,,DNA-RNA ,,KIT GUIDEBOOK ,,PROJECT ,,/AFF ,ROSANNE ,H(FMANN1 ,PROJECT ,L1D] ,&REW ,DAK91 ,MODEL ,MAK] ,TOM ,POPPE1 ,TOOL+ ,ADVISOR ,&REW ,M\LTON1 ,TE*NICAL ,ASSI/ANT ,9,GRID ,DESIGN1 ,GRAPHIC ,DESIGN]S ,COPY"R ^C #BJAC 0! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE =! ,BL4 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY ,9 #A ,VOLUME ,BRL PAGES T#A-T#D1 P#A-P#C1 & #A-CF ,PR9T PAGES #A-BI ,,DNA-RNA ,KIT ,CATALOG ,NUMB] #A-JHIGI-JJ T#A ,? PUBLIC,N IS PROTECT$ 0,COPY"R & P]MIS.N %D 2 OBTA9$ F ! PUBLI%] PRIOR 6ANY REPRODUC;N1 /ORAGE 9 A RETRIEVAL SY/EM1 OR TRANSMIS.N 9 ANY =M OR 0ANY M1NS ELECTRONIC1 ME*ANICAL1 PHOTOCOPY+1 RECORD+1 OR O!RWISE1 UN.S ": NOT$ ON SPECIFIC PAGES4 ,= 9=M,N REG>D+ P]MIS.N1 3TACT ! PUBLI%] AT ! FOLL[+ A4RESS3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE =! ,BL #1839 ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #40206 #800-223-1839 _+WWW.APH.ORG_: OR _+INFO@APH.ORG_: ,REF];E ,CIT,N3 ,H(FMANN1 ,R4 (2013)_4 ,,DNA-RNA ,KIT ,GUIDEBOOK4 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY3 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE =! ,BL4 ,,SPECIAL ,,SYMBOLS ,,US$ ,,9 ,,? ,,VOLUME @ (4) ,A35T SYMBOL ^C ,COPY"R ^R ,REGI/]$ TRADEM>K _4 ,PRIM>Y BULLET SYMBOL @& ,AMP]S& _/ ,SLA% @] ,NEME? G5]AL REF];E 9DICATOR "333333 ,NOTE SEP>,N L9E ,-PUT] ,BRL ,CODE _+ ,2G9 ,-PUT] ,BRL ,CODE _: ,5D ,-PUT] ,BRL ,CODE _& ,3T9U,N 9DICATOR = ,EQUAL SIGN . (46) ,P]IOD ? ,"Q M>K - (36) ,HYPH5 / ,SLA% @ (4) ,AT SIGN __ (456, 456) ,"USCORE ,ALL NUMB]S 9 ,-PUT] ,BRL ,CODE T#C APPE> 9 ! L[] "P (! CELL1 )\T ! NUMB] SIGN4 ,,TRANSCRIB]'S ,,NOTES ,? GUIDEBOOK 0 TRANSCRIB$ AC 6! RULES ( ..,! ,NEME? ,BRL ,CODE = ,MA!MATICS & ,SCI;E .,NOT,N1 #1972 ,REVI.N1 #2007-2011 ,UPDATES4 ,'. ,BRL ,=MATS3 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PR9T-TO-,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N1 #2011 .,' HAS BE5 US$ 6TRANSCRIBE ? VOLUME4 ,! 9=M,N F ! BACK COV] (! PR9T GUIDEBOOK IS BRLD ON PAGE P"2_4 ,! FOOTNOTE ON PAGE #27 IS 9DICAT$ )! ,NEME? G5]AL REF];E 9DICATOR & IS PLAC$ 9 BRL AT ! 5D (! PR9T PAGE ON : X APPE>S1 FOLL[+ A NOTE SEP>,N L9E4 T#E ,,3T5TS ,,9TRODUC;N """"""""""""""""""""""""" #1 ,,G5]AL ,,9=M,N """"""""""""""""""""" #3 ,KEY 6,,DNA ,NUCLEOTIDE ,SUBUNIT ,/RUCTURES """""""""""""""""""""" #4 ,KEY 6,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDE ,SUBUNIT ,/RUCTURES """""""""""""""""""""" #6 ,,9/RUC;NS """""""""""""""""""""""""" #8 ,H[ 6,=M A ,S+LE ,/R& ( ,,DNA """" #12 ,BASE-PAIR+ ,RULES = ,D\#-/R&$ ,,DNA """""""""""""""""""""""""" #14 ,H[ 6,=M A ,D\# ,/R& ( ,,DNA """"" #16 ,H[ 6,DEMON/RATE ,SEMICONS]VATIVE ,,DNA ,REPLIC,N #18 ,BASE-PAIR+ ,RULES = ,TRANSCRIB+ ,,DNA 6,,RNA """"""""""""""""""" #20 ,H[ 6,DEMON/RATE ,TRANSCRIP;N """" #22 ,,UNIV]SAL ,,G5ETIC ,,CODE """"""""" #26 ,,SU7E/$ ,,WEBSITES """""""""""""""" #29 P#A ,,APH^R ,,DNA-RNA ,KIT ,CATALOG ,NUMB] #1-08979-00 ,COPY"R ^C #2013 ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE =! ,BL1 ,9C4 #1839 ,FRANK=T ,AV5UE ,P4,O4 ,BOX #6085 ,L\ISVILLE1 ,,KY #40206-0085 ,PH"O3 #502-895-2405 ,TOLL ,FREE3 #800-223-1839 ,FAX3 #502-899-2284 ,WEB SITE3 _+WWW.APH.ORG_: ,,AC"KL$GE;TS ,! ,PROJECT ,L1D] ?ANKS ! FOLL[+ FIELD TE/]S & _! /UD5TS = _! VALUA# "T & 9PUT DUR+ ! DEVELOP;T (! ,,DNA-RNA ,KIT3 ,NANCY ,>NOLD1 ,*RI/9E ,BUTL]1 ,C>LTON ,COOK-,WALK]1 ,S&RA ,CRAIG1 ,KATE ,FRAS]1 ,BECKY ,HECK1 ,LAURA ,HOSPIT@AL1 ,NANCY ,KNI5 ,KOEHL]1 ,JANICE ,LESLIE1 ,MELISA ,LIAO1 ,ALAN ,RO?1 & ,ROB9 ,WOLF4 P#C ,,DNA-RNA ,,KIT GUIDEBOOK #A ,,9TRODUC;N ,! ,,DNA-RNA ,KIT DEMON/RATES ! BASIC /RUCTURE & FUNC;N ( DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID1 OR ,,DNA1 &! =M,N ( MESS5G] RIBONUCLEIC ACID1 OR M,,RNA4 ,! KIT 3TA9S #32 ,,DNA SUBUNITS & #32 ,,RNA SUBUNITS : REPRES5T NUCLEOTIDES1 ! BUILD+ BLOCKS ( ALL NUCLEIC ACIDS4 ,! GUIDEBOOK EXPLA9S H[ 6USE ! MODEL 6=M S+LE- & D\#-/R&$ ,,DNA1 & H[ 6DEMON/RATE TRANSCRIP;N (A S+LE TEMPLATE /R& ( ,,DNA 6M,,RNA4 ,! 