,APPROA*ES & AVOIDS A MOV+ OBJECT _4 ,?R1DS ! WAY AM;G OBJECTS :ILE MA9TA9+ ORI5TA;N 9 DE"P;T /ORES1 FURNITURE /ORES1 LIBR>IES1 P>K+ LOTS1 RE/AURANTS1 CLASSROOMS1 =E/S1 ETC4 _4 ,MOVES 9 A SLALOM MANN] AM;G ! #CHI C>S 9 P>K+ LOT ) CANE %ORT5$ )\T T\*+ C>S _4 ,?R1DS "? CR[D ( P SPAC$ \ S "! IS SU6ICI5T GAP = /UD5T TO PASS "? ,! /UD5T C LE>N TO MOVE AM;G OBJECTS1 MA9TA9+ GOAL DIRECT$;S1 ) LL OR NO PHYSICAL 3TACT ) ! OBJECTS "? H] BODY OR CANE4 ,G5]ALLY X IS BE/ TO />T BY LETT+ ! /UD5T APPROA* & AVOID A S+LE1 L>GE1 SOLID1 /A;N>Y OBJECT F/ 2F ADVANC+ TO SMALL]1 SP>S]1 POSSIBLY MOV+ OBJECTS4 ,? C !N 2 ADV.ED TO ?R1D+ ! WAY AM;G OBJECTS :ILE MA9TA9+ ORI5TA;N4 ,3GE/$ 5VIRON;TS ) _M OBJECTS NE$+ TO 2 NEGOTIAT$ MAY 9CLUDE DE"P;T /ORES1 FURNITURE /ORES1 LIBR>IES1 P>K+ LOTS1 RE/AURANTS1 CLASSROOMS1 =E/S1 ETC4 ,R[S ( C>S 9 P>K+ LOTS "W WELL Z OB/ACLE C\RSES4 ,! IDEA IS T ! /UD5T ?R1DS H] WAY 9 A SLALOM MANN] AM;G ! C>S ) CANE %ORT5$ )\T T\*+ ! C>S4 ,N ONLY DOES ? HELP DEVELOP PRECI.N ( MOVE;T1 B X C HELP /UD5TS ADDRESS ANY FE>S !Y #DGI MAY H>BOR AB TRA6IC OR P>K+ LOT A#CHI >1S4 ,A CR[D ( P C AL 2 US$ = ! EX]CISE1 ------------------------------------#CIJ SPAC$ \ S "! IS A SU6ICI5T GAP = ! /UD5T TO PASS "?4 ,*N MAY H ! ADVANTAGE "H 2C _! R$UC$ HEI.D !M L>G] & M DETECTABLE4 ,PRECI.N DETEC;N _4 ,REP1T$LY WALKS "? DOOR )\T T\*+ SIDES Z T1*] SL[LY CLOSES X1 N>R[+ ! GAP = EA* TRIAL _4 ,LOCATES1 !N R1*ES T[>D OR T\*ES POLE )\T FI%+ = X _4 ,A7REGATES CLU/]S ( SMALL] OBJECTS TO =M A SPATIAL B.D>Y ,? EX]CISE MAY HELP REF9E ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS4 ,A T1*] ASKS A /UD5T TO PASS "? A DOORWAY ON REP1T$ O3A.NS :ILE SL[LY CLOS+ ! DOOR A BIT M1 ?US N>R[+ ! GAP 9 EA* TRIAL4 ,! /UD5T NE$S TO DET]M9E ! BR1D? ( ! OP5+ & EASE "? X )\T T\*+ ! SIDES4 ,LOCAT+1 R1*+ T[>D1 OR T\*+ A POLE )\T FI%+ = X C FO/] PRECI.N MOVE;T4 ,A T1*] C ASK A /UD5T TO P]=M ? A#CIJ TASK Z WELL4 ------------------------------------#CIA ,AN ADV.ED =M ( PRECI.N DETEC;N IS A SKILL AB A7REGAT+ "O'S SURR.D+S Z 4CUSS$ ABV4 ,:5 A P]SON :O IS BL IS ?R1D+ H] WAY "? D5SE PAT*ES ( OBJECTS & MA9TA9+ H] GOAL DIRECT$;S1 %E DOES N NE$ TO 4T+UI% & ID5TIFY E S+LE OBJECT 9 ORD] TO 2 ABLE TO G >.D X4 ,9/1D %E LE>NS TO *UNK OR A7REGATE ! OBJECTS 9 ORD] TO GET BETT] CUES AB ALIGN;T4 ,? C IMPROVE TRACK+ C\RSE B.D>IES1 ESPECIALLY IF ! 