,PROTE9 ,SYN!SIS ,KIT ,GUIDEBOOK ,,PROJECT ,,/AFF ,ROSANNE ,H(FMANN1 ,PROJECT ,L1D] ,D5ISE ,SN[ ,WILSON1 ,RESE>* ,ASSI/ANT ,&REW ,DAK91 ,MODEL ,MAK] ,TOM ,POPPE1 ,TOOL+ ,ADVISOR ,&REW ,M\LTON1 ,TE*NICAL ,ASSI/ANT ,AN?ONY ,SL[9SKI1 ,GRAPHIC ,DESIGN] ,AN?ONY ;,D4 ,J"OS1 ,PHOTOGRAPHY ,9 #A ,VOLUME ,BRL PAGES T#A-T#D1 P#A-P#B1 & #A-#CJ ,PR9T PAGES #A-#BG ,9 KEEP+ ) \R PHILOSOPHY TO PROVIDE A3ESS TO 9=MA;N = P :O >E BL OR VISUALLY IMPAIR$1 ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL PROVIDES A3ESSIBLE PR9T MAT]IALS = BRL R1D]S4 ,D[NLOAD ,,HTML & ,,BRF V].NS ( ? ,GUIDEBOOK AT WWW4APH4ORG_/MANUALS_/ ,PROTE9 ,SYN!SIS ,KIT ,CATALOG ,NUMB] #A-#JHIGE-#JJ T#A ,COPY"R ^C #BJAG BY ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR9T+ ,H\SE = ! ,BL4 ,ALL "RS RES]V$4 ,PR9T$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA4 ,? PUBLICA;N IS PROTECT$ BY ,COPY"R & P]MIS.N %D 2 OBTA9$ F ! 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VOLUME HAS BE5 TRANSCRIB$ AC TO ,BRL ,=MATS3 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,PR9T-TO-,BRL ,TRANSCRIP;N1 #BJAA4 T#D ,,3T5TS ,,9TRODUC;N """"""""""""""""""""""""" #A ,,,9=MA;N AB KIT COMPON5TS,' """""""" #E ,G5ETIC ,CODE 9 ,L>GE ,PR9T & ,BRL """""""""""""""""""""""""""" #E ,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDES """""""""""""""" #E ,AM9O ,ACIDS """""""""""""""""""""" #G ,/>T & ,/OP ,SUBUNITS """"""""""""" #H ,TRANSF] ,,RNA " """"""""" #I ,BASE-PAIR+ ,RULES """"""""""""""" #AJ ,TRANSLA;N ,GRAPHIC """""""""""""" #AJ ,,9/RUC;NS """"""""""""""""""""""""" #AB ,L9K+ & ,UNL9K+ ,SUBUNITS """""""" #AB ,H[ TO ,USE ! ,G5ETIC ,CODE """""" #AD ,H[ TO ,DEMON/RATE ,TRANSLA;N """" #AF ,F ,,DNA TO ,PROTE9 """""""""""""" #BJ ,,,ALIGN;T ) 4CIPL9>Y CORE ID1S & NEXT G5]A;N SCI;E /&>DS,' """""" #BE ,,SU7E/$ ,,WEBSITES """""""""""""""" #BF P#A ,AC"KL$GE;TS ,! ,PROJECT ,L1D] ?ANKS ! FOLL[+ FIELD TE/]S & _! /UD5TS = _! VALUABLE "T & 9PUT DUR+ ! DEVELOP;T ( ! ,PROTE9 ,SYN!SIS ,KIT3 ,C>LTON ,COOK-,WALK]1 ,SYLVIA ,EKDAHL1 ,KATE ,FRAS]1 ,JAN ,MEG>RY1 ,JANE ,MUNDS*5K1 ,ALAN ,RO?1 ,ELIZABE? ,EAGAN ,SATT]1 ,AVA ,SILV]/E91 & ,L\ISE ,:ITWOR?4 P#B ,,9TRODUC;N #A ,! ^7,PROTE9 ,SYN!SIS ,KIT^' "<^1,,PSK"> BUILDS ^U ! 3CEPTS 9TRODUC$ BY ! ^1,,DNA-,,RNA ^1,KIT4 ,TGR !Y DEMON/RATE 9 L>GE "P ! FUNC;N ( G5ETIC MAT]IAL 9 ALL CELLS4 ,! ^1,,DNA-,,RNA ^1,KIT DEMON/RATES TRANSCRIP;N1 OR H[ DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID "<,,DNA"> IS US$ Z A TEMPLATE TO =M ! MOLECUL> 9T]M$IATE1 MESS5G] RIBONUCLEIC ACID "4 ,! ^1,,PSK DEMON/RATES TRANSLA;N1 OR H[ M,,RNA IS US$ TO =M *A9S ( L9K$ AM9O ACIDS : MAKE UP ALL DI6]5T K9DS ( PROTE9S 9VOLV$ 9 CELLUL> ACTIVITIES4 ,"S EXAMPLES ( PROTE9S 9CLUDE 5ZYMES NE$$ = *EMICAL REAC;NS L TRANSCRIP;N & TRANSLA;N2 /RUCTURAL PROTE9S L K]AT9 & COLLAG5 F.D 9 HAIR1 NAILS1 & SK92 HEMOGLOB9 9 R$ BLOOD CELLS NE$$ = OXYG5 DELIV]Y TO BODY CELLS2 & ANTIBODIES T PROVIDE PROTEC;N AG/ 41SE4 ,BO? ,,DNA & ,,RNA >E =M$ BY L9K$ NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS1 B "! >E DI6];ES 2T ! TWO4 ,ALL NUCLEOTIDES >E COMPOS$ #A ( A PHOSPHATE1 A SUG>1 & A BASE4 A#A ,A ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE 3TA9S ! SUG> DEOXYRIBOSE1 A PHOSPHATE1 & EI ! BASE ,AD59E "<,A">1 ,GUAN9E "<;,G">1 ,CYTOS9E "<;,C">1 OR ,?YM9E "<;,T">4 ,AN ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE 3TA9S ! SUG> RIBOSE1 A PHOSPHATE1 & EI ! BASE ,AD59E "<,A">1 ,GUAN9E "<;,G">1 ,CYTOS9E "<;,C">1 OR ,URACIL "<;,U">4 ,NUCLEOTIDES >E TYPICALLY ID5TIFI$ BY ! CAPITAL LR ( ! BASE !Y 3TA94 --------------------------------------#B ,*ROMO"SS >E D\BLE /R&S ( ,,DNA F.D 9 ! NUCLEUS OR C5T] ( ALL CELLS4 ,G5ES >E SEC;NS ( *ROMO"SS : CODE = ! PROTE9S 9 A CELL4 ,2C ALL PROTE9S >E N NE$$ BY A CELL ALL AT ! SAME "T1 ,,RNA ACTS Z A MESS5G] TO TELL ! CELL T A "PICUL> PROTE9 IS NE$$ AT A "PICUL> "T4 ,A SEC;N ( ,,DNA " IS TRANSCRIB$ TO ,,RNA1 & ,,RNA IS TRANSLAT$ TO A PROTE91 Z %[N 9 ! FOLL[+ SEQU;E3 ,,DNA ;\O ,,RNA ;\O ,PROTE9 #B ,A PROTE9-COD+ G5E IS A S+LE /R& A#B ( ,,DNA T IS US$ Z A TEMPLATE TO =M A COMPLE;T>Y /R& ( M,,RNA4 ,? PROCESS1 "KN Z TRANSCRIP;N1 USES BASE-PAIR+ RULES TO =M ! M,,RNA /R&3 ,A PAIRS ) ;,U1 ;,T PAIRS ) ,A1 ;,G PAIRS ) ;,C1 & ;,C PAIRS ) ;,G4 ,A TRANSCRIB$ L5G? ( M,,RNA PEELS (F ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE4 ,TRANSLA;N TAKES PLACE :5 ! SEQU;E ( NUCLEOTIDES 9 M,,RNA IS DECOD$ TO A SEQU;E ( 3NECT$ AM9O ACIDS1 : IS ! PRIM>Y /RUCTURE ( ALL PROTE9S4 ,9 ADDI;N TO M,,RNA1 TRANSLA;N REQUIRES A MOLECULE T 9T]PRETS ! SEQU;E ( M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES & BR+S ! CORRECT AM9O ACID TO ! GR[+ *A92 ? MOLECULE IS CALL$ TRANSF] ,,RNA1 OR T,,RNA4 ,! RIBO"S1 A SPECIAL COMPLEX ( ,,RNA & PROTE91 & S"EAL 5ZYMES PHYSICALLY COORD9ATE TRANSLA;N BY B9D+ TO ! M,,RNA & PROVID+ A PLACE = T,,RNA #C MOLECULES TO DELIV] _! AM9O ACIDS4 #C ,! ^1,,PSK DEMON/RATES ! =MA;N ( T,,RNA & XS FUNC;N DUR+ TRANSLA;N1 B X DOES N 9CLUDE ! RIBO"S OR ASSOCIAT$ 5ZYMES4 ,! R1D] IS REF]R$ TO ! SU7E/$ WEBSITES ON PAGE #BF ( ? ,GUIDEBOOK = M 9=MA;N AB ? PROCESS4 ,G5ETIC 9=MA;N 9 ,,DNA & M,,RNA IS COD$ 9 ! ORD] ( L9K$ NUCLEOTIDES T MAKE UP EA* /R&4 ,E TRIPLET ( ?REE NUCLEOTIDES AL;G ! L5G? ( AN M,,RNA /R& CODES = "O ( #BJ AM9O ACIDS OR A /OP SIGNAL4 ,= ? R1SON1 TRIPLETS >E AL "KN Z CODONS4 ,! ORD] ( ! CODONS ULTIMATELY DET]M9ES ! ORD] ( L9K$ AM9O ACIDS DUR+ ! TRANSLA;N PROCESS4 ,! M1N+ ( EA* CODON IS 9T]PRET$ BY ! CELL AC TO ! G5ETIC CODE "ATE L>GE PR9T BRL V].N">4 ,! G5ETIC CODE 3SI/S ( ! #FD DI6]5T ?REE-LR COMB9A;NS ( ! F\R NUCLEOTIDES "<,A1 ;,C1 ;,G1 & ;,U"> & ! AM9O ACIDS OR /OP SIGNAL = : !Y CODE4 ,AM9O ACIDS >E C>RI$ TO ! M,,RNA-RIBO"S COMPLEX BY T,,RNA #D MOLECULES4 ,"P ( EA* T,,RNA A#C MOLECULE 3SI/S ( A TRIPLET ( NUCLEOTIDES CALL$ AN ANTICODON T BASE-PAIRS ) COMPLE;T>Y M,,RNA CODONS AC TO ! FOLL[+ RULES3 ,A PAIRS ) ;,U1 ;,U PAIRS ) ,A1 ;,G PAIRS ) ;,C1 & ;,C PAIRS ) ;,G4 --------------------------------------#D ,CODON-ANTICODON BASE-PAIR+ 5SURES T ! CORRECT AM9O ACIDS >E DELIV]$ 9 A SPECIFI$ ORD]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ANTICODONS F.D ON ! T,,RNA,'S = ! AM9O ACIDS ,TRYPTOPHAN & ,LYS9E >E ,A,C,C & ,U,U,U1 RESPECTIVELY1 : BASE-PAIR ) ! M,,RNA CODONS ,U,G,G & ,A,A,A4 ,TRANSLA;N ( A /R& ( M,,RNA 9CLUD+ ! RIBO"S1 M,,RNA1 T,,RNA & ANTICODON-CODON BASE-PAIR+ IS %[N ON ! SEP>ATE TACTILE GRAPHIC 9CLUD$ 9 ! ^1,,PSK4 ,Z 9 ! ^1,,DNA-,,RNA ^1,KIT1 ! ^1,,PSK 3TA9S JIGSAW PUZZLE-L PIECES1 B 9 ? #E CASE !Y REPRES5T "S ( ! MOLECUL> A#D PLAY]S 9 ! PROCESS ( TRANSLA;N4 ,AF A /R& ( M,,RNA IS 3/RUCT$1 /UD5TS DET]M9E : AM9O ACIDS >E SPECIFI$ US+ ! G5ETIC CODE ON PAGE #AD ( ? ,GUIDEBOOK OR ! L>GE PR9T BRL V].N,-? IS AL "KN Z DECOD+ M,,RNA4 ,/UD5TS !N 3/RUCT T,,RNA MOLECULES 3SI/+ ( AN AM9O ACID & XS ?REE-NUCLEOTIDE ANTICODON US+ BASE-PAIR+ RULES4 ,RECALL T ! ANTICODON IS ! "P ( ! T,,RNA MOLECULE T BASE-PAIRS ) ! M,,RNA CODON = A "PICUL> AM9O ACID4 ,9 ? WAY1 T,,RNA MOLECULES BR+ AM9O ACIDS TO ! M,,RNA-RIBO"S COMPLEX & 5SURE _! CORRECT ORD] TO =M ! PROTE94 ,A L9K$ AM9O ACID SEQU;E IS REV1L$ AF ! M,,RNA /R& & T,,RNA ANTICODONS >E REMOV$4 --------------------------------------#E ,,,9=MA;N AB KIT COMPON5TS,' @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ! ,G5ETIC ,CODE ,L>GE ,PR9T ,BRL : 3SI/S ( F\R #AA-BY-#AA4E IN4 EMBOSS$ %EETS D5OT+ ! G5ETIC CODE 9 BRL & L>GE #F PR9T4@.