3CEPTS PRES5T$ 9 ? GUIDEBOOK >E ALIGN$ )! ,FRAME"W = ;,K-#12 ,SCI;E ,$UC,N ON : ! ,NEXT ,G5],N ,SCI;E ,/&>DS (,,NGSS) >E BAS$4 ,APPLICA# ,CORE ,ID1S F ! ,FRAME"W = ;,K-#12 ,SCI;E ,$UC,N >E PRES5T$ ON PAGE #27_4 #A ,,G5]AL ,,9=M,N #B-C ,! ,,DNA & ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS H ?REE >1S T REPRES5T ! -PON5TS ( ALL NUCLEOTIDES3 ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 &A SMALL R.D BLANK (PLACE ": ! SMALL R.D TAB FITS IN) ,SUG> ,DIAMOND-%AP$ >EA )A SMALL R.D TAB ("P T FITS 96! SMALL R.D BLANK) DENOT+ RIBOSE OR DEOXYRIBOSE ,NITROG5\S BASE ,R\<-TEXTUR$ >EA )A L>GE TAB OR BLANK1 &A L[] CASE BRL & CAPITAL PR9T LR 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,,DNA SUBUNITS >E ID5TIFIA# 9 ! A#C FOLL[+ WAYS3 _4 ,BLACK FOAM BACK+ _4 ,SMOO?1 DIAMOND-%AP$ >EA (DEOXYRIBOSE) _4 ,BLUE1 YELL[1 :ITE1 & BR[N SURFACE LAM9ATE ,,RNA SUBUNITS >E ID5TIFIA# 9 ! FOLL[+ WAYS3 _4 ,:ITE FOAM BACK+ _4 ,RAIS$ CIRCLE 9 C5T] (! DIAMOND-%AP$ >EA (RIBOSE) _4 ,BLUE1 YELL[1 :ITE1 & ORANGE SURFACE LAM9ATE --------------------------------------#D ,KEY 6,,DNA ,NUCLEOTIDE ,SUBUNIT ,/RUCTURES ,! VISUAL ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE 9DICATOR IS ! BLACK FOAM BACK+4 ,! TACTILE ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE 9DICATOR IS ! SMOO?1 #C DIAMOND-%AP$ >EA (DEOXYRIBOSE)_4 A#D ,:ITE ,,DNA ,NUCLEOTIDES--,AD5OS9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',:ITE NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) BLACK BACK+1 A L>GE R.D BLANK 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 SMOO? DIAMOND >EA1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,A & L[] CASE BRL LR ;A 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,DEOXYRIBOSE ,SMOO? DIAMOND >EA ) SMALL R.D TAB ,AD59E (PUR9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) L>GE R.D BLANK ,PR9T LR ;,A 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;A 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BLUE ,,DNA ,NUCLEOTIDES--,GUANOS9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',BLUE NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) BLACK BACK+1 A TRAPEZOID TAB 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 SMOO? B#D DIAMOND >EA1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,G & L[] CASE BRL LR ;G 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,DEOXYRIBOSE ,SMOO? DIAMOND >EA ) SMALL R.D TAB ,GUAN9E (PUR9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) TRAPEZOID TAB ,PR9T LR ;,G 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;G 9 TWO ORI5T,NS --------------------------------------#E ,YELL[ ,,DNA ,NUCLEOTIDES-- ,CYTID9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',YELL[ NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) BLACK BACK+1 A TRAPEZOID BLANK 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 SMOO? DIAMOND >EA1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,C & L[] CASE BRL LR ;C 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' #E ,PHOSPHATE A#E ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,DEOXYRIBOSE ,SMOO? DIAMOND >EA ) SMALL R.D TAB ,CYTOS9E (PYRIMID9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) TRAPEZOID BLANK ,PR9T LR ;,C 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;C 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BR[N ,,DNA ,NUCLEOTIDES--,?YMID9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',BR[N NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) BLACK BACK+1 A L>GE R.D TAB 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 SMOO? DIAMOND >EA1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,T & L[] CASE BRL LR ;T 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,DEOXYRIBOSE ,SMOO? DIAMOND >EA ) SMALL R.D TAB ,?YM9E (PYRIMID9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) L>GE R.D TAB B#E ,PR9T LR ;,T 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;T 9 TWO ORI5T,NS --------------------------------------#F ,KEY 6,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDE ,SUBUNIT ,/RUCTURES ,! VISUAL ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE 9DICATOR IS ! :ITE FOAM BACK+4 ,! TACTILE ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE 9DICATOR IS ! RAIS$ CIRCLE 9 ! DIAMOND >EA (RIBOSE)_4 ,:ITE ,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDES--,AD5OS9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',:ITE NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) :ITE BACK+1 A L>GE R.D BLANK 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,A & L[] CASE BRL LR ;A 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D #G BLANK A#F ,RIBOSE ,DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE & SMALL R.D TAB ,AD59E (PUR9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) L>GE R.D BLANK ,PR9T LR ;,A 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;A 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BLUE ,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDES--,GUANOS9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',BLUE NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) :ITE BACK+1 A TRAPEZOID TAB 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,G & L[] CASE BRL LR ;G 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,RIBOSE ,DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE & SMALL R.D TAB ,GUAN9E (PUR9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) TRAPEZOID TAB B#F ,PR9T LR ;,G 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;G 9 TWO ORI5T,NS --------------------------------------#G ,YELL[ ,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDES--,CYTID9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',YELL[ NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) :ITE BACK+1 A TRAPEZOID BLANK 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,C & L[] CASE BRL LR ;C 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,RIBOSE ,DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE & SMALL R.D TAB ,CYTOS9E (PYRIMID9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) TRAPEZOID BLANK ,PR9T LR ;,C 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;C 9 TWO ORI5T,NS #I ,ORANGE ,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDES-- A#G ,URID9E MONOPHOSPHATE ,',ORANGE NUCLEOTIDE PUZZLE PIECE ) :ITE BACK+1 A L>GE R.D TAB 9 BUMPY >EA1 SMALL R.D TAB 9 DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE1 & SMALL R.D BLANK 9 CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES2 CAPITAL LR ;,U & L[] CASE BRL LR ;U 9 TWO ORI5T,NS 9 BUMPY >EA4,' ,PHOSPHATE ,CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C1 TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES1 & SMALL R.D BLANK ,RIBOSE ,DIAMOND >EA ) RAIS$ CIRCLE & SMALL R.D TAB ,URACIL (PYRIMID9E NITROG5\S BASE) ,BUMPY >EA ) L>GE R.D TAB ,PR9T LR ;,U 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,BRL LR ;U 9 TWO ORI5T,NS ,,9/RUC;NS #H ,6L9K SUBUNITS TGR1 PRESS ! TAB OR BLANK ( "O NUCLEOTIDE D[N 96! APPROPRIATE TAB OR BLANK ( ANO!R NUCLEOTIDE (SEE ,FIGURES #1 @& #2)_4 ,FIGURE #1_4 ,PHOSPHATE 6SUG> ,',THE SMALL R.D TAB (A :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE IS 2+ PRESS$ D[N 96! SMALL R.D BLANK (A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE4,' ,FIGURE #2_4 ,BASE 6BASE ,',A :ITE (,A) &A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE >E L9K$ TGR 0_! SMALL R.D TAB & BLANK4 ,! TRAPEZOID BLANK (A YELL[ (,C) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE IS 2+ PRESS$ D[N 96! TRAPEZOID TAB (! BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE4,' --------------------------------------#I ,6SEP>ATE ATTA*$ SUBUNITS1 PULL !M A"P HORIZONT,Y 9 ! PLANE ( _! ATTA*;T (SEE ,FIGURES #3-5 & #6-8)_4 ,FIGURE #3_4 ,',A YELL[ (,C) &A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE >E L9K$ TGR 0! #AA SMALL R.D TAB (! YELL[ (,C) A#I NUCLEOTIDE &! SMALL R.D BLANK (! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE4,' ,FIGURE #4_4 ,',AS ! L9K$ YELL[ (,C) & BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E PULL$ A"P OR SEP>AT$ 9 ! PLANE ( _! ATTA*;T1 A SMALL GAP REMA9S 2T ! SMALL R.D TAB (! YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDE &! SMALL R.D BLANK (! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE4,' ,FIGURE #5_4 ,',THE YELL[ (,C) & BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E -PLETELY SEP>AT$4,' ,FIGURE #6_4 ,',A YELL[ (,C) &A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE >E L9K$ TGR 0! TRAPEZOID BLANK (! YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDE &! TRAPEZOID TAB (! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE4,' ,FIGURE #7_4 ,',AS ! L9K$ YELL[ (,C) & BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E PULL$ A"P OR SEP>AT$ 9 ! PLANE ( _! ATTA*;T1 A SMALL GAP REMA9S 2T ! TRAPEZOID BLANK (! YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDE B#I &! TRAPEZOID TAB (! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE4,' ,FIGURE #8_4 ,',THE YELL[ (,C) & BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E -PLETELY SEP>AT$4,' -------------------------------------#AJ ,FIGURE #9_4 ,D N TWI/ ! NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS A"P6 ,',THE L9K 2T ! TRAPEZOID BLANK & TRAPEZOID TAB (A YELL[ (,C) &A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE IS %[N 2+ TWI/$ A"P4,' ,FIGURE #10_4 ,D N SEP>ATE ! NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS V]TIC,Y6 ,',A BR1K 9 ! L9K 2T ! TRAPEZOID BLANK & TRAPEZOID TAB (A YELL[ (,C) &A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE IS %[N 0SLID+ ! TWO NUCLEOTIDES V]TIC,Y AG/ EA* O!R4,' ,^! AC;NS W CAUSE ! LAM9ATE 6SEP>ATE F ! FOAM4 #AC ,H[ 6,=M A ,S+LE #AA-AC ,/R& ( ,,DNA #1_4 ,/>T )! F/ NUCLEOTIDE ORI5T$ S T ! SUG>-PHOSPHATE SIDE IS ON ! LEFT &! NITROG5\S BASE BLANKS_/TABS >E ON ! "R4 ,9 ? ORI5T,N1 ! PHOSPHATE W 2 AT ! TOP LEFT (! SUBUNIT (SEE ,FIGURE #11)_4 ,FIGURE #11_4 ,',TWO UNL9K$ ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E L9$ UP V]TIC,Y1 YELL[ (,C) ABV BLUE (,G)_4 ,!Y >E ORI5T$ S T ! SMALL R.D TAB PROJECT+ F ! SMOO? DIAMOND >EA (! YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDE IS J ABV ": X W FIT 96! SMALL R.D BLANK LOCAT$ 9 ! CIRCLE >EA ) TACTILE DIAGONAL L9ES (! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE4,' #2_4 ,A S+LE /R& ( ,,DNA IS =M$ 0L9K+ NUCLEOTIDES V]TIC,Y1 F ! SUG> (DIAMOND %APE) ( "O NUCLEOTIDE 6! PHOSPHATE (CIRCLE >EA ) RAIS$ >C) (! NEXT NUCLEOTIDE4 ,NOTE T FREE NUCLEOTIDES >E ALW A4$ 6! SUG> 5D (A L5G!N+ /R& (SEE ,FIGURES #11 @& #12)_4 ,FIGURE #12_4 A#AB-AC ,',TWO L9K$ ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E L9$ UP V]TIC,Y1 YELL[ (,C) ABV BLUE (,G)_4 ,!Y >E L9K$ 0! SMALL TAB (! YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDE &! SMALL BLANK (! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE4,' #3_4 ,L9K+ NUCLEOTIDES ? WAY DEMON/RATES ! =M,N (! SUG>-PHOSPHATE 8BACKB"O0 ( ,,DNA /R&S1 : L1VES ! NITROG5\S BASES (BLANKS_/TABS) AVAILA# = BASE-PAIR+ &! =M,N (A SECOND1 -PLE;T>Y /R& (SEE ,FIGURE #13)_4 ,FIGURE #13_4 ,',F\R ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES1 ORI5T$ V]TIC,Y1 >E %[N L9K$ TGR VIA _! SMALL R.D BLANKS & TABS 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD]3 YELL[ (,C), BLUE (,G), :ITE (,A), & BR[N (,T)_4,' ,NOTE3 ,= DEMON/R,N PURPOSES1 ! SEQU;E ( NUCLEOTIDES 9 A S+LE /R& DOES N H 6FOLL[ A "PICUL> ORD]4 #AE ,BASE-PAIR+ ,RULES = #AD-AE ,D\#-/R&$ ,,DNA ,! DESIGN (! NUCLEOTIDES FACILITATES CORRECT PAIR+ ( NITROG5\S BASES4 ,PAIR+ ( NITROG5\S BASES IS HORIZONTAL & RESULTS 9 ! =M,N ( TWO ATTA*$ /R&S ( ,,DNA T >E -PLE;T>Y 6EA* O!R4 ,CYTOS9E (,C) ALW PAIRS ) ,GUAN9E (,G), & ,GUAN9E (,G) ALW PAIRS ) ,CYTOS9E (,C)_4 ,?REE HYDROG5 BONDS /ABILIZE ! BOND+ 2T ^! TWO NUCLEOTIDES4 ,? IS DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! MODEL 0! TRAPEZOID-%AP$ TAB (! .,GUAN9E (.;,G) NUCLEOTIDE T FITS 96! TRAPEZOID-%AP$ BLANK (! .,CYTOS9E (.;,C) NUCLEOTIDE (SEE ,FIGURE #14)_4 ,FIGURE #14_4 ,',A YELL[ (,C) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! LEFT IS L9K$ )A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! "R ) TRAPEZOID BLANK & TAB1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! LEFT IS L9K$ )A YELL[ (,C) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! "R )A TRAPEZOID TAB & A#AD-AE BLANK1 RESPECTIVELY4,' ,AD59E (,A) ALW PAIRS ) ,?YM9E (,T), & ,?YM9E (,T) ALW PAIRS ) ,AD59E (,A)_4 ,TWO HYDROG5 BONDS /ABILIZE ! BOND+ 2T ^! TWO NUCLEOTIDES4 ,? IS DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! MODEL 0! L>GE1 R.D TAB (! .,?YM9E (.;,T) NUCLEOTIDE T FITS 96! L>GE1 R.D BLANK (! .,AD59E (.;,A) NUCLEOTIDE (SEE ,FIGURE #15)_4 ,FIGURE #15_4 ,',A :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! LEFT IS L9K$ )A BR[N (,T) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! "R ) L>GE R.D BLANK & TAB1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,A BR[N (,T) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! LEFT IS %[N L9K$ 6A :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! "R )A L>GE R.D TAB & BLANK1 RESPECTIVELY4,' #AG ,H[ 6,=M A ,D\# ,/R& ( #AF-AG ,,DNA #1_4 ,=M A S+LE /R& ( ,,DNA SUBUNITS MAK+ SURE ! SUG>-PHOSPHATE 8BACKB"O0 IS ON ! LEFT &! UNPAIR$ NITROG5\S BASES FACE "R4 ,D ? 0L9K+ ! PHOSPHATE ( EA* FREE NUCLEOTIDE 6! SUG> (DEOXYRIBOSE) (! PREVI\S NUCLEOTIDE4 ,9 O!R ^WS1 ALW ADD FREE NUCLEOTIDES 6! SUG> 5D (A L5G!N+ /R&4 ,ANY ORD] ( NUCLEOTIDES IS ,,OK (SEE ,FIGURE #16)_4 ,FIGURE #16_4 ,',F\R ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES1 ORI5T$ V]TIC,Y1 >E %[N L9K$ TGR VIA _! SMALL R.D BLANKS & TABS 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD] F TOP 6BOTTOM3 BLUE (,G), YELL[ (,C), :ITE (,A), & BR[N (,T)_4,' #2_4 ,SELECT A FREE1 UNATTA*$ NUCLEOTIDE T IS -PLE;T>Y 6! BOTTOMMO/ NUCLEOTIDE 9 ! S+LE ,,DNA /R& J =M$4 ,MAKE SURE ! FREE NUCLEOTIDE IS ORI5T$ S T ! SUG> IS UP1 ! PHOSPHATE IS D[N1 &! BASE TABS_/BLANKS FACE LEFT4 ,!N1 PRESS ! BASE TAB OR BLANK ( "O A#AF-AG NUCLEOTIDE 96! -PLE;T>Y BASE TAB OR BLANK (! O!R NUCLEOTIDE (SEE ,FIGURE #17)_4 ,? PROC$URE 5SURES T ! NUCLEOTIDES (! SECOND /R& >E A4$ ONLY 6! SUG> SIDE (! GR[+ ,,DNA /R& & DEMON/RATES ! DIREC;NAL;Y ( NUCLEOTIDES & ,,DNA /R& /RUCTURE & =M,N4 ,FIGURE #17_4 ,',FIVE ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E %[N L9K$ TGR4 ,F\R ( !M >E ORI5T$ V]TIC,Y1 & %[N L9K$ TGR VIA _! SMALL R.D BLANKS & TABS 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD] F TOP 6BOTTOM3 BLUE (,G), YELL[ (,C), :ITE (,A), & BR[N (,T)_4 ,! BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE IS AL L9K$ HORIZONT,Y 6A :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE ) L>GE R.D TAB & BLANK1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,? 2G9S ! =M,N (A SECOND1 "R-H& /R&4,' #3_4 ,3T9UE 6L9K NUCLEOTIDES UPW>D UNTIL Y H =M$ TWO -PLE;T>Y ,,DNA /R&S T >E ATTA*$ VIA SUG>S & PHOSPHATES & 2T ! BASES (SEE ,FIGURES #18 & #19)_4 #AI ,FIGURE #18_4 B#AF-AG ,',SIX ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E %[N L9K$ TGR4 ,F\R ( !M >E ORI5T$ V]TIC,Y & L9K$ TGR VIA SMALL R.D BLANKS & TABS 9 ! FOLL[+ ORD] F TOP 6BOTTOM3 BLUE (,G), YELL[ (,C), :ITE (,A), & BR[N (,T)_4 ,! BR[N (,T) & :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDES >E AL L9K$ HORIZONT,Y 6:ITE (,A) & BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDES1 RESPECTIVELY1 =M+ A "R-H& /R&4,' ,FIGURE #19_4 ,',EIE L9K$ 6=M A 3NECT$ D\# /R&2 TWO SETS ( F\R V]TIC,Y L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES >E AL L9K$ HORIZONT,Y 9 PAIRS4 ,F TOP 6BOTTOM3 BLUE (,G) IS L9K$ ) YELL[ (,C), YELL[ (,C) IS L9K$ ) BLUE (,G), :ITE (,A) IS L9K$ ) BR[N (,T), & BR[N (,T) IS L9K$ ) :ITE (,A)_4,' ,NOTE3 ,AF ! F/ -PLE;T>Y BASE IS ATTA*$1 SUBSEQU5T NUCLEOTIDES NE$ 6BE L9K$ 2T ! NITROG5\S BASES & 2T ! PHOSPHATE BLANK &! SUG> TAB (SEE ,FIGURES #18 & #19)_4 ,H[ 6,DEMON/RATE #AH-AI ,SEMICONS]VATIVE ,,DNA ,REPLIC,N #1_4 ,=M A D\# /R& ( ,,DNA ) EIY BASE-PAIR+4 ,! RESULT IS A D\#-/R&$ ,,DNA MOLECULE ) F\R BASE PAIRS (SEE ,FIGURES #19 & #20)_4 ,FIGURE #20_4 ,"O D\# /R& ( ,,DNA ,',EIE L9K$ TGR 6=M A 3NECT$ D\# /R&2 TWO SETS ( F\R V]TIC,Y L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES >E L9K$ HORIZONT,Y 9 PAIRS4 ,F TOP 6BOTTOM3 BLUE (,G) IS L9K$ ) YELL[ (,C), YELL[ (,C) IS L9K$ ) BLUE (,G), :ITE (,A) IS L9K$ ) BR[N (,T), & BR[N (,T) IS