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BOTTOM1 B GET FUR!R AWAY ) ELEVA;N4 ,"H IS ": /IMULUS ASSOCIA;N1 CL>IFICA;N1 & COMP>ISON1 Z 4CUSS$ 9 ,*APT] ,F\R1 C HELP /UD5TS "U/& :AT !Y >E HE>+ & LE>N TO REGI/] & DESCRIBE SUBTL] "*I/ICS4 ,! "Q1 8,:AT DOES ? 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SL[] REAC;N "TS ( OLD] P]SONS MAY MAKE X DI6ICULT = !M TO AVOID FA/ MOV+ OBJECTS "<,KIM @& ,*O1 #BJAC1 ;P4 #AJA">4 ,FLA%,SON> _C 2 US$ Z A P]SON'S ONLY TRAVEL AID 2C 8L[ OB/ACLES N R1*+ UP TO A P]SON'S KNEE : >E AL R N>R[ >E USUALLY UNDETECTABLE4 ,TO F9D !M X W 2 NEC1 Z 2F1 TO MAKE USE ( A /ICK0 "<,KOHL]1 #AIFD1 ;P4 #DG">4 ,X IS ! COMB9A;N ( A L;G CANE & ,FLA%,SON> SKILLS T MAKES A 3FID5T SKILL$ TRAVEL]4 ,S5SORY ,SUB/ITU;N ,DEVICES "<,,SSD,'S"> >E DEVICES : 83VEY VISUAL 9=MA;N TO ! VISUALLY IMPAIR$ BY SY/EMATICALLY SUB/ITUT+ VISUAL 9=MA;N 9 "O ( _! 9TACT S5SES0 "<,MAID5BAUM1 ,A2\D1 @& ,AM$I1 #BJAD1 ;P4 #D">4 ,! ?REE MA9 COMPON5TS >E " 9PUT S5SORS CAPTUR+ VISUAL 9PUT1 "<;B"> A PROCESS+ UNIT1 & "<;C"> ! HUMAN MA*9E A#DAG 9T]FACE T PROVIDES DATA TO ! US] "<,MAID5BAUM1 ,LEVY-,TZ$EK1 ,*EBAT1 @& ,AM$I1 #BJAC">4 ,"! H BE5 _M ATTEMPTS TO PRODUCE A 8SM>T CANE0 T USES O!R S5SORY TE*NOLOGY1 S* Z ------------------------------------#DAH LAS]1 9FRAR$1 OR ULTRAS.D1 & TRANSCODES ! 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HUMAN HE>+ SY/EM HAS REM>KABLE ABILITIES ID5TIFY+ S.D S\RCE POSI;NS 9 #C,D SPACE & ALL[S DIREC;NAL POSI;N+ 9 SPACE0 "<,H>ASZY1 ,CRI/EA1 ,TIPONUT1 @& ,SLAVICI1 #BJAJ1 ;P4 #DAB">4 ,H>ASZY ET ;AL4 DESCRIBE A FUTURE SITUA;N ": !Y W 2 ABLE TO SUB/ITUTE VISUAL R1L;Y ) AC\/ICAL VIRTUAL R1L;Y1 S T OBJECTS W G5]ATE S.DS T C 2 9T]PRET$ BY ! LI/5] TO AVOID !M OR TO MOVE T[>DS !M IF !Y *OOSE4 ,EA/ON & ,B5TZ5 "<#AIII"> CR1T$ AN AC\/IC 5VIRON;T ) A H1D M.T$ SON> DEVICE4 ,! "PICIPANTS " _H E*OLOCA;N A#DBF TRA9+ = ?REE TO F\R MON?S !N 7 TE/$ AG4 ,!Y _H TO GIVE V]BAL E/IMATES ( ! T>GET 4T.E4 8,! /RUCTUR$ EXP]I;E ( AC\/IC FL[ 9 AN 5H.ED AC\/IC 5VIRON;T IMPROV$ ! ABIL;Y ( ! ADULTS :O 7 3G5ITALLY BL TO KEEP TRACK ( ! *ANG+ RELA;N%IPS 2T !M & OBJECTS 9 _! 