> A#E ,G5ETIC ,CODE 9 ,L>GE ,PR9T & ,BRL ,! ,G5ETIC ,CODE IS US$ TO DECODE M,,RNA & ID5TIFY SPECIFI$ AM9O ACIDS4 ,A PACK ( #AJ SETS ( ! L>GE PR9T BRL G5ETIC CODE IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! KIT4 ,,RNA ,NUCLEOTIDES ,! ^1,,PSK 9CLUDES #AF EA* ( ! F\R TYPES ( TRANSF] ,,RNA " NUCLEOTIDES "<,A1 ;,C1 ;,G1 & ;,U">4 ,TRANSF] ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES >E SMALL]1 MODIFI$ V].NS ( ! M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES 9CLUD$ 9 ! ^1,,DNA-,,RNA ^1,KIT4 ,,RNA SUBUNITS F BO? KITS %>E ! FOLL[+ F1TURES3 _4 :ITE FOAM BACK+ _4 COLOR$ SURFACE LAM9ATE "<:ITE1 LI _4 RAIS$ CIRCLE TACTILE SYMBOL " RIBOSE"> _4 CAPITAL PR9T LR ,A "<:ITE">1 ;,C "1 ;,G "1 OR #G ;,U " B#E _4 BRL L[] CASE LR ,A1 ;,C1 ;,G1 OR ;,U --------------------------------------#F ,CORRESPOND+ V].NS ( M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES " & T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES " >E %[N 2L ON ! LEFT & "R1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,BO? TYPES ( ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS H DIREC;NAL;Y3 ! SUG> SIDE IS REPRES5T$ BY ! RAIS$ CIRCLE1 & ! PHOSPHATE SIDE IS REPRES5T$ BY RAIS$ DIAGONAL L9ES 9 M,,RNA SUBUNITS OR FLAT LAM9ATE 9 T,,RNA SUBUNITS4 ^1,:ITE ^1SUBUNITS ,- ,AD5OS9E MONOPHOSPHATE "<,A"> @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A :ITE NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<,A"> F ! ,,DNA-,,RNA ,KIT ON ! LEFT & A :ITE NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<,A"> F ! ,,PSK ON ! "R4@.> ^7,LI @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A LI F ! #H ,,DNA-,,RNA ,KIT ON ! LEFT & A A#F LI F ! ,,PSK ON ! "R4@.> ^1,YELL[ ^1SUBUNITS ,- ,CYTID9E MONOPHOSPHATE "<;,C"> @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A YELL[ NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<;,C"> F ! ,,DNA-,,RNA ,KIT ON ! LEFT & A YELL[ NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<;,C"> F ! ,,PSK ON ! "R4@.> ^1,ORANGE ^1SUBUNITS ,- ,URID9E MONOPHOSPHATE "<;,U"> @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( AN ORANGE NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<;,U"> F ! ,,DNA-,,RNA ,KIT ON ! LEFT & AN ORANGE NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<;,U"> F ! ,,PSK ON ! "R4@.> --------------------------------------#G ,AM9O ACIDS ,EA* "O ( ! #BJ DI6]5T AM9O ACIDS IS REPRES5T$ BY A RECTANGUL> SUBUNIT MADE ( D>K BLUE FOAM & SMOO?1 D>K BLUE LAM9ATE4 ,9 ! ^1,,PSK1 "! >E TWO COMPLETE SETS ( #BJ1 LABEL$ 9 PR9T & BRL4 #I @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( AN ASSORT;T A#G ( BLUE AM9O ACID SUBUNITS F ! ,,PSK4@.> --------------------------------------#H ,/>T & ,/OP ,SUBUNITS ,! RECTANGUL> SUBUNITS MADE ( D>K BLUE FOAM & TAN LAM9ATE REPRES5T ,/>T ,ME?ION9E & ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR4 ,! ^1,,PSK 9CLUDES F\R ,/>T SUBUNITS1 TACTUALLY ID5TIFIABLE BY A RAIS$ L9E >.D ! $GE ( EA* PIECE & A "R-PO9T+ TRIANGLE SYMBOL 2F ! BRLD ^W 8,/>T40 ,/>T SUBUNITS >E AL LABEL$ 8,ME?ION9E0 2C MO/ (T5 ? IS ! F/ AM9O ACID 9 ! *A9 ( AM9O ACIDS T MAKE UP A PROTE94 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( AN >RAY ( F\R BLUE & TAN COLOR$ ,/>T ,ME?ION9E SUBUNITS4@.