L9K$ ) :ITE (,A)_4,' #2_4 ,SEP>ATE ! TWO /R&S 0PULL+ !M A"P HORIZONT,Y 2T ! BASE PAIRS1 L1V+ "S SPACE 2T ! LEFT & "R S+LE /R&S ( ,,DNA (SEE ,FIGURES #21 & #22)_4 ,! L9KS HOLD+ ! SUG>-PHOSPHATE BACKB"O TGR MAY NE$ 6BE TIATE ! TWO /R&S & TIE %[N 2+ SEP>AT$ 96TWO V]TIC,Y L9K$ /R&S1 F\R NUCLEOTIDES EA*4,' ,FIGURE #22_4 ,"O D\# ,,DNA /R&1 SEP>AT$ ,',TWO SEP>ATE /R&S ( NUCLEOTIDES1 EA* "O =M$ ( V]TIC,Y L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES4 ,! LEFT /R& F TOP 6BOTTOM 3SI/S (A BLUE (,G), YELL[ (,C), :ITE (,A), & BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE4 ,! "R /R& F TOP 6BOTTOM 3SI/S (A YELL[ (,C), BLUE (,G), BR[N (,T), & :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE4,' #3_4 ,US+ FREE NUCLEOTIDES & BASE-PAIR+ RULES1 =M NEW /R&S ( ,,DNA T >E -PLE;T>Y 6! LEFT & "R /R&S (! ORIG9AL ,,DNA MOLECULE4 ,/>T AT ! BOTTOM (! LEFT /R& & PROGRESS UP Z Y L9K ! NUCLEOTIDES TGR4 ,/>T AT ! TOP (! "R /R& & PROGRESS D[N Z Y L9K ! NUCLEOTIDES TGR (SEE ,FIGURE #23)_4 ,? DEMON/RATES ! DIREC;NAL;Y ( NUCLEIC ACID /R&S3 ,NUCLEOTIDES >E A4$ ONLY 6! SUG> 5D (A GR[+ NUCLEOTIDE /R& (SEE ,FIGURE #24)_4 B#AH-AI ,FIGURE #23_4 ,ADD NUCLEOTIDES 6EA* /R&4 ,',TWO GR[+ /R&S ( ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES1 EA* "O =M$ ( V]TIC,Y & HORIZONT,Y L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES4 ,! LEFT /R& F TOP 6BOTTOM 3SI/S (A BLUE (,G), A YELL[ (,C), A :ITE (,A), &A BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE2 ! (BOTTOM) BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE IS 3NECT$ HORIZONT,Y 6A :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE4 ,! "R /R& F TOP 6BOTTOM 3SI/S (A YELL[ (,C), A BLUE (,G), A BR[N (,T), &A :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE2 ! (TOP) YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDE IS 3NECT$ HORIZONT,Y 6A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE4,' ,FIGURE #24_4 ,NUCLEOTIDES >E A4$ ONLY 6! SUG> 5D (A GR[+ /R&4 ,',TWO GR[+ /R&S ( ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES1 EA* "O =M$ ( V]TIC,Y & HORIZONT,Y L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES4 ,! LEFT /R& F TOP 6BOTTOM 3SI/S (A BLUE (,G), A YELL[ (,C), A :ITE (,A), &A BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE2 ! #BC (BOTTOM) BR[N (,T) C#AH-AI NUCLEOTIDE IS 3NECT$ HORIZONT,Y 6A :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE1 &! :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE ABV X IS 3NECT$ HORIZONT,Y 6A BR[N (,T) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE4 ,! "R /R& F TOP 6BOTTOM 3SI/S (A YELL[ (,C), A BLUE (,G), A BR[N (,T), &A :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE4 ,! (TOP) YELL[ NUCLEOTIDE (,C) IS 3NECT$ HORIZONT,Y 6A BLUE (,G) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE1 &! BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE 2L X IS 3NECT$ HORIZONT,Y 6A YELL[ (,C) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE4,' #4_4 ,3T9UE A4+ NUCLEOTIDES 6EA* /R& UNTIL TWO ID5TICAL D\# /R&S ( ,,DNA >E =M$ (SEE ,FIGURE #25)_4 ,? DEMON/RATES SEMICONS]VATIVE ,,DNA REPLIC,N3 ,EA* (! TWO NEW D\#-/R&$ ,,DNA MOLECULES >E -POS$ ( "O 8P>5T0 /R& F ! ORIG9AL ,,DNA MOLECULE & "O NEW /R& =M$ F FREE NUCLEOTIDES4 ,FIGURE #25_4 ,TWO ID5TICAL D\# /R&S ( ,,DNA ,',TWO SETS ( EIE AL L9K$ HORIZONT,Y 9 PAIRS4 ,F TOP 6BOTTOM1 EA* SET ( EIGE1 R.D TAB (! .,URACIL (.;,U) & .,?YM9E (.;,T) NUCLEOTIDES T FIT 96! L>GE1 R.D BLANK (! .,AD59E (.;,A) NUCLEOTIDE (SEE ,FIGURE #27)_4 ,FIGURE #27_4 ,',A :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! LEFT IS L9K$ ) AN ORANGE (,U) ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! "R ) L>GE R.D BLANK & TAB1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,A BR[N (,T) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! LEFT IS L9K$ )A :ITE (,A) ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE ON ! "R )A L>GE R.D TAB & BLANK1 RESPECTIVELY4,' ,H[ 6,DEMON/RATE ,TRANSCRIP;N #BB ,TRANSCRIP;N IS ! =M,N (A S+LE /R& ( MESS5G] ,,RNA (M,,RNA) F A (S+LE) TEMPLATE /R& ( ,,DNA4 #1_4 ,=M A D\#-/R&$ ,,DNA MOLECULE US+ ,,DNA BASE-PAIR+ RULES AT L1/ SIX BASE PAIRS L;G (,FIGURE #28)_4 ,SEP>ATE X 96TWO S+LE /R&S & *OOSE "O 6BE ! TEMPLATE /R& (,FIGURE #29)_4 ,FIGURE #28_4 ,D\# /R& ( ,,DNA ,',TWO /R&S ( SIX V]TIC,Y L9K$ ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES T >E AL L9K$ HORIZONT,Y 9 PAIRS4 ,! LEFT /R& 3SI/S ( ?REE BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDES FOLL[$ 0A YELL[ (,C), A :ITE (,A), &A BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE F TOP 6BOTTOM4 ,! "R /R& 3SI/S ( ?REE YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDES1 FOLL[$ 0A BLUE (,G), A BR[N (,T), &A :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE F TOP 6BOTTOM4,' ,FIGURE #29_4 ,SEP>ATE ! /R&S4 ,',SIX PAIRS ( HORIZONT,Y L9K$ ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES >E %[N 2+ #BG SEP>AT$ 96TWO V]TIC,Y L9K$ A#BB /R&S1 SIX NUCLEOTIDES EA*4 ,! LEFT /R& 3SI/S ( ?REE BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDES FOLL[$ 0A YELL[ (,C), A :ITE (,A), &A BR[N (,T) NUCLEOTIDE F TOP 6BOTTOM4 ,! "R /R& 3SI/S ( ?REE YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDES1 FOLL[$ 0A BLUE (,G), A BR[N (,T), &A :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE1 F TOP 6BOTTOM4,' -------------------------------------#BC #2_4 ,US+ FREE ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES & BASE-PAIR+ RULES = TRANSCRIB+ ,,DNA 6M,,RNA1 =M A -PLE;T>Y M,,RNA /R& AL;G ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE4 ,A LEFT-H& TEMPLATE /R& (BASES PO9T "R) 2G9S TRANSCRIP;N AT ! BOTTOM (! ,,DNA /R&2 ADD ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES F ! BOTTOM UP (,FIGURE #30)_4 ,A "R-H& TEMPLATE /R& (BASES PO9T LEFT) 2G9S TRANSCRIP;N AT ! TOP (! ,,DNA /R&2 ADD ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES F ! TOP D[N4 ,? DEMON/RATES ! DIREC;NAL;Y ( NUCLEIC ACID /R&S3 ,NUCLEOTIDES C ONLY 2 A4$ 6! SUG> 5D (A GR[+ NUCLEOTIDE /R&4 ,FIGURE #30_4 ,ADD ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES />T+ F ! BOTTOM A#BC (! LEFT TEMPLATE /R&4 ,',N9E L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES =M A "PIAL D\# /R& ) SIX V]TIC,Y L9K$ ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES ON ! LEFT3 ?REE BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDES1 "O YELL[ (,C), "O :ITE (,A), & "O BR[N (,T) F TOP 6BOTTOM4 ,! BOTTOM ?REE ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES ( ? /R& >E L9K$ 6,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES F BOTTOM 6TOP3 BR[N (,T) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ) :ITE (,A) ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE1 :ITE (,A) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ) ORANGE (,U) ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE1 & YELL[ (,C) ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE ) BLUE (,G) ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE4,' -------------------------------------#BD #3_4 ,AF =M+ ! -PLE;T>Y M,,RNA /R& (,FIGURE #31), SEP>ATE X F ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE4 ,A S+LE /R& ( M,,RNA REMA9S (,FIGURE #32) & IS R1DY 6DEMON/RATE TRANSL,N4 ,FIGURE #31_4 ,-PLE;T>Y M,,RNA /R& ATTA*$ 6,,DNA TEMPLATE ,',SIX V]TIC,Y L9K$ ,,DNA #BI NUCLEOTIDES =M ! LEFT /R&3 A#BD ?REE BLUE (,G), "O YELL[ (,C), "O :ITE (,A), & "O BR[N (,T) F TOP 6BOTTOM4 ,SIX V]TIC,Y L9K$ ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES =M ! "R /R&3 ?REE YELL[ (,C), "O BLUE (,G), "O ORANGE (,U), & "O :ITE (,A) F TOP 6BOTTOM4 ,BO? /R&S >E L9K$ HORIZONT,Y =M+ PAIRS3 ?REE BLUE (,G) ) ?REE YELL[ (,C) NUCLEOTIDES1 "O YELL[ (,C) )A BLUE (,G) NUCLEOTIDE1 "O :ITE (,A) ) AN ORANGE (,U) NUCLEOTIDE1 & "O BR[N (,T) )A :ITE (,A) NUCLEOTIDE1 F TOP 6BOTTOM4,' ,FIGURE #32_4 M,,RNA R1DY = TRANSL,N ,',A S+LE /R& ( V]TIC,Y L9K$ ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES3 ?REE YELL[ (,C), "O BLUE (,G), "O ORANGE (,U), & "O :ITE (,A) F TOP 6BOTTOM4,' -------------------------------------#BE ,NOTE3 ,! FIGURES ON PAGE #24 DEMON/RATE ! />T CODON ( M,,RNA (,A,U,G) &! CODON = PROL9E (,C,C,C)_4 ,! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& R1DS ,T,A,C,G,G,G, : IS TRANSCRIB$ TO ,A,U,G,C,C,C_4 ,? A#BE M,,RNA SEQU;E CODES =! AM9O ACID ME?ION9E F/ & !N PROL9E 9 ! TRANSCRIB$ M,,RNA4 ,TRANSL,N TYPIC,Y 2G9S )! AM9O ACID ME?ION9E4 ,ALL #64 -B9,NS ( NUCLEOTIDE TRIPLETS CODE = EI />T (,A,U,G), /OP (,U,A,A, ,U,A,G, ,U,G,A), OR "O (! REMA9+ #19 DI6]5T AM9O ACIDS (SEE ,UNIV]SAL ,G5ETIC ,CODE ON PAGE #26)_4 -------------------------------------#BF ,,UNIV]SAL ,,G5ETIC ,,CODE ,MESS5G] ,,RNA (M,,RNA) ,CODONS & ,AM9O ,ACIDS 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777 ,',THE TA# IS DIVID$ V]TIC,Y 9TO #2 SEC;NS4 ,A S]IES ( DOT #5S ACR ! WID? (A COLUMN 9DICATES A BLANK SPACE4,' #CA ,AM9O ,ACID ,CODONS A#BF "3333333333333 "333333333333333333333 ,ALAN9E """""" """""" """""" ,G,C,U ,>G99E """"""" ,A,G,A ,A,G,G ,C,G,U ,ASP>AG9E """" """""" """""" ,A,A,U ,AS"PIC ACID """""" """""" ,G,A,U ,CY/E9E """""" """""" """""" ,U,G,U ,GLUTAMIC ACID """""" """""" """""" ,GLUTAM9E """" """""" """""" """""" ,GLYC9E """""" """""" """""" ,G,G,U ,HI/ID9E """"" """""" """""" ,C,A,U ,ISOLEUC9E """ """""" """""" ,A,U,U ,LEUC9E """""" ,U,U,A ,U,U,G ,C,U,U ,LYS9E """"""" """""" """""" """""" ,ME?ION9E (,,/>T) """" """""" """""" """""" ,PH5YLALAN9E """""" """""" ,U,U,U ,PROL9E """""" """""" """""" ,C,C,U ,S]9E """""""" ,A,G,U ,A,G,C ,U,C,U ,?REON9E """"" """""" """""" ,A,C,U ,TRYPTOPHAN "" """""" """""" """""" ,TYROS9E """"" """""" """""" ,U,A,U ,VAL9E """"""" """""" """""" ,G,U,U ,,/OP """""""" ,,UGA """""" """""" ,AM9O ,ACID ,CODONS B#BF "3333333333333 "333333333333333333333 ,ALAN9E """""" ,G,C,C ,G,C,A ,G,C,G ,>G99E """"""" ,C,G,C ,C,G,A ,C,G,G ,ASP>AG9E """" ,A,A,C """""" """""" ,AS"PIC ACID ,G,A,C """""" """""" ,CY/E9E """""" ,U,G,C """""" """""" ,GLUTAMIC ACID """""" ,G,A,A ,G,A,G ,GLUTAM9E """" """""" ,C,A,A ,C,A,G ,GLYC9E """""" ,G,G,C ,G,G,A ,G,G,G ,HI/ID9E """"" ,C,A,C """""" """""" ,ISOLEUC9E """ ,A,U,C ,A,U,A """""" ,LEUC9E """""" ,C,U,C ,C,U,A ,C,U,G ,LYS9E """"""" """""" ,A,A,A ,A,A,G ,ME?ION9E (,,/>T) """" """""" """""" ,A,U,G ,PH5YLALAN9E ,U,U,C """""" """""" ,PROL9E """""" ,C,C,C ,C,C,A ,C,C,G ,S]9E """""""" ,U,C,C ,U,C,A ,U,C,G ,?REON9E """"" ,A,C,C ,A,C,A ,A,C,G ,TRYPTOPHAN "" """""" """""" ,U,G,G ,TYROS9E """"" ,U,A,C """""" """""" ,VAL9E """"""" ,G,U,C ,G,U,A ,G,U,G ,,/OP """""""" """""" ,U,A,A ,U,A,G GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG #CC ,ALIGN;T ,) ,4CIPL9>Y ,CORE #BG ,ID1S--,LIFE ,SCI;ES ,A ,FRAME"W = ;,K-#12 ,SCI;E ,$UC,N ,/&>DS @]#1 ,LIFE ,SCI;E #1.",A_3 ,/RUCTURE & FUNC;N ..,H[ D ! /RUCTURES ( ORGANISMS 5A# LIFE'S .FUNC;NS8 ,ALL CELLS 3TA9 G5ETIC 9=M,N 9 ! =M ( ,,DNA4 ,G5ES >E SPECIFIC REGIONS )9 ! EXTREMELY L>GE ,,DNA MOLECULES T =M ! *ROMOSOMES4 ,G5ES 3TA9 ! 9/RUC;NS T CODE =! =M,N ( MOLECULES CALL$ PROTE9S1 : C>RY \ MO/ (! "W ( CELLS 6P]=M ! ESS5TIAL FUNC;NS ( LIFE4 ,LIFE ,SCI;E #3.",A_3 ,9H]IT.E ( TRAITS ..,H[ >E ! "*I/ICS ( "O G5],N RELAT$ 6! PREVI\S .G5],N8 ,,DNA MOLECULES 3TA9 F\R DI6]5T K9DS ( BUILD+ BLOCKS1 CALL$ NUCLEOTIDES1 L9K$ TGR 9 A SEQU5TIAL *A94 ,! SEQU;E ( NUCLEOTIDES SPELLS \ ! 9=M,N 9 A G5E4 ,2F A CELL DIVIDES1 ! ,,DNA A#BG SEQU;E ( XS *ROMOSOMES IS REPLICAT$ & EA* DAU* ,C\NCIL4 (2012)_4 ..,A ,FRAME"W = ;,K-#12 ,SCI;E ,$UC,N3 ,PRACTICES1 ,CROSSCUTT+ ,3CEPTS1 & ,CORE .,ID1S4 ,-MITTEE ON A ,3CEPTUAL ,FRAME"W = ,NEW ;,K-#12 ,SCI;E ,$UC,N ,/&>DS4 ,BO>D ON ,SCI;E ,$UC,N1 ,DIVI.N ( ,2HAVIORAL & ,SOCIAL ,SCI;ES & ,$UC,N4 ,WA%+TON1 ,,DC3 ,! ,N,NAL ,ACADEMIES ,PRESS4 _+WWW.NAP.EDU/_& CATALOG.PHP?RECORD__ID=13165_: -------------------------------------#BH ( PROTE9S 02+ TRANSCRIB$ 96A 8MESS5G]0 ,,RNA1 : IS TRANSLAT$ 9 TURN 0! CELLUL> MA*9]Y 96A PROTE94 #CE ,,SU7E/$ ,,WEBSITES #BI ,H[>D ,HUY ( ,M$IC9E3 ,G5ETICS ,HOME ,REF];E ,H&BOOK3 ,CELLS & ,,DNA--,:AT IS ,,DNA8 _+GHR.NLM.NIH.GOV/HANDBOOK/BASICS/DNA_: ,,DNA F ! ,2G9N+ _+WWW.DNAFTB.ORG/_: ,"U/&+ ,EVOLU;N3 ,,DNA1 ! ,LANGUAGE ( ,EVOLU;N3 ,FRANCIS ,CRICK @& ,JAMES ,WATSON _+EVOLUTION.BERKELEY.EDU/EVOLIBRARY/_& ARTICLE/HISTORY__22_: ,,! ,,5D