5VIRON;T1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO 4T.E0 "<;P4 ------------------------------------#DBG #DAB">4 ,! RESE>*]S SU7E/ T ALL 9FANTS :O >E 3G5ITALLY BL %D RCV S* TRA9+ Z ? MAY HELP !M LE>N SPATIAL ABIL;Y T SIN NATURALLY DUR+ LOCOMO;N4 ,! ,UNIV]S;Y ( ,S\?AMPTON CR1T$ A GAME & $UCA;NAL PROGRAM CALL$ 8B1T ! DOLPH90 ": ! US] C USE E*OLOCA;N S.DS TO ID5TIFY F\R DI6]5T OBJECTS4 ,! GAME C AL ADD AMBI5T S.DS TO %[ H[ HUMAN MADE 5VIRON;TAL NOISES S* Z A %IP PASS+ BY 9T]F]ES ) ! E*OLOCA;N SIGNAL "<,PAPADOPP\LOS ET ;AL41 #BJJI">4 ,/&>DIZ$ ,M1SURE ( ,E*OLOCA;N ,! ,SNELL5 *>T IS US$ Z A /&>D M1SURE ( ACU;Y = VI.N4 ,TO ALL[ A3URACY A#DBG 9 E*OLOCA;N TO 2 COMP>$ TO VISUAL ACU;Y1 RESE>*]S 9V5T$ A /&>DIZ$ M1SURE = E*OLOCA;N4 8,FUNC;NALLY1 E*OLOCA;N = BL PRACTI;N]S IS SIMIL> TO VI.N 9 T X S]VES TO G5]ATE A SPATIAL REPRES5TA;N ( ! 5VIRON;T0 "<,T5G ET ;AL41 #BJAA1 ;P4 #DHE">4 ,! M1SURE IS ! ,E*OIC ,V]NI] ACU;Y M1SURE4 ,! ?REE BE/ E*OLOCATORS 9 ! EXP]I;T "<:O 7 ALL E>LY BL"> _H P]=M.E ?RE%OLDS ( LESS ?AN #B^J1 ? COMP>ES TO A BAT /UDY 9 : ! BATS A*IEV$ #A4E^J4 8,! SUBSET ( HUMAN E*OLOCATORS :O 7 BL F AN E>LY AGE %[S SPATIAL RESOLU;N COMP>ABLE TO T OBS]V$ 9 ------------------------------------#DBH A SPECIES ) SPECIALIZA;NS = E*OLOCA;N0 "<;P4 #DIC">4 ,! RESE>*]S F.D A SIGNIFICANT CORRELA;N 2T AGE ( BL;S ONSET & E*OLOCA;N ACU;Y4 ,H["E1 2C 8AGE & DURA;N ( BL;S CO-V>Y1 FUTURE /UDIES >E NEC TO 45TANGLE :E!R AGE OR EXP]I;E IS ! CRITICAL FACTOR = ! EXTRAORD9>Y PRECI.N ( E*OLOCA;N F.D "H0 "<;P4 #DHF">4 ,"PICIPANTS :O 7 SIABLE TO VISUAL ACU;Y 9 ! P]IPH]Y1 :1 :5 COMP>$ TO FOV1L ACU;Y1 IS Q POOR0 "<,MILNE ET ;AL41 #BJAD1 ;P4 #AHCE">4 ,! AU?ORS NOTE T ^! EXP]I;TS 7 3DUCT$ "U HIDS1 & ,FALL+ 8,9TUITIVELY1 "! >E TWO MA9 R1SONS :Y P ) VISUAL IMPAIR;T >E M SUSCEPTIBLE TO 9JURY3 ,!Y H FEW] VISUAL CLUES TO AL]T !M TO POT5TIAL HAZ>DS S* Z ONCOM+ TRA6IC1 & HOME 5VIRON;TS & "WPLACES H N BE5 SUITABLY ADAPT$1 = EXAMPLE1 ) ADEQUATE LI4 ,ON A PRACTICAL LEVEL1 