> ,! ^1,,PSK 9CLUDES TWO EA* ( ?REE DI6]5T ,/OP SUBUNITS1 TACTUALLY ID5TIFIABLE BY A S&Y-TEXTUR$ SURFACE LAM9ATE & A SQU>E SYMBOL 2F ! BRLD ^W 8,/OP40 ,^! SUBUNITS >E AL LABEL$ 8,REL1SE FACTOR0 2C ! M,,RNA #AJ CODONS T SIGNIFY ,/OP >E N A#H RECOGNIZ$ BY T,,RNA MOLECULES4 ,R1 ,/OP CODONS B9D ) A SPECIAL PROTE9 CALL$ ! ,REL1SE FACTOR : /OPS ! TRANSLA;N PROCESS4 ,2C "! >E ?REE DI6]5T ,/OP CODONS "<,U,G,A1 ,U,A,A1 & ,U,A,G">1 ! ,,PSK 9CLUDES ?REE CORRESPOND+ ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR SUBUNITS4 ,U,G,A CORRESPONDS TO ,REL1SE FACTOR #A1 ,U,A,A CORRESPONDS TO ,REL1SE FACTOR #B1 & ,U,A,G CORRESPONDS TO ,REL1SE FACTOR #C4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ! ?REE DI6]5T BLUE & TAN COLOR$ ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR SUBUNITS4@.> --------------------------------------#I ,TRANSF] ,,RNA " ,?REE L9K$ T,,RNA SUBUNITS REPRES5T ! ANTICODON "P ( A T,,RNA MOLECULE1 : AL HOLDS AN AM9O ACID4 ,! ^1,,PSK T,,RNA SUBUNITS H A TRAPEZOID BLANK ON "O SIDE T L9KS TO ! TRAPEZOID TABS ON ! ,/>T ,ME?ION9E & AM9O ACID SUBUNITS4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,/>T ,ME?ION9E AM9O ACID SUBUNIT L9K$ TO AN #AA ORANGE "<;,U"> T,,RNA SUBUNIT1 A#I A :ITE "<,A"> T,,RNA SUBUNIT1 & A YELL[ "<;,C"> T,,RNA SUBUNIT F LEFT TO "R4@.> ,ANTICODONS L9K DIRECTLY TO ! AM9O ACID Z 9 ,/>T ,ME?ION9E ABV1 & ,PROL9E 2L4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,PROL9E AM9O ACID SUBUNIT L9K$ TO ?REE LI T,,RNA SUBUNITS4@.> -------------------------------------#AJ ,BASE-PAIR+ ,RULES ,ON ! OPPOSITE SIDE ( EA* T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "! IS A BLANK OR TAB T ALL[S COMPLE;T>Y BASE-PAIR+ ) M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES4 ,? ALL[S ANTICODON,-CODON L9KAGE1 : FOLL[S ! ,,RNA BASE-PAIR+ RULES1 /AT$ 2L4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( F\R SETS ( BASE-PAIR$ M,,RNA & T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS3 LI ) YELL[ "<;,C">2 YELL[ "<;,C"> ) LI2 ORANGE "<;,U"> ) :ITE "<,A">2 & :ITE #AB "<,A"> ) ORANGE "<;,U">4@.> A#AJ _4 ,CYTOS9E ALW PAIRS ) ,GUAN9E3 ,YELL[ "<;,C"> SUBUNIT TRAPEZOID BLANK L9KS ) LI SUBUNIT TRAPEZOID TAB4 _4 ,GUAN9E ALW PAIRS ) ,CYTOS9E3 ,LI SUBUNIT TRAPEZOID TAB L9KS ) YELL[ "<;,C"> SUBUNIT TRAPEZOID BLANK4 _4 ,AD59E ALW PAIRS ) ,URACIL3 ,:ITE "<,A"> SUBUNIT L>GE R.D BLANK L9KS ) ORANGE "<;,U"> SUBUNIT L>GE R.D TAB4 _4 ,URACIL ALW PAIRS ) ,AD59E3 ,ORANGE "<;,U"> SUBUNIT L>GE R.D TAB L9KS ) :ITE "<,A"> SUBUNIT L>GE R.D BLANK4 ,TRANSLA;N ,GRAPHIC ,A FULL COLOR TACTILE R5D]+ ( ! PROCESS ( M,,RNA TRANSLA;N IS 9CLUD$ 9 ! KIT4 ,! SAME GRAPHIC IS REPRODUC$ ON PAGE #AA ( ? ,GUIDEBOOK4 #AC M,,RNA ,TRANSLA;N ,- ,PROTE9 #AA ,SYN!SIS @.E %[N L9$ UP ) ?REE ( ! M,,RNA CODONS4 ,A GR[+ *A9 ( AM9O ACIDS IS %[N AT ! TOP "P ( ! GRAPHIC4@.> -------------------------------------#AB ,,9/RUC;NS ,L9K+ & ,UNL9K+ ,SUBUNITS ,TO L9K SUBUNITS TGR1 PRESS ! TAB OR BLANK ( "O PIECE D[N 9TO ! APPROPRIATE TAB OR BLANK ( ANO!R PIECE4 T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE TO AM9O ACID3 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( AN ORANGE "<;,U"> T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT L9K$ TO A BLUE AM9O ACID SUBUNIT4@.> M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE TO T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE3 #AD @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A LI M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT L9K$ TO A YELL[ "<;,C"> T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT4@.