X WD 2 ------------------------------------#DBI DI6ICULT TO ADAPT E 5VIRON;T TO MAKE E VISUAL CLUE 9TO A V]BAL OR A#DBI TACTILE W>N+ = ^? ) A VISUAL IMPAIR;T2 ! AM.T ( 9=MA;N WD 2 TOO COMPLEX TO 3V]T & ! FE$BACK RCVD WD 2 TOO GRT 9 VOLUME TO 2 HELP;L4 ,US+ BO? QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE ME?ODS1 ,M&U*I @& ,KURNIAWAN "<#BJAA"> 9VE/IGAT$ ! RISK ( FALLS & OBJECT COLLI.NS BY ASK+ M ?AN ?REE HUNDR$ P]SONS :O 7 VISUALLY IMPAIR$ OR BL "QS AB _! TRAVELL+ HABITS4 ,SURPRIS+LY "! 0 NO DI6];E F.D 2T ! FREQU5CIES ( FALLS & H1D-LEVEL 9CID5TS = CANE US]S V]SUS GUIDE DOG US]S SU7E/+ T 8! TYPE ( MOBIL;Y AID HAS LL 9FLU;E ON ^! TYPES ( A3ID5TS0 "<;P4 #H">4 ,NEI ! L;G CANE NOR GUIDE DOG PREV5T$ ! 9DIVIDUALS F HAV+ H1D-LEVEL COLLI.NS ON A FAIRLY REGUL> BASIS4 8#AC.0 ( ! RESPOND5TS EXP]I;ED H1D-LEVEL A3ID5TS AT L1/ ONCE A MON?2 #G.0 EXP]I;ED FALLS :ILE WALK+ AT L1/ ONCE A MON?0 "<;P4 #AJ">4 8#HF.0 ( ! H1D-LEVEL A3ID5TS . HAPP5$ \ ( DOORS 444 DUE TO TREE BRAN*ES #EBE "1 POLES & SIGNS1 B#DBI 3/RUC;N EQUIP;T & TRUCKS4 ,9DOOR 9CID5TS 7 DUE TO DOORS & CAB9ETS LEFT AJ>1 %ELF & TABLES1 /AIRCASES " & WALLS0 "<,M&U*I @& ,KURNIAWAN1 ------------------------------------#DCJ #BJAA1 ;P4 #H">4 ,_M ( ^! OBJECTS CD 2 EASILY LOCAT$1 ID5TIFI$ & !N AVOID$ US+ ,FLA%,SON> TE*NIQUES4 8,IN #BF.0 ( ! "T1 A H1D-LEVEL 9CID5T A6ECT$ ! RESPOND5T'S 3FID;E Z AN 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL]1 ) "S AVOID+ C]TA9 >1S & O!RS OPT+ = A SI4 ,? IS Q A TR\BL+ /ATI/IC 2C X SU7E/S T "S 9DEP5D5T TRAVEL]S ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS1 AF EXP]I5C+ A COLLI.N1 RE/RICT _! MOBIL;Y BY N GO+ TO T PLACE AG OR OPT = ASSI/$ TRAVEL ME?ODS4 ,! 8MA9 CAUSES ( FALLS 7 " LACK ( ATT5;N TO SURR.D+S OR TO W>N+S F ! GUIDE DOG1 "<;B"> UNEXPECT$ OBJECTS ": "! 7 NO OBJECTS 2F1 & "<;C"> MISJUDG;T ( 4T.ES OR ANGLES0 "<,M&U*I @& ,KURNIAWAN1 #BJAA1 ;P4 #AJ">4 ,X %D 2 NOT$ T NO DATA >E AVAILABLE 9 ? /UDY 3C]N+ ! A#DCJ TYPE1 QUAL;Y1 OR QUANT;Y ( 9/RUC;N RCVD BY ! "PICIPANTS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 WE H NO 9=MA;N AB ! TYPES ( TRAVEL 5VIRON;TS OR O!R FACTORS S* Z ADDI;NAL 4ABILITIES T MAY OR MAY N H BE5 DIAGNOS$4 ,^! AU?ORS H N OBS]V$ S* TRAVEL 3C]NS 9 EXP]I;ED1 S1SON$ BL TRAVEL]S4 ,! LACK ( ATT5;N TO ------------------------------------#DCA SURR.D+S IS POT5TIALLY A PROBLEM = ANY TRAVEL]1 B AN EXP]I;ED 3FID5T TRAVEL] IS PROBABLY M LIKELY TO SUBCONSCI\SLY TAKE 9 5VIRON;TAL CLUES & ACT ^U !M4 ,UNEXPECT$ OBJECTS >E N ALW GO+ TO 2 DETECT$4 ,A L;G CANE W ONLY DETECT OBJECTS T >E AB TWO TO ?REE /EPS 9 FRONT ( ! US] & 2L WAI/ HEI C DETECT OBJECTS F A L;G] 4T.E & ABV KNEE HEI4 ,A P]SON US+ ,FLA%,SON> & A L;G CANE IS M* M LIKELY TO DETECT ! OBJECT & TAKE EVASIVE AC;N4 ,ANO!R /UDY F.D 8A POSITIVE ASSOCIA;N 2T FALL+ & VISUAL IMPAIR;T 9 P OV] SEV5TY FIVE YE>S ( AGE0 "<,LEGOOD #EBG ET ;AL41 #BJJB1 ;P4 #D">4 8,! A#DCA RISK ( FALL+ IS EXAC]BAT$ 9 C]TA9 GR\PS1 S* Z OLD] P1 :O T5D TO 2 M DEP5D5T ON VI.N TO MA9TA9 V]TICAL PO/URE0 "<,LEGOOD ET ;AL1 #BJJB1 ;P4 #B">4 ,! LACK ( MOBIL;Y = P]SONS ^: VISUAL IMPAIR;T IS REC5T POSSIBLY 3TRIBUTES TO ? PROBLEM Z DOES ! PREVAL;E ( G5]AL H1L? DET]IORA;N Z P 2COME OLD]4 ,A /UDY COMP>+ NUMB]S ( FALLS ( ELD]S ^: VISUAL IMPAIR;TS O3UR LAT] 9 LIFE & ELD]S ^: VISUAL IMPAIR;TS O3URR$ E>LY 9 LIFE MIIFY ! RELA;N%IP 2T LACK ( ADAPTA;N TO REC5T VISUAL IMPAIR;T & NUMB]S ( FALLS4 ------------------------------------#DCB ,UNEMPLOY;T ,9 ! ,,US POPULA;N1 8! YE>LY AV]AGE LABOR =CE "PICIPA;N RATE AM;G "W+-AGE 9DIVIDUALS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS RANG$ F AB #DJ.0 9 #BJJI TO #CF.0 9 #BJAB0"<,KELLY1 #BJAC1 ;P4 #EAA">4 ,? P]C5TAGE IS SIMIL> TO ! ,,UK ": ! 8EMPLOY;T RATE AM;G ! POPULA;N ( "W+ AGE P :O >E REGI/]$ BL OR "PIALLY SI4 ,"O POSSIBLE R1SON = L[ P]C5TAGES ( EMPLOY;T AM;G P]SONS ) VISUAL IMPAIR;TS IS T TRAVELL+ TO & F "W & EV5 TO A JOB 9T]VIEW MAY 2 DI6ICULT OR OV]:ELM+4 ,P :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$ & H BETT] MOBIL;Y SKILLS MAY F9D X EASI] TO F9D "W4 ,?AL] "<#BJAC;A"> 4COV]$ T BL P :O US$ E*OLOCA;N 7 /ATI/ICALLY M LIKELY TO H A HI<] SAL>Y4 8,X IS POSSIBLE T = EXAMPLE ! 9CR1S$ MOBIL;Y 9 UNFAMILI> PLACES Z M$IAT$ "? E*OLOCA;N MAY H A POSITIVE IMPACT ON BL P'S PR(ES.NAL AUTONOMY & 9 ? WAY AL ON _! SAL>Y0 "<;P4 #G">4 ,IMPROV$ MOBIL;Y SKILLS CD 9CLUDE BETT] CANE SKILLS1 M E6ECTIVE TRA6IC DETEC;N1 USE ( ,FLA%,SON>1 & M /RATEGIES = WAYF9D+4 ------------------------------------#DCC ,POSSIBLE ,DEVELOP;TAL ,DELAYS 9 ,*N ,) ,VISUAL ,IMPAIR;TS ,:ILE ! BULK ( RESE>* 9DICATES #EBI A WIDE SPECTRUM ( DEVELOP;TAL A#DCC DELAY AM;G BL *N1 O!R RESE>* " %[S M9IMAL LOSSES1 MO/ ( : >E REGA9$ BY S*OOL AGE4 ,M* ( ! RESE>* AB DEVELOP;TAL DELAY HAS BE5 CRITICIZ$ BY ,W>R5 "<#AIHD"> Z 2+ FRAU* 3F.DS DEVELOP;TAL 4RUP;NS T MAY 2 ATTRIBUT$ DIRECTLY TO VI.N LOSS & ^? SECOND>Y TO VI.N LOSS T MAY RESULT F SOCIALLY OR 5VIRON;TALLY RE/RICT$ MOVE;T OR F O!R EXT]NAL V>IABLES T IMPOSE LIMITA;N4 ,F]RELL'S /UDY1 "KN Z ,PROJECT ,PRISM1 RESE>*$ ! DEVELOP;T ( *N :O 7 BL & "PIALLY SI P]IOD />T+ F BIR?4 8,RESULTS 9DICATE T ! GRTE/ IMPACT ON DEVELOP;TAL \TCOME APPE>S TO 2 ! PRES;E ( 4ABILITIES 9 ADDI;N TO VISUAL IMPAIR;T1 AL? DI6];ES 7 AL F.D BAS$ ON GE/A;NAL AGE AT BIR? & "S TYPES ( VISUAL 4ORD]S0 "<,F]RELL1 #AIIH">4 ,TWELVE MILE/"OS %[$ DELAY$ DEVELOP;T1 :ILE FIVE MILE/"OS 7 ! SAME Z = *N :O 7 SILI]4 B#DCC ,*N )\T ADDI;NAL ------------------------------------#DCD IMPAIR;TS ACQUIR$ SIX MILE/"OS SOON] ?AN & F\R MILE/"OS )9 ! RANGE ( TYPICALLY DEVELOP+ SIE SU/A9$ L;G]0 "<,F]RELL1 #AIIH">4 ,PREMATURE *N 9 ! /UDY R1*$ MILE/"OS LAT] ?AN ^? :O 7 BORN FULL-T]M4 ,W>R5 "<#AIHD"> W>NS ( ! DANG] ( DIRECT COMP>ISON 2T SI4 ,HE AL PO9TS \ T 9 "S >1S "! DOES N APPE> TO 2 A DELAY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 P]CEPTUAL 4CRIM9A;N = TEXTURE1 WEIR5 "<#AIHD"> IS AL CRITICAL ( 3CLU.NS 2+ DRAWN F RESE>* : US$ SMALL SAMPLES4 ,HE CAU;NS T 82C ( ! EXTREME HET]OG5E;Y ------------------------------------#DCE ( ! BL POPULA;N1 ! SAMPLE *OS5 = ANY GIV5 PIECE ( RESE>* MAY 2 Q NON REPRES5TATIVE0 "<;P4 #CAI">4 ,W>R5 RECOMM5DS T M L;GITUD9AL /UDIES %D 2 C>RI$ \ S T L;G T]M DI6];ES C 2 /UDI$4 ,HE AL PO9TS \ T "S RESE>*]S H US$ A COMMON POOL ( *N 9 SU3ESSIVE /UDIES & NOTES T ! E6ECTS ( ? M/ 2 3SID]$4 ,X AL MAY N 2 APPROPRIATE TO USE RESE>* MODELS = SILY 9 ! >1S ( AUTONOM\S MOVE;T & SELF-RELI.E4 ,= 9/.E1 _M WE/]N ,EUROP1N C.TRIES >E "KN EV5 TO ? "D TO PROVIDE LL TO NO TRA9+ 9 ! USE ( ! L;G CANE = "Y BL *N PRIOR TO PRIM>Y S*OOL AGE,-AT A#DCE L1/ #E OR #F YE>S4 ,? WD 2 3SID]$ WELL 2Y ! ID1L AGE ( DEVELOP;TAL R1DI;S 9 O!R C.TRIES4 ,?US1 RESE>* /UDIES FOCUS+ ON POPULA;NS : H A3ESS TO FEW] DEVELOP;TAL OPPORTUNITIES OR >E O!RWISE M RE/RICT$ NECESS>ILY YIELD RESULTS T %[ DELAYS OR DEFICITS : WD N 2 REPRES5T$ 9 COHORTS ------------------------------------#DCF ": LESS RE/RICTIVE DEVELOP;TAL OPPORTUNITIES >E M COMMON-PLACE4 ,H["E1 REG>D.S ( ! R1SON1 "S /UDIES D %[ P]VASIVE DEVELOP;TAL DELAYS AM;G *N :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$4 ,S* ?R1TS TO DEVELOP;T ": !Y MAY EXI/ C 2 ADDRESS$ BY SELF-DIRECT$ 4COV]Y & ,FLA%,SON>4 8,VI.N IS ! MA9 9PUT S5SE = _M ASPECTS ( DEVELOP;T & 3TRIBUTES SUB/ANTIALLY TO MO/2 & 2C ALL FIVE S5SES 9T]ACT & >E TO A L>GE DEGREE 9T]DEP5D5T1 ! IMPACT ( SEV]E VISUAL IMPAIR;T ON DEVELOP;T IS WIDE-RANG+ & CUMULATIVE1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! E>LY MON?S0 "<,SONKS51 #AIIC1 ;P4 #A">4 ,LACK ( VI.N C L1D TO DEVELOP;TAL DELAY1 ESPECIALLY :5 ! P>5TS D N 5C\RAGE #ECC ! * TO EXPLORE4 ,:5 ? HAPP5S1 A#DCF 8BL 9FANTS H LIMIT$ OPPORTUNITIES TO EXP]I;E 3TROL OV] _! 5VIRON;T0 "<,TRO/] @& ,BRAMBR+1 #AIIB1 ;P4 #BBB">4 ,? LACK ( SELF-DIRECT$ MOVE;T & 9T]AC;N ) ! 5VIRON;T C L1D TO FUR!R DEVELOP;TAL DELAY & DEP5D5T 2HAVIOR4 ,9 A /UDY T EXAM9$ *N :O >E BL DRAWN F POPULA;NS 9 & >.D ,G]_M1 X 0 3CLUD$ T1 8,! BROAD LACK ( SELF-9ITIAT$ 9T]AC;NS 9 BL 9FANTS DUR+ _! F/ YE> SEEMS TO 2 A DIRECT 3SEQU;E ( ! LACK ( ^? ------------------------------------#DCG MOTOR COMPET;ES T REQUIRE VISUAL-MOTOR COORD9A;N0 "<,TRO/] @& ,BRAMBR+1 #AIIB1 ;P4 #BAA">4 8,Z A 3SEQU;E ! DELAY$ ACQUISI;N ( LOCOMOTOR & F9E-MOTOR SKILLS 9 ! BL C 2 REG>D$ Z 2+ PR$OM9ATELY A DIRECT 3SEQU;E ( ! LACK ( VISUOMOTOR COORD9A;N4 ,9 3TRA/1 LACK ( VI.N HAS LESS IMPACT ON >1S ( MOTOR DEVELOP;T S* Z PO/URAL SKILLS T REQUIRE NO OR ONLY A LIMIT$ 9TEGRA;N ( 4TAL S5SORY 9=MA;N0 "<,TRO/]1 ,HECK]1 @& ,BRAMBR+1 #AIID1 ;P4 #FB">4 ,*N :O >E BL F ? WE/]N ,EUROP1N COHORT1 8%[ M>K$ A#DCG DEVELOP;TAL DELAYS 9 _! 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