> @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A :ITE "<,A"> M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT L9K$ TO AN ORANGE "<;,U"> T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT4@.> -------------------------------------#AC ,AM9O ACID TO AM9O ACID3 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( TWO BLUE AM9O ACID SUBUNITS L9K$ TGR4@.> ,TO SEP>ATE ATTA*$ SUBUNITS PULL !M A"P HORIZONTALLY 9 ! PLANE ( _! ATTA*;T4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A :ITE "<,A"> M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "PIALLY PULL$ A"P F AN ORANGE "<;,U"> T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT2 A SMALL GAP EXI/S 2T ! BLANK & TAB4@.> ,D N TWI/ ! SUBUNITS A"P6 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A :ITE "<,A"> M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT ATTA*$ TO AN ORANGE "<;,U"> T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT TWI/+ A"P 9 ! >EA ( ! TAB & BLANK4@.> #AE @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A :ITE A#AC "<,A"> M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT ATTA*$ TO AN ORANGE "<;,U"> T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT SEP>AT+ V]TICALLY 9 ! >EA ( ! TAB & BLANK4@.> ,D N SEP>ATE ! SUBUNITS V]TICALLY6 ,^! AC;NS W CAUSE ! LAM9ATE TO SEP>ATE F ! FOAM4 -------------------------------------#AD ,H[ TO ,USE ! ,G5ETIC ,CODE ,UNIV]SAL ,G5ETIC ,CODE ,MESS5G] ,,RNA " ,CODONS & ,AM9O ,ACIDS 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777 @.<,! TA# IS DIVID$ V]TICALLY 9 TO #B SEC;NS4 ,A S]IES ( DOT #ES ACR WID? (A COLUMN 9DICATES A BLANK SPACE4@.> #AF ,AM9O ,ACID ,CODONS A#AD "3333333333333 "333333333333333333333 ,ALAN9E """""" """""" """""" ,G,C,U ,>G99E """"""" ,A,G,A ,A,G,G ,C,G,U ,ASP>AG9E """" """""" """""" ,A,A,U ,AS"PIC ACID """""" """""" ,G,A,U ,CY/E9E """""" """""" """""" ,U,G,U ,GLUTAMIC ACID """""" """""" """""" ,GLUTAM9E """" """""" """""" """""" ,GLYC9E """""" """""" """""" ,G,G,U ,HI/ID9E """"" """""" """""" ,C,A,U ,ISOLEUC9E """ """""" """""" ,A,U,U ,LEUC9E """""" ,U,U,A ,U,U,G ,C,U,U ,LYS9E """"""" """""" """""" """""" ,ME?ION9E "<,,/>T"> "" """""" """""" """""" ,PH5YLALAN9E """""" """""" ,U,U,U ,PROL9E """""" """""" """""" ,C,C,U ,S]9E """""""" ,A,G,U ,A,G,C ,U,C,U ,?REON9E """"" """""" """""" ,A,C,U ,TRYPTOPHAN "" """""" """""" """""" ,TYROS9E """"" """""" """""" ,U,A,U ,VAL9E """"""" """""" """""" ,G,U,U ,,/OP """""""" ,U,G,A """""" """""" #AG ,AM9O ,ACID ,CODONS B#AD "3333333333333 "333333333333333333333 ,ALAN9E """""" ,G,C,C ,G,C,A ,G,C,G ,>G99E """"""" ,C,G,C ,C,G,A ,C,G,G ,ASP>AG9E """" ,A,A,C """""" """""" ,AS"PIC ACID ,G,A,C """""" """""" ,CY/E9E """""" ,U,G,C """""" """""" ,GLUTAMIC ACID """""" ,G,A,A ,G,A,G ,GLUTAM9E """" """""" ,C,A,A ,C,A,G ,GLYC9E """""" ,G,G,C ,G,G,A ,G,G,G ,HI/ID9E """"" ,C,A,C """""" """""" ,ISOLEUC9E """ ,A,U,C ,A,U,A """""" ,LEUC9E """""" ,C,U,C ,C,U,A ,C,U,G ,LYS9E """"""" """""" ,A,A,A ,A,A,G ,ME?ION9E "<,,/>T"> "" """""" """""" ,A,U,G ,PH5YLALAN9E ,U,U,C """""" """""" ,PROL9E """""" ,C,C,C ,C,C,A ,C,C,G ,S]9E """""""" ,U,C,C ,U,C,A ,U,C,G ,?REON9E """"" ,A,C,C ,A,C,A ,A,C,G ,TRYPTOPHAN "" """""" """""" ,U,G,G ,TYROS9E """"" ,U,A,C """""" """""" ,VAL9E """"""" ,G,U,C ,G,U,A ,G,U,G ,,/OP """""""" """""" ,U,A,A ,U,A,G GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG #AH ,! G5ETIC CODE IS US$ TO 9T]PRET #AE ! NUCLEOTIDE TRIPLETS T MAKE UP M,,RNA4 ,TO USE ! ALPHABETICAL PRES5TA;N ON PAGE #AD ( ? ,GUIDEBOOK1 F9D ! CODON ( 9T]E/ 9 "O ( ! SIX "R H& COLUMNS & LOCATE ! CORRESPOND+ AM9O ACID 9 ! LEFTMO/ COLUMN4 ,? *>T IS AL USE;L = F9D+ ALL CODONS T CORRESPOND TO A "PICUL> AM9O ACID OR ,/OP4 ,TO 9T]PRET A CODON US+ ! ^7,G5ETIC ,CODE ,L>GE ,PR9T ,BRL^'1 *OOSE ! PAGE T HAS ! F/ LR ( ! CODON 9 ! LEFT COLUMN4 ,!N F9D ! SECOND CODON LR 9 ! SECOND COLUMN ( ! SAME PAGE1 & !N ! ?IRD CODON LR 9 ! ?IRD COLUMN1 : AL 9CLUDES ! CORRESPOND+ AM9O ACID4 ,NOTE T M,,RNA CODONS >E ALW R1D F ! FREE PHOSPHATE SIDE ( ! F/ NUCLEOTIDE TO ! FREE SUG> SIDE 9 ! ?IRD NUCLEOTIDE4 ,9 ! EXAMPLE 2L1 ! CODON IS R1D ,A,U,G1 : CODES = ! AM9O ACID ,ME?ION9E4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ?REE L9K$ M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS "<,A,U,G"> NEXT TO ! ,A %EET ( ! ,G5ETIC ,CODE ,L>GE ,PR9T ,BRL PRODUCT4@.> #AI ,H[ TO ,DEMON/RATE ,TRANSLA;N #AF #A4 ,US+ ! ^1,,DNA-,,RNA ^1,KIT1 3/RUCT AN M,,RNA MOLECULE T IS AT L1/ N9E NUCLEOTIDES L;G MAK+ SURE ! F/ ?REE NUCLEOTIDES >E ,A,U,G4 ,! ,A,U,G TRIPLET CODES = ! AM9O ACID ,ME?ION9E : 2G9S ! TRANSLA;N PROCESS & IS REPRES5T$ BY ! ,/>T ,ME?ION9E SUBUNIT 9 ! ^1,,PSK4 ,ALW 3/RUCT M,,RNA /R&S S* T ! PHOSPHATE SIDE ( ! F/ NUCLEOTIDE & ! SUG> SIDE ( ! LA/ NUCLEOTIDE >E FREE "4 ,9 ! PHOTO 2L1 ! /R& IS ORI5T$ S T ! BASES PO9T UP4 ,ORI5TA;N ( ! /R& C 2 9 ANY DIREC;N1 B ! NUCLEOTIDE SEQU;E ( M,,RNA IS ALW R1D F ! FREE PHOSPHATE SIDE ( ! F/ NUCLEOTIDE TO ! FREE SUG> SIDE ( ! LA/ NUCLEOTIDE ( ! /R& "4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A S+LE /R& ( N9E L9K$ M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS ) SEQU;E ,A,U,G,C,C,C,U,G,A4@.> #B4 ,US+ ! G5ETIC CODE1 DECODE ! M,,RNA SEQU;E & DET]M9E ! AM9O ACIDS T #BJ W MAKE UP ! PROTE9 MOLECULE4 ,9 A#AF ? EXAMPLE ,A,U,G1 ,C,C,C1 & ,U,G,A CODE = ,/>T ,ME?ION9E1 ,PROL9E1 & ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR1 RESPECTIVELY4 #C4 ,3/RUCT ! T,,RNA MOLECULES NE$$ TO DELIV] ! APPROPRIATE AM9O ACIDS4 ,! ^1,,PSK REPRES5TS T,,RNA MOLECULES BY L9K+ T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE ANTICODONS DIRECTLY TO ! APPROPRIATE AM9O ACIDS4 -------------------------------------#AG #D4 ,! ANTICODON "P ( ! T,,RNA IS =M$ US+ COMPLE;T>Y BASE-PAIR+ RULES = ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ANTICODON ( ,A,U,G IS ,U,A,C2 ATTA* ^! T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES TO ! ,/>T ,ME?ION9E SUBUNIT4 ,LIKEWISE1 ATTA* ,G,G,G T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES TO ! AM9O ACID ,PROL9E4 ,!N *OOSE ! ,REL1SE FACTOR T FITS ! ,/OP CODON 9 ! M,,RNA SEQU;E4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,/>T ,ME?ION9E AM9O ACID SUBUNIT ATTA*$ TO ;,U1 ,A1 & ;,C T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS4@.> @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,PROL9E AM9O ACID SUBUNIT ATTA*$ TO ?REE ;,G T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS4@.> #BA @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,/OP A#AG ,REL1SE FACTOR SUBUNIT L9$ UP ) ! M,,RNA ,/OP CODON COMPOS$ ( ;,U1 ;,G1 & ,A M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS4@.> .1,NOTE3 ,:5 ! ,/>T OR AM9O ACID SUBUNITS >E ORI5T$ ) TABS PO9T$ D[N1 ! T,,RNA ANTICODON NUCLEOTIDES >E ATTA*$ & R1D F LEFT TO "R4 ,ORI5TA;N ( T,,RNA ANTICODONS C 2 9 ANY DIREC;N B ! NUCLEOTIDE SEQU;E ( ! ANTICODON TRIPLET IS ALW R1D F ! SUG> SIDE " TO ! PHOSPHATE " SIDE ( EA* T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT4 ---------------------------------#AH-#AI #E4 ,ATTA* ! PREP>$ T,,RNA MOLECULES TO ! APPROPRIATE PLACES ON ! M,,RNA MOLECULE & L9K ! AM9O ACIDS TGR HORIZONTALLY4 ,! L9KAGES 2T AM9O ACIDS REPRES5T PEPTIDE BONDS 2T ! C>BOXYL 5D "<;,C-T]M9US"> ( ! F/ AM9O ACID & ! AM9O 5D "<;,N-T]M9US"> ( ! NEXT AM9O ACID4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( N9E M,,RNA #BB NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS L9K$ TGR A#AI ) ! SEQU;E ,A,U,G,C,C,C,U,G,A4 T,,RNA MOLECULES COMPOS$ ( ANTICODON ,U,A,C & AM9O ACID ,ME?ION9E1 & ANTICODON ,G,G,G & AM9O ACID ,PROL9E >E ATTA*$ TO ! F/ TWO CODONS1 & A ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR IS ATTA*$ TO ! ,U,G,A M,,RNA ,/OP CODON4@.> #F4 ,REMOVE ! M,,RNA & T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDES Z WELL Z ! ,REL1SE FACTOR TO REV1L ! PRIM>Y /RUCTURE ( A PROTE93 A SPECIFIC SEQU;E ( AM9O ACIDS4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,ME?ION9E AM9O ACID SUBUNIT L9K$ TO A ,PROL9E AM9O ACID SUBUNIT4@.> -------------------------------------#BJ ,F ,,DNA TO ,PROTE9 ,! /EPS ( ? PROCESS "? TRANSCRIP;N >E DEMON/RAT$ US+ ! ,,DNA & ,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS F ! ^1,,DNA-,,RNA ^1,KIT4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( A ,,DNA MOLECULE COMPOS$ ( TWO COMPLE;T>Y /R&S ( BASE PAIRS3 ! UPP] /R& #BC ,A,G,T,C,C,C,G,T,A IS L9K$ TO A#BJ ! L[] /R& ,T,C,A,G,G,G,C,A,T4@.> ,? FIGURE %[S A L5G? ( D\BLE-/R&$ ,,DNA ) ! G5E ( 9T]E/ "4 ,NOTE H[ ! TWO ATTA*$ ,,DNA /R&S >E ANTIP>ALLEL,-T IS1 ! UPP] /R& HAS A FREE SUG> ON ! LEFT & A FREE PHOSPHATE ON ! "R1 & ! L[] /R& HAS A FREE PHOSPHATE ON ! LEFT & A FREE SUG> ON ! "R4 ,? DEMON/RATES H[ BO? ! NUCLEOTIDES & ! /R&S H DIREC;NAL;Y4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( TWO S+LE COMPLE;T>Y ,,DNA /R&S ) UPP] SEQU;E ,A,G,T,C,C,C,G,T,A & L[] SEQU;E ,T,C,A,G,G,G,C,A,T4@.> ,? FIGURE %[S ! SAME ,,DNA SEP>AT$ 9TO TWO S+LE /R&S4 -------------------------------------#BA @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ! S+LE ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& ) SEQU;E ,T,C,A,G,G,G,C,A,T4@.> ,? FIGURE %[S J ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R&4 ,TRANSCRIP;N ,! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& IS US$ TO #BD =M A /R& ( M,,RNA4 ,2G9 A#BA BASE-PAIR+ M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS AT ! FREE SUG> SIDE ( ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R&3 ,,RNA AD59E "<,A"> ATTA*ES TO ,,DNA ?YM9E "<;,T">4 ,MAKE SURE ! ,,RNA /R& HAS A FREE PHOSPHATE SIDE AT XS />T+ PO9T4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ! S+LE ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& ) SEQU;E ,T,C,A,G,G,G,C,A,T & "O M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<,A"> BASE-PAIR$ TO ! "RMO/ ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNIT "<;,T"> ( ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R&4@.> ,3T9UE ATTA*+ ,,RNA SUBUNITS1 ALW ADD+ NEW NUCLEOTIDES TO ! SUG> SIDE ( ! GR[+ M,,RNA /R&4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ! S+LE ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& ) SEQU;E ,T,C,A,G,G,G,C,A,T & FIVE M,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS "<,C,C,G,U,A"> BASE-PAIR$ TO ! LA/ FIVE ,,DNA NUCLEOTIDES 9 ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R&4@.> #BE ,3T9UE ATTA*+ ,,RNA SUBUNITS US+ #BB ,,DNA TO ,,RNA BASE-PAIR+ RULES UNTIL ! :OLE ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& IS TRANSCRIB$4 ,NOTE H[ ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& & ! M,,RNA /R& >E ANTIP>ALLEL,-T IS1 ! UPP] M,,RNA /R& HAS A FREE SUG> ON ! LEFT & A FREE PHOSPHATE ON ! "R1 & ! L[] /R& "<,,DNA TEMPLATE"> HAS A FREE PHOSPHATE ON ! LEFT & A FREE SUG> ON ! "R "4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R& ) SEQU;E ,T,C,A,G,G,G,C,A,T BASE-PAIR$ TO M,,RNA /R& ) SEQU;E ,A,G,U,C,C,C,G,U,A4@.> ,SEP>ATE ! M,,RNA F ! ,,DNA TEMPLATE /R&2 ! M,,RNA IS N[ COMPLETE4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( S+LE /R& ( M,,RNA ) SEQU;E ,A,G,U,C,C,C,G,U,A4@.> -------------------------------------#BC ,TRANSLA;N ,? IS ! PROCESS ( TRANSLAT+ A SEQU;E ( NUCLEOTIDES F ! M,,RNA TO A SEQU;E ( AM9O ACIDS1 ?US =M+ ! PRIM>Y /RUCTURE ( A PROTE94 ,REORI5T ! M,,RNA /R& S #BF ! BASES PO9T UP & ! /R& C 2 R1D F A#BC FREE PHOSPHATE SIDE TO FREE SUG> SIDE "4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( M,,RNA /R& ) SEQU;E ,A,U,G,C,C,C,U,G,4@.> ,DECODE EA* TRIPLET & PREP>E T,,RNA ANTICODON & AM9O ACID COMB9A;NS US+ T,,RNA NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS & AM9O ACID SUBUNITS F ! ,,PSK4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( M,,RNA /R& ) SEQU;E ,A,U,G,C,C,C,U,G,A L9$ UP ) APPROPRIATE T,,RNA & AM9O ACID COMB9A;NS3 ,U,A,C-,/>T ,ME?ION9E & ,G,G,G-,PROL9E4 ,! APPROPRIATE ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR IS L9$ UP ) ! M,,RNA ,U,G,A ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR CODON4@.> -------------------------------------#BD ,L9E UP & ATTA* T,,RNA ANTICODONS & ! ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR TO M,,RNA CODONS1 & AM9O ACIDS TO EA* O!R4 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( M,,RNA /R& ) SEQU;E ,A,U,G,C,C,C,U,G,A ATTA*$ TO ! APPROPRIATE T,,RNA ANTICODON & AM9O ACID COMB9A;NS "<,U,A,C-,/>T ,ME?ION9E & ,G,G,G-,PROL9E"> & #BG ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR A#BD SUBUNIT4@.> ,DETA* ! T,,RNA ANTICODONS F ! AM9O ACIDS & REMOVE ! ,/OP ,REL1SE FACTOR TO REV1L ! CORRECT AM9O ACID SEQU;E OR POLYPEPTIDE4 ,? REPRES5TS ! PRIM>Y /RUCTURE ( A PROTE94 @.<,PHOTOGRAPH ( COMPLET$ AM9O ACID SEQU;E3 ,/>T ,ME?ION9E ATTA*$ TO ,PROL9E4@.> -------------------------------------#BE ,ALIGN;T ) ,4CIPL9>Y ,CORE ,ID1S ,- ,LIFE ,SCI;ES & ,NEXT ,G5]A;N ,SCI;E ,/&>DS ;9#A ,4CIPL9>Y ,CORE ,ID1S ,,LS#A4,A3 ,/RUCTURE & ,FUNC;N ,ALL CELLS 3TA9 G5ETIC 9=MA;N 9 ! =M ( ,,DNA MOLECULES4 ,G5ES >E REGIONS 9 ! ,,DNA T 3TA9 ! 9/RUC;NS T CODE = ! =MA;N ( PROTE9S1 : C>RY \ MO/ ( ! "W ( CELLS4 "<,,HS-,,LS#A-#A"> #BH ,,LS#C4,A3 ,9H]IT.E ( ,TRAITS A#BE ,EA* *ROMO"S 3SI/S ( A S+LE V L;G ,,DNA MOLECULE1 & EA* G5E ON A *ROMO"S IS A "PICUL> SEG;T ( T ,,DNA4 ,! 9/RUC;NS = =M+ SPECIES' "*I/ICS >E C>RI$ 9 ,,DNA4 ,ALL CELLS 9 AN ORGANISM H ! SAME G5ETIC 3T5T1 B ! G5ES US$ " BY ! CELL MAY 2 REGULAT$ 9 DI6]5T WAYS4 ,N ALL ,,DNA CODES = A PROTE92 "S SEG;TS ( ,,DNA >E 9VOLV$ 9 REGULATORY OR /RUCTURAL FUNC;NS1 & "S H NO "KN FUNC;N4 "<,,HS-,,LS#C-#A"> "333333 ;9#A ,,NGSS ,L1D ,/ATES4 #BJAC4 .7,NEXT ,G5]A;N ,SCI;E ,/&>DS3 ,= ,/ATES1 ,BY ,/ATES4.' ,WA%+TON1 ,,DC3 ,! ,NA;NAL ,ACADEMIES ,PRESS4 -------------------------------------#BF ,,SU7E/$ ,,WEBSITES ,NEXT ,G5]A;N ,SCI;E ,/&>DS WWW4NEXTG5SCI;E4ORG_/NEXT-G5]A;N" -SCI;E-/&>DS #BI ,,DNA F ! ,2G9N+ A#BF WWW4DNAFTB4ORG_/#BB_/ANIMATION4HTML ,LE>N ,G5ETICS ,LE>N4G5ETICS4UTAH4$U_/CONT5T_/BEG9_/" DNA_/TRANSCRIBE_/ ,TRIPLET ,CODE WWW4HHMI4ORG_/BIO9T]ACTIVE_/TRIPLET-CODE ,TRANSLA;N " WWW4HHMI4ORG_/BIO9T]ACTIVE_/TRANSLA;N-" BASIC-DETAIL -------------------------------------#BG ,,